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IEEE Standard Development for Energy Storage Management Systems.
Abstract not provided.
Analysis of Different Permutation of a Hybrid Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) & Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) System.
Abstract not provided.
Retrieval and Management of TRU Sludge at Hanford K-Basin - 19641
At the US Department of Energy Hanford site, the K-East and K-West reactor fuel storage basins (KE or KW Basin) were used in the 1970's and 1980's to store more than 100,000 uranium fuel rods and rod fragments that had been irradiated in the Hanford N Reactor. Approximately 2,100 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel that had been stored in the KW Basin were removed in 2004. Over time a mixture of small fuel corrosion particles, fuel rod metal fragments, and other debris accumulated in the KW Basin from the degradation of the spent nuclear fuel during storage. This is the source of the TRU sludge stored in the KW Basin. The corrosion products mixed with windblown sand, concrete dust, and other debris in the basin to form what is known as sludge. In 2006/2007 KE Basin sludge of similar origin as the KW Basin was transferred to KW Basin. Approximately 27 m{sup 3} of highly radioactive sludge was collected and consolidated underwater in six specially designed engineered containers. The mission of the Hanford Sludge Treatment Project (STP) is to develop and deploy technologies to safely retrieve, transport, and interim store the approximately 27 m{sup 3} of remote-handled transuranic (RH-TRU) sludge that is stored in the KW Basin. After extensive technology development, testing (with a bounding range of simulants), design, and procurement a sludge removal and storage system called the Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System (ECRTS) completed acceptance testing in 2018. The ECRTS system is designed to remotely retrieve and transport high density, highly erosive, uranium metal pieces as well as small low-density particles. The ECRTS system includes a retrieval tool based on the XAGO{sup tm} design from the United Kingdom, a heavily modified positive displacement pump, a hose-in-hose transfer system, a Sludge Transport and Storage Container (STSC), a settling and decant system, and a shielded transport system. The first sludge transfer was successfully completed on June 12, 2018 proving that the ECRTS process equipment worked as intended on the actual sludge. Three batches (i.e. transfer and decant) were required to obtain a ∼ 100% fill of the first STSC. The STSC was then transported to the on-site storage facility. Over 20 STSCs will be filled with RH-TRU sludge over approximately 16 months. This paper will discuss the issues and successes associated with this project including the operational aspects of this new system. Experience gained from this successful project should assist anyone with the need to retrieve and manage remote handled sludge from fuel storage basins. (authors)
Performance Characteristics of Control Moment Gyro Systems for Manned Orbital Laboratories
Momentum storage systems with gimballed twin control moment gyros for stability and control of manned orbital laboratory
Utility-Scale Shared Energy Storage Deployment: Challenges, Research Gaps, and Opportunities
Although community energy storage (CES) and behind-the-meter (BTM) energy storage systems have been widely used to offer homeowners and communities a variety of localized benefits, their scalability and grid support functionalities are limited. On the other hand, utility-scale shared energy storage (USES) systems may offer a number of benefits for grid integration, scalability, and economic viability. When compared to BTM and CES alternatives, these large-scale systems provide more storage capacity, more efficient operations, and more economically viable options. The deployment of USES presents opportunities for optimizing grid performance, integrating renewable energy resources, and improving energy security at the community level. However, significant research gaps exist in optimizing the integration and operation of these systems, especially to allocate energy for consumer use, grid services, and enhancing energy resilience. This paper reviews the literature in this regard, focusing on the opportunities, research gaps, and challenges associated with USES deployment. Firstly, the paper provides an overview of USES systems and emphasizes their benefits. Secondly, the key challenges are identified, and research gaps associated with the operation and integration of these systems are highlighted. Lastly, some potential solutions and opportunities that can be adopted to facilitate the rapid deployment and management of USES are presented. Technological, economic, regulatory, and environmental aspects are also discussed in this paper, providing an overview of the current state and future prospects of this technology.
Method of encapsulating a phase change material with a metal oxide
Storage systems based on latent heat storage have high-energy storage density, which reduces the footprint of the system and the cost. However, phase change materials (PCMs), such as NaNO.sub.3, NaCl, KNO.sub.3, have very low thermal conductivities. To enhave the storage of PCMs, macroencapsulation of PCMs was performed using a metal oxide, such as SiO.sub.2 or a graphene-SiO.sub.2, over polyimide-coated or nickel-embedded, polyimide-coated pellets The macro encapsulation provides a self-supporting structure, enhances the heat transfer rate, and provides a cost effective and reliable solution for thermal energy storage for use in solar thermal power plants. NaNO.sub.3 was selected for thermal storage in a temperature range of 300.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. The PCM was encapsulated in a metal oxide cell using self-assembly reactions, hydrolysis, and simultaneous chemical oxidation at various temperatures.
