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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,711 records · Page 95
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Development of advanced BWR fuel bundle with spectral shift rod - BWR core characteristics with SSR

The neutron energy spectrum can be varied during an operation cycle to generate and utilize more plutonium from the non-fissile {sup 238}U by changing the void fraction in the core through control of the core coolant flow rate. This operation method, which is called a spectral shift operation, is practiced in BWRs to save natural uranium. A new component called a spectral shift rod (SSR), which is utilized instead of a conventional water rod, has been introduced to amplify the void fraction change and increase the spectral shift effect. In this study, fuel bundle design with the SSR and core design were carried out for the ABWR and the next generation BWR, HP-ABWR (High-Performance ABWR).The core characteristics with the SSR were evaluated and compared with those when using the conventional water rod. Influences of uncertainty of the water level in the SSR on the safety limit minimum critical power ratio (SLMCPR) were considered for evaluation of the uranium saving effect attained by the SSR. As a result, it was found that the amount of natural uranium needed for an operation cycle could be reduced more than 3% with 20% core coolant flow change and more than 5% with 30% core coolant flow change, in the form of increased discharge exposure by using the SSR compared with the conventional water rod use. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2017

A Novel Method of Adrenal Venous Sampling via an Antecubital Approach

PurposeCurrently, almost all adrenal venous sampling (AVS) procedures are performed by femoral vein access. The purpose of this study was to establish the technique of AVS via an antecubital approach and evaluate its safety and feasibility.Materials and MethodsFrom January 2012 to June 2015, 194 consecutive patients diagnosed as primary aldosteronism underwent AVS via an antecubital approach without ACTH simulation. Catheters used for bilateral adrenal cannulations were recorded. The success rate of bilateral adrenal sampling, operation time, fluoroscopy time, dosage of contrast, and incidence of complications were calculated.ResultsA 5F MPA1 catheter was first used to attempt right adrenal cannulation in all patients. Cannulation of the right adrenal vein was successfully performed in 164 (84.5%) patients. The 5F JR5, Cobra2, and TIG catheters were the ultimate catheters for right adrenal cannulation in 16 (8.2%), 5 (2.6%), and 9 (4.6%) patients, respectively. For left adrenal cannulation, JR5 and Cobra2 catheters were used in 19 (9.8%) and 10 (5.2%) patients, respectively, while only TIG catheters were used in the remaining 165 (85.1%) patients. The rate of successful adrenal sampling on the right, left, and bilateral sides was 91.8%, 93.3%, and 87.6%, respectively. The mean time of operation was (16.3 ± 4.3) minutes, mean fluoroscopy time was (4.7 ± 1.3) minutes, and the mean use of contrast was (14.3 ± 4.7) ml. The incidence of adrenal hematoma was 1.0%.ConclusionsThis study showed that AVS via an antecubital approach was safe and feasible, with a high rate of successful sampling.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Calculating infinite-medium α-eigenvalue spectra with Monte Carlo using a transition rate matrix method

The time-dependent behavior of the energy spectrum in neutron transport was investigated with a formulation, based on continuous-time Markov processes, for computing α eigenvalues and eigenvectors in an infinite medium. In this study, a research Monte Carlo code called “TORTE” (To Obtain Real Time Eigenvalues) was created and used to estimate elements of a transition rate matrix. TORTE is capable of using both multigroup and continuous-energy nuclear data, and verification was performed. Eigenvalue spectra for infinite homogeneous mixtures were obtained, and an eigenfunction expansion was used to investigate transient behavior of the neutron energy spectrum.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Ceramic nuclear fuel fracture modeling with the extended finite element method

Ceramic fuel pellets used in nuclear light water reactors experience significant fracture due to the high thermal gradients experienced under normal operating conditions. This has important effects on the performance of the fuel system. Because of this, a realistic, physically based fracture modeling capability is essential to predict fuel behavior in a wide variety of normal and off-normal conditions. The extended finite element method (X-FEM) is a powerful method to represent arbitrary propagating discrete cracks in finite element models, and has many characteristics that make it attractive for nuclear fuel performance analysis. This paper describes the implementation of X-FEM in a multiphysics fuel performance code and presents applications of that capability. These applications include several thermal mechanics fracture benchmark problems, which demonstrate the accuracy of this approach. It also includes application of this capability to study nuclear fuel fracture, both on stationary and propagating cracks. The study on stationary cracks shows the effects that varying the number of radial cracks and the length of those cracks have on the energy release rate. Here, the propagating crack case demonstrates random initiation and subsequent propagation of interacting thermally induced cracks during an initial ramp to full power with fresh fuel.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Tank Closure Cesium Removal Project CST Simulant Cesium Batch Contact Kinetics Test Results and Column Performance Predictions

To evaluate the cesium removal capabilities of the caustic-washed R9120-B version of crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchange media from Savannah River Site (SRS) waste during Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) column processing, batch contact kinetics tests were performed at 23 °C in SRS Average simulant. Cesium loading kinetics data was also collected (in current and previous testing; King, et al., 2018a) using the same simulant for an older CST sample (IE- 911) which was caustic-washed by the vendor many years ago and was recently retrieved from drums stored at SRS. (Note that R9120-B and IE-911 are believed to be identical materials, after the R9120-B was caustic washed by SRNL, and differ only by particle size and manufacturing date, and thus can be considered different batches). Although cesium loading kinetics testing can be conducted more rigorously using dynamic column tests, the batch contact method requires less simulant and considerably less experimental effort. Average percent removal data for batch contact samples for the two CST batches are provided in Table ES-1. Faster cesium uptake was observed with IE-911, although the loading rates for the two media batches were similar. After 5.5 hours of CST contact, 81% cesium removal was observed with R9120-B versus 86% removal with IE-911. Although these differences are small, the trend is consistent across the timed results, with the larger bead material always loading slower. These seemingly small differences in percent removal are believed to have a large impact on the column performance. Cesium loading curves for the two CST batches are provided in Figure ES-1 below. Faster cesium loading with IE-911 CST is presumed to be associated with the smaller average particle diameter (408 μm mean volume diameter) versus R9120-B (572 μm diameter). Cesium loading kinetic data was needed to conduct column performance comparisons (i.e., model predictions) for the two CST batches.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

A Randomized Phase 2 Study of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiaton Therapy With 5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin or Irinotecan/S-1 in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with leucovorin (FL) versus irinotecan/S-1 (IS). Methods and Materials: Patients with resectable LARC (clinical stage T3/4, lymph node positive, or both) were randomly assigned to receive preoperative radiation (45-50.4 Gy in 25 to 28 daily fractions) and concomitant chemotherapy either with a bolus injection of FL (400 mg/m{sup 2}/day 5-fluorouracil and 20 mg/m{sup 2}/day leucovorin) for 3 consecutive days every 4 weeks for 2 cycles (FL group) or with 40 mg/m{sup 2} irinotecan on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29, and 35 mg/m{sup 2} S-1 twice on the day of irradiation (IS group). Curative surgery was performed approximately 4 to 8 weeks after the completion of CRT. The postoperative chemotherapy regimen was FL with a primary endpoint of a pCR rate evaluation. Results: One hundred forty-two eligible patients were randomly assigned, and the median follow-up duration was 43.8 months (95% confidence interval, 40.8-46.8 months). One hundred thirty-three patients (93.7%) of 142 underwent total mesorectal excision; pCR was achieved in 11 (16.7%) of 66 patients in the FL group and 17 (25.8%) of 67 patients in the IS group (P=.246). When good responders were defined as patients with Mandard grades 1 and 2, the rate of good responders was significantly higher in the IS group than in the FL group (54.6% vs 36.4%, respectively, P=.036). The preoperative rates of grade 3 and 4 toxicities were higher in the IS group (7.0%) than in the FL group (1.4%, P=.095). The 3-year disease-free survival was not significantly different between the 2 groups (79.7% vs 76.6%, respectively, P=.896). Conclusions: IS-based preoperative CRT did not increase pCR rate, but it did increase acute toxicities compared with standard 5-FU treatment. Therefore, further investigation is needed.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Response tailoring of elasto-plastic trusses

Abstract In this work we tailor the response of trusses loaded beyond their yield limit. The truss structures are modeled using finite strain theory and rate-independent elasto-plasticity. We design trusses with a tailored mechanical response that is between “elastic” and “elastic-ideal-plastic” subject to the volume constraint. The design updates are generated by the gradient-based Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) solver and the sensitivities of the response functions are computed using a path-dependent adjoint sensitivity analysis. The computations are performed in Matlab.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enhanced Oblique Decision Tree Enabled Policy Extraction for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Power System Emergency Control