First Solar Thermal Energy Planner (STEP 1) and Nationwide Industrial Heat and Power Analysis
The First Solar Thermal Energy Planner (STEP 1) and Nationwide Industrial Heat and Power Analysis (aka the STEP 1 Project or the Project) aimed to (1) developed a brand-new web tool that could provide decision support through free, rapid techno-economic analysis of behind-the-meter solar+storage systems for industrial process heat and (2) conduct high-level analyses of the cost-competitiveness of the same systems across the US in key sectors. The STEP 1 web tool collects key location, land availability, thermal load profile, proccess heat temperature and media, and other key parameters through an easy-to-use user interface (UI). The UI was designed to meet the user at their level of understanding by minimizing the number of required inputs as much as possible while including options for more nuanced inputs if the user desires. STEP 1 advises users on which solar thermal tehcnologies that could fit their needs based on the inputs provided (namely process media and temperature). The tool can model a wide range of solar thermal technologies including flat plate collectors, evacuated tubes, parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel, and molten salt towers all with corresponding thermal energy storage (TES) - solar PV with resistive heating and TES is also included. Once the parameters are collected, a nominal thermal energy production profile for the facility's location is generated using NREL's System Advisory Model (SAM) and then passed to a modified version of NREL's REopt platform to optimize the size (capacity) and dispatch of the solar+storage system to minimize lifecycle costs subject to energy balance, fuel and electricity rates, emission reductions goals, and other constraints. This entire process takes less than 20 minutes, is completely free, requires zero coding skills, and provides the user with a high-level assessment on the techno-economic feasability of deploying solar+storage systems for their energy needs. In addition to the development of the STEP 1 web tool, the project completed two complementary analyses focused on leveraging the backend code of STEP 1, public industrial facility locations and fuel consumption data, and key sector information to assess the economic opportunity of reducing fuel costs at various levels of capacity factor around the US. Both analyses found that there are key markets, locations, industrial sectors (namely food and beverage), and degrees of offset where solar thermal technologies could be cost-effectively deployed, highlighting a key market entry point for these technologies, and assessing deployment potential. In summary, the STEP 1 project improved the opportunities for solar+storage systems to expand into the industrial process heat market through breaking down barriers to assessing these technologies.
Cryogenic reactant storage for lunar base regenerative fuel cells
There are major advantages to be gained by integrating a cryogenic reactant storage system with a hydrogen-oxygen regenerative fuel cell (RFC) to provide on-site electrical power during the lunar night. Although applicable to any power system using hydrogen-oxygen RFC's for energy storage, cryogenic reactant storage offers a significant benefit whenever the sun/shade cycle and energy storage period approach hundreds of hours. For solar power installations on the moon, cryogenic reactant storage reduces overall specific mass and meteoroid vulnerability of the system. In addition, it offers synergistic benefits to on-site users, such as availability of primary fuel cell reactants for surface rover vehicles and cryogenic propellants for OTV's. The integration involves processing and storing the RFC reactant streams as cryogenic liquids rather than pressurized gases, so that reactant containment (tankage per unit mass of reactants) can be greatly reduced. Hydrogen-oxygen alkaline RFC's, GaAs photovoltaic (PV) arrays, and space cryogenic processing/refrigeration technologies are assumed to be available for the conceptual system design. Advantages are demonstrated by comparing the characteristics of two power system concepts: a conventional lunar surface PV/RFC power system using pressurized gas storage in SOA filament wound pressure vessels and, that same system with gas liquefaction and storage replacing the pressurized storage. Comparisons are made at 20 and 250 kWe. Although cryogenic storage adds a processing plant (drying and liquefaction) to the system plus 30 percent more solar array to provide processing power, the approximate order of magnitude reduction in tankage mass, confirmed by this analysis, results in a reduction in overall total system mass of approximately 50 percent.