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have successfully solved many challenging problems in various power system control scenarios. However, their decision-making process is usually regarded as black-boxes. Furthermore, how DRL models interact with human intelligence remains an open problem. Thus, this paper proposes a policy extraction framework to extract a complex DRL model into an explainable policy. This framework includes three parts: 1) DRL training and data generation. We train an agent for a specific control task and generate data, which contains the control policy of the agent. 2) Policy extraction. We propose an information gain rate based weighted oblique decision tree (IGR-WODT) for DRL policy extraction. 3) Policy evaluation. We define three metrics to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. A case study for the under-voltage load shedding problem shows that the IGR-WODT presents a performance enhancement compared with DRL, weighted oblique decision tree, and univariate decision tree. The proposed policy extraction method could provide an intuitive explanation of the neural network decision-making process to the dispatchers when making final decisions on power grid operation. Also, the resulted rule-based controller could replace the deep neural network-based controller in many field edge devices with limited computing resources, providing comparable performance.

deep reinforcement learning↗
DOE OSTI2012

Conjunctival Autograft Alone or Combined With Adjuvant Beta-Radiation? A Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of postoperative low single-dose of beta-irradiation ({beta}-RT) in pterygium comparing conjunctival autograft (CAG) surgery with CAG plus adjuvant {beta}-RT in a randomized clinical trial. Methods: This trial was designed as a prospective, randomized, single-center study. Surgery was performed in all cases according to the CAG technique. One hundred and eight pterygia were postoperatively randomized to CAG + {beta}-RT or CAG alone. In the case of {beta}-RT, a (90) Sr eye applicator was used to deliver 10 Gy to the sclera surface at a dose rate of between 200 and 250 cGy/min. After treatment, both an ophthalmologist and a radiation oncologist performed the follow-up examinations. The accumulated data were analyzed using a group sequential test. Results: Between February 2008 and September 2008, 116 eyes with primary pterygium were operated on according to the trial protocol. Adjuvant treatment was performed within 24 h postoperatively. Eight patients were lost to follow-up, resulting in 108 patients who could be analyzed. At a mean follow-up of 18 months (range, 8-33), in the 54 eyes randomized to receive CAG + {beta}-RT, 5 relapses occurred compared with 12 recurrences in the 54 eyes in CAG, for a crude control rate of 90.8 % vs. 78%; p = 0.032, respectively. The treatment complications as hyperemia, total dehiscence of the autograft and dellen were significantly more frequent in the CAG (p < 0.05). The arm of {beta}-RT resulted in better cosmetic results and improves of symptoms than CAG. Conclusions: A low single-dose of {beta}-RT of 10 Gy after CAG surgery was a simple, effective, and safe treatment that reduced the risk of primary pterygium recurrence, improved symptoms after surgery, resulting in a better cosmetic effect than only CAG.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mixed-conducting interlayer boosting the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

In this work, a unique artificial interface combing characteristics of both high ionic and electronic conductivities has been successfully constructed at the surface of Ni-rich LiNi 0·8 Co 0·1 Mn 0·1 O 2 (NCM811). The ionic conductor layer is fabricated through reacting H 3 PO 4 with the lithium residuals on the surface of NCM811 to form Li 3 PO 4 . The interface with high electronic conductivity is constructed by attaching graphene fragments to the NCM811 spherical particles. Due to the synergistic effect of the Li3PO4 coating layer and the graphene network, the modified sample (GN-LPO-NCM811) exhibits high capacity retention of 94.3% after 150 cycles at 0.5C between 3.0 and 4.3 V, while the pristine material shows a much lower retention of only 88.1%. In addition, the GN-LPO-NCM811 also presents improved cycling stability at elevated temperature of 55 °C. Even at an extremely high rate of 10C, the GN-LPO-NCM811 still remains 70% of its original capacity, while the pristine NCM811 only delivers 50% of the capacity. The stable cycling performance of GN-LPO-NCM811 is demonstrated in a full cell with graphite anode at ambient temperatures. Importantly, the thermal stability of the modified samples is also greatly enhanced. This study provides an effective method to improve the electrochemical performance of LiNi 0·8 Co 0·1 Mn 0·1 O 2 .