Cryogenic reactant storage for lunar base regenerative fuel cells
There are major advantages to be gained by integrating a cryogenic reactant storage system with a hydrogen-oxygen regenerative fuel cell (RFC) to provide on-site electrical power during the lunar night. Although applicable to any power system using hydrogen-oxygen RFC's for energy storage, cryogenic reactant storage offers a significant benefit whenever the sun/shade cycle and energy storage period approach hundreds of hours. For solar power installations on the moon, cryogenic reactant storage reduces overall specific mass and meteoroid vulnerability of the system. In addition, it offers synergistic benefits to on-site users, such as availability of primary fuel cell reactants for surface rover vehicles and cryogenic propellants for OTV's. The integration involves processing and storing the RFC reactant streams as cryogenic liquids rather than pressurized gases, so that reactant containment (tankage per unit mass of reactants) can be greatly reduced. Hydrogen-oxygen alkaline RFC's, GaAs photovoltaic (PV) arrays, and space cryogenic processing/refrigeration technologies are assumed to be available for the conceptual system design. Advantages are demonstrated by comparing the characteristics of two power system concepts: a conventional lunar surface PV/RFC power system using pressurized gas storage in SOA filament wound pressure vessels and, that same system with gas liquefaction and storage replacing the pressurized storage. Comparisons are made at 20 and 250 kWe. Although cryogenic storage adds a processing plant (drying and liquefaction) to the system plus 30 percent more solar array to provide processing power, the approximate order of magnitude reduction in tankage mass, confirmed by this analysis, results in a reduction in overall total system mass of approximately 50 percent.
Piecewise Linear Optimization for Public EV Charging Depots in Different Utility Environments
With the proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), EV supply equipment technology is being pushed to increasingly higher power levels, such as extreme fast charging (XFC) at 300kW or more. As more public XFC depots are connected to electric distribution systems, utility operators will mitigate their impact with pricing schemes and programs such as demand response, demand charges, and time-varying prices. In this paper we describe an XFC management system that combines an on-site battery energy storage system and an optimization application that minimizes the cost to operate the depot in light of the utility pricing programs. We have designed the optimizer specially to use fast and simple linear programming so that it can be deployed to low-cost computing platforms. We also describe how several utility pricing schemes are integrated into a single piecewise model, reducing the engineering effort to implement the optimizer in different utility environments.
Simulation of a Flywheel Electrical System for Aerospace Applications
A Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration Project was initiated at the NASA Glenn Research Center as a possible replacement for the battery energy storage system on the International Space Station (ISS). While the hardware fabrication work was being performed at a university and contractor's facility, the related simulation activity was begun at Glenn. At the top level, Glenn researchers simulated the operation of the ISS primary electrical system (as described in another paper) with the Flywheel Energy Storage Unit (FESU) replacing one Battery Charge and Discharge Unit (BCDU). The FESU consists of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor/Generator (PMSM), which is connected to the flywheel; the power electronics that connects the PMSM to the ISS direct-current bus; and the associated controller. The PMSM model is still under development, but this paper describes the rest of the FESU model-the simulation of the converter and the associated control system that regulates energy transfer to and from the flywheel.
2018 Energy Storage Pricing Survey
Since grid energy storage is still a nascent industry, it is often difficult to obtain capital costs for various energy storage technologies. This type of information is required to perform an initial cost-benefit analysis related to a potential energy storage deployment, as well as to compare different energy storage technology options. The goal of this report is to summarize energy storage capital costs that were obtained from industry pricing surveys. The methodology breaks down the cost of an energy storage system into the following categories: the storage module; the balance of system; the power conversion system; the energy management system; and the engineering, procurement, and construction costs. Pricing data is presented for the following technologies: pumped hydro storage; compressed air energy storage; sodium battery storage; zinc battery storage; long duration flywheels; short duration flywheels; vanadium flow batteries; zinc bromide flow batteries; iron flow batteries; nickel batteries; lithium ion energy batteries; lithium ion power batteries; lead acid batteries; and advanced lead carbon batteries.
System and Component Development of Particle-Based Pumped Thermal Energy Storage
Reliable power supply from variable renewable resources requires energy storage at various scales to overcome resource intermittency. Long-duration energy storage (LDES, 10-100 hours) can improve dispatchability and grid reliability with increasing levels of renewable power supply. Thermal energy storage (TES) has siting flexibility and the ability to store a large capacity of energy, and thus has the potential to meet the LDES need and provide charging and discharging durations beyond the economic capacity of conventional batteries. TES technology has evolved from concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) generation and is recognized as an economic large-scale energy storage method. A standalone electric-thermal energy storage system supporting renewable integration of wind and solar power without CSP solar field can firm renewable generation and boost overall grid resilience and security.
Electrical Systems of Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants: Electrical Generation, Machines, Power Electronics, and Power Systems
Adjustable-speed (AS) pumped storage hydropower (PSH) technology has the potential to become a large, consistent contributor to grid stability enabling higher penetrations of wind and solar energy on the future U.S. power system. AS-PSH has high-value characteristics, such as fast response to provide ancillary services to the grid, because it is a power converter interface with the grid (like battery storage), but at the same time it has the energy content large enough to supply both short-term (seconds-to-minutes) and long-term (minutes-to-hours) of energy needs, like more conventional power plants. However, designs must be optimized to lower the capital expenditure (CapEx) and to provide a high-quality grid interface capability (e.g. power quality, ancillary service provider, fault-tolerant or fault ride-through capability), which is a primary factor in the acceptance of AS-PSH into a utility’s generation mix. This CapEx will be greatly affected by the cost savings associated with the civil structure, turbine design, power electronics, control systems, or unique generator designs. A holistic design must be considered to get a full picture of the benefits of the technology proposed. The AS-PSH can be controlled to reduce the impact of transient disturbance on a power system and at the same time can be controlled to minimized subsequent component fatigue and potential oscillation modes within the plant, with the overall impact in reducing the operational expenditures (OpEx).Generating clean power to meet standards such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 519 and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 1000-3-2 will be a continuing challenge. For many technology developers, however, improved AS-PSH technologies will become a key component of generator-storage systems of the future given the prospects of increased performance and decreasing costs, and the ever-increasing penetration of renewables (e.g wind power and solar power).
Flywheel Energy Storage - Dynamic Modeling
A flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) is suitable for high-power, low-energy content to deliver or absorb power in surges. This type of application is very suitable for frequency regulation in an electric grid. In addition, a modern FESS is built as a high-efficiency, high-speed motor/generator drive system that employs modern power electronics, therefore, the power quality of the grid-connected output is excellent. In addition, a FESS is very valuable to delivering ancillary services to the grid, and it can contribute reactive power compensation. Thus, a FESS can maintain high reliability in power systems by providing ride-through capability to the power system area while the rest of the generating fleet, which has a slower response in the power system, performs primary and secondary frequency response to the grid. A FESS has several advantages compared to a chemical-based energy storage (CBES) system, namely: it has high energy density and durability, and it can be cycled frequently without impacting performance. The response of FESS is faster than that of a CBES. Also, unlike some CBES, FESS has the same performance regardless of the number of cycles of charging/discharging performed throughout its lifetime.
Concepts for the design of an antimatter annihilation rocket
Matter-antimatter annihilation is considered for spacecraft propulsion. Annihilation produces considerably more energy per unit mass of propellant than any other known means of energy production. An antimatter annihilation rocket requires several systems and components that are unique to its nature. Among these are an antimatter storage system, a means to extract the antimatter from storage, a system to transport the antimatter to the rocket engine, and the engine wherein annihilation occurs and thrust is produced. Design concepts of these systems and components are presented and discussed.
The fill density of automotive cryo-compressed hydrogen vessels
Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage promises to deliver highest system storage density leading to fundamental cost and safety advantages. Yet, cryogenic vessels are complex systems, continuously drifting in thermodynamic space depending on use patterns, insulation performance, vessel characteristics, liquid hydrogen pump performance, and para-H 2 to ortho-H 2 conversion. This paper reflects a comprehensive evaluation of all factors affecting cryogenic vessel fill density, in an effort to evaluate system performance vs. operational parameters over a broad range of conditions. The results validate previous experiments and models indicating that cryogenic vessels have maximum fill density of all available storage technologies, and fill density is most sensitive to daily driving distance and insulation performance. It is lastly predicted that para-H 2 to ortho-H 2 conversion will affect most automobiles, increasing fill density by up to 5.3%. In a future world dominated by cryogenic H 2 fueled vehicles, para-H 2 to ortho-H 2 conversion inside the vessel will be the closest contact an average person will have with quantum mechanics outside of consumer electronics.