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Well-ordered organic-inorganic hybrid layered manganese oxide nanocomposites with excellent decolorization performance

Well-ordered organic-inorganic hybrid layered manganese oxide nanocomposites (CTAB-Al-MO) with excellent decolorization performance were prepared through a two-step process. Specifically, the MnO{sub 2} nanosheets were self-assembled in the presence of CTAB, and subsequently pillared with Keggin ions. The obtained CTAB-Al-MO with the basal spacing of 1.59 nm could be stable at 300 Degree-Sign C for 2 h and also possesses high total pore volumes (0.41 cm Superscript-Three g{sup -1}) and high specific BET surface area (161 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}), which is nine times larger than that of the pristine (19 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}). Possible formation process for the highly thermal stable CTAB-Al-MO is proposed here. The decolorization experiments of methyl orange showed that the obtained CTAB-Al-MO exhibit excellent performance in wastewater treatment and the decolorization rate could reach 95% within 5 min. - Graphical Abstract: Well-ordered organic-inorganic hybrid LMO nanocomposites (CTAB-Al-MO) with excellent decolorization performance were prepared through a two-step process. Specifically, the MnO{sub 2} nanosheets were self-assembled by CTAB, and subsequently pillared with Keggin ions. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A two-step synthesis method was used to prepare the CTAB-Al-MO. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The CTAB-Al-MO has the large basal spacing and high specific BET surface area. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The thermal stability of the well-ordered CTAB-Al-MO could obviously improve. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The CTAB-Al-MO exhibits excellent oxidation and absorption ability to remove organic pollutants.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Green and facile synthesis of graphene nanosheets/K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40} nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic activities

Highlights: • A new graphene/K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40} (GPW) composite was synthesized via photoreduction method. • Graphene in the GPW could reduce the recombination of electron-hole pairs. • Graphene in the GPW could increase adsorptive property. • GPW hybrid shows an enhancement photocatalytic activity. - Abstract: K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40} is a promising polyoxometalate photocatalyst for the removal of organic pollutants from water. However, two main disadvantages of poor adsorptive performance and high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pair hinder its practical applications. In this paper, a new graphene nanosheets/K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40} nanocomposite has been synthesized via a green photoreduction strategy, being low-cost and scalable production. Characterizations show that K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40} nanoparticles with 60 nm or so have been successfully deposited on the graphene nanosheets. As a kind of photocatalyst, the binary graphene nanosheets/K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40} nanocomposite displays improved photocatalytic activity compared to pure K{sub 3}PW{sub 12}O{sub 40}. This improvement is ascribed to the introduction of graphene nanosheets in the nanocomposite, which could increase adsorptive property and reduce the recombination of electron-hole pairs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate during the combined treatment process of air stripping, Fenton, SBR and coagulation

Highlights: • DOM fractions spectra analysis during the whole treatment process. • Efficient method was achieved to remove organic matters in landfill leachate. • Molecular weight distribution and fractions were discussed. - Abstract: A combined treatment process of air stripping + Fenton + sequencing batch reactor (SBR)+ coagulation was performed to remove the pollutants in landfill leachate. Molecular weight (MW) distribution and fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were discussed to study the characteristics. The experiment showed that the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), five day biological oxygen demand (BOD{sub 5}) and ammonia nitrogen (NH{sub 3}−N) by the combined process were 92.8%, 87.8% and 98.0%, respectively. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were the main fractions in raw leachate with 81.8% of the total COD concentration, while hydrophilic organic matter (HyI) was the dominant fraction in the final effluent of the combined process with 63.5% of the total COD concentration. After the combined treatment process, the removal rate of DOM and fractions HA, FA, HyI were 91.9%, 97.1%, 95.8% and 71.7%, respectively. Organic matters of MW < 2 k and MW > 100 k were removed with 90.5% and 97.9% COD concentration after the treatment. The ultraviolet–visible spectra (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrices spectra (EEMs) indicated that benzene materials and phenol compounds were preferentially removed in air stripping. High MW matters, aromatic rings, conjugated moieties and some functional groups were mainly removed by Fenton. While small MW fractions, carboxylic acids, alcohols and protein-like materials were preferentially biodegraded via SBR. Fulvic-like and humic-like materials were mainly destroyed via Fenton oxidation and coagulation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Hybrid graphene metasurfaces for high-speed mid-infrared light modulation and single-pixel imaging

During the past decades, major advances have been made in both the generation and detection of infrared light; however, its efficient wavefront manipulation and information processing still encounter great challenges. Efficient and fast optoelectronic modulators and spatial light modulators are required for mid-infrared imaging, sensing, security screening, communication and navigation, to name a few. However, their development remains elusive, and prevailing methods reported so far have suffered from drawbacks that significantly limit their practical applications. In this study, by leveraging graphene and metasurfaces, we demonstrate a high-performance free-space mid-infrared modulator operating at gigahertz speeds, low gate voltage and room temperature. Here, we further pixelate the hybrid graphene metasurface to form a prototype spatial light modulator for high frame rate single-pixel imaging, suggesting orders of magnitude improvement over conventional liquid crystal or micromirror-based spatial light modulators. Finally, this work opens up the possibility of exploring wavefront engineering for infrared technologies for which fast temporal and spatial modulations are indispensable.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Electrochemical flow cell enabling operando probing of electrocatalyst surfaces by X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction

The rational improvement of current and developing electrochemical technologies requires atomistic understanding of electrode–electrolyte interfaces. However, examining these interfaces under operando conditions, where performance is typically evaluated and benchmarked, remains challenging, as it necessitates incorporating an operando probe during full electrochemical operation. In this study, we describe a custom electrochemical flow cell that enables near-surface-sensitive operando investigation of planar thin-film catalysts at significant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rates (in excess of -100 mA cm-2) using grazing incidence X-ray methods. Grazing-incidence X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction were implemented on the same sample under identical HER conditions, demonstrating how the combined measurements track changing redox chemistry and structure of Cu thin-film catalyst surfaces as a function of electrochemical conditions. The coupling of these methods with improved mass transport and hydrodynamic control establishes a new paradigm for operando measurement design, enabling unique insights into the key fundamental processes occurring at the catalyst–electrolyte interface.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Supercritical preparation of doped (111) facetted nickel oxide for the oxygen evolution reaction

Green hydrogen is of great interest as a replacement for traditional fossil fuels in a variety of energy applications. However, due to the poor kinetics present in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) half-reaction, nanostructured catalysts are needed to reduce the reaction overpotential. Nickel oxide has previously been shown to be a promising alternative to expensive Pt-group based catalysts for the OER in alkaline media. Herein, facetted NiO nanosheets have been doped with Fe, Mn, or Co to reduce its catalytic overpotential for the OER. A supercritical synthesis process was used to promote the mass transport of the reactants while preserving catalytic surface area. Microscopy, diffraction, spectroscopy, and adsorption techniques were used to understand the morphological changes resulting from the inclusion of each dopant, as well as characterize the surface chemistry presented by the doped (111) facet. The pH was found to affect the properties of mixing due to difference in hydrolysis rates and catalysis of the hydrolysis/condensation. The dopants exhibited distinct effects on OER activity: Mn increased the overpotential to 742 mV vs. RHE, while Co and Fe reduced it to 502 mV and 457 mV, respectively. In summary, a straightforward and novel synthesis method is presented to prepare doped NiO(111) nanosheets, and their surface characteristics are explored to understand their varied electrochemical performances.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Strong field ionization and dissociation dynamics of vinyl bromide (C 2 H 3 Br) initiated by few-cycle pulses

Photoelectron-photoion (PEPICO) and photoion-photoion (PIPICO) coincidence measurements, coupled with a few-cycle intense laser field, were employed to investigate strong field ionization/dissociation dynamics of vinyl bromide (C₂H₃Br). The angular streaking technique was used to map the recoil-frame angle-dependent ionization rates to identify ionizing orbitals. Dissociative single ionization was mainly attributed to ionizing the lower lying molecular orbitals, suggesting that direct ionization dominates with few-cycle pulses. Three dissociative double ionization channels, both prompt and delayed fragmentation, were identified. Theoretical analysis using time-dependent configuration interaction with complex absorbing potential (TDCI-CAP) and high-level electronic structure methods was performed to elucidate the underlying ionization and dissociation mechanisms.

Olowolafe, Temitayo A. [Wayne State University, De↗
DOE OSTI2017

Parameter-free driven Liouville-von Neumann approach for time-dependent electronic transport simulations in open quantum systems

A parameter-free version of the recently developed driven Liouville-von Neumann equation [T. Zelovich et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10(8), 2927-2941 (2014)] for electronic transport calculations in molecular junctions is presented. The single driving rate, appearing as a fitting parameter in the original methodology, is replaced by a set of state-dependent broadening factors applied to the different single-particle lead levels. These broadening factors are extracted explicitly from the self-energy of the corresponding electronic reservoir and are fully transferable to any junction incorporating the same lead model. Furthermore, the performance of the method is demonstrated via tight-binding and extended Hückel calculations of simple junction models. Our analytic considerations and numerical results indicate that the developed methodology constitutes a rigorous framework for the design of "black-box" algorithms to simulate electron dynamics in open quantum systems out of equilibrium.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