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DOE OSTI2026

MCNPy

SAND2026-20425O MCNPy runs and analyzes simulations from MCNP, a software that models radiation transport of neutrons and gamma rays. MCNPy uses Python to start MCNP, retrieve event data files, and convert them into graph structures for detailed analysis. It offers visualization tools, including 2D views of particle histories, making complex simulation data easier to interpret for researchers and engineers. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Nowack, Aaron [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Live↗

DOE OSTI2024

SRF CAVITY FAULT PREDICTION USING DEEP LEARNING AT JEFFERSON LAB

In this study, we present a deep learning-based pipeline for predicting superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity faults in the Continuous Electron Beam Accelera-tor Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab. We leverage pre-fault RF signals from C100-type cavities and employ deep learning to predict faults in advance of their onset. We train a binary classifier model to distinguish between stable and impending fault signals. Test results show accuracies exceeding 99% for distinguishing between normal signals and pre-fault signals from a class of more slowly developing fault types, such as microphonics. We describe results from a proof-of-principle demonstration on a realistic, imbalanced data set and report performance metrics. Encouraging results suggest that future SRF systems could leverage this framework and implement measures to mitigate the onset in more slowly developing fault types.

Rahman, M.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Transformational Sorbent Materials for a Substantial Reduction in the Energy Requirement for Direct Air Capture of CO 2

InnoSepra’s project, “Transformational Sorbent Materials for a Substantial Reduction in the Energy Requirement for Direct Air Capture of CO 2 ,” utilized computational tools, materials characterization, and lab scale testing to optimize previously identified materials to determine their performance under direct air capture conditions. InnoSepra utilized the test results to determine the energy required for regeneration and to develop a high-level process design/analysis to demonstrate the application of developed materials for direct air capture which could be utilized for future techno-economic and life-cycle analyses to fully assess the potential of the materials for direct air capture. InnoSepra also updated the State Point Data Table and completed the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) Risk Assessment.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2024

DOE Data Days 2023 Report

The DOE Data Days (D3) workshop brings together data managers, developers, researchers, and program managers across the Department of Energy (DOE) and national laboratories to highlight data management successes, identify potential synergies and common problems, and establish channels for collaboration across the DOE data management community. The fourth D3 workshop was held on October 24th to 26th, 2023 held entirely in-person at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The workshop was organized by a multi laboratory committee in an effort to bring data management practitioners at the DOE laboratories together to share their work and results, facilitating knowledge transfers and best practices across project teams. Tools and platforms to support data management and analysis are rapidly evolving and provide enormous opportunities. This report summarizes the important discussions and recommendations from the different working sessions and contains the agenda, submitted abstracts, presentations with links to recorded presentations, breakout session summaries, list of registered attendees, and lessons learned for future organizing committee. The report will be distributed to the DOE, each participating institution’s programmatic stakeholders, and attendees. The dedicated D3 website will host presentations, agenda, and report that is accessible by all labs.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Retail Electricity Price and Cost Trends: 2024 Update [Slides]

Berkeley Lab’s "Retail Electricity Price and Cost Trends" summarizes recent trends in retail electricity price levels and price drivers in the United States. This report is intended to serve as a reference document for the diverse set of decision-makers impacted by changes in retail electricity prices and to provide a factual basis for assessing recent changes in retail electricity prices and key underlying drivers. National, regional, and state trends are reported for 2019 through 2023 using publicly-available data for: -Average retail electricity prices, retail sales, and utility revenues -Utility capital expenditures, operations and maintenance costs, and fuel and purchased power costs -Retail electricity sales impacts from behind-the-meter resources The report also includes qualitative case studies highlighting recent and/or regionally-specific issues contributing significantly to retail electricity price trends

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS2011

Design, Development and Test Challenges: Separation Mechanisms for the Orion Pad Abort-1 Flight Test

On May 6, 2010, NASA launched the first successful integrated flight test, Pad Abort-1, of the Orion Project from the White Sands Missile Range in Las Cruces, New Mexico. This test demonstrated the ability to perform an emergency pad abort of a full-scale 4.8 m diameter, 8200 kg crew capsule. During development of the critical separation mechanisms for this flight test, various challenges were overcome related to environments definition, installation complications, separation joint retraction speed, thruster ordnance development issues, load path validation and significant design loads increases. The Launch Abort System retention and release (LAS R&R) mechanism consisted of 6 discrete structural connections between the LAS and the crew module (CM) simulator, each of which had a preloaded tension tie, Superbolt torque-nut and frangible nut. During the flight test, the frangible nuts were pyrotechnically split, permitting the CM to separate from the LAS. The LAS separation event was the driving case in the shock environment for many co-located hardware items. During development testing, it was necessary to measure the source shock during the separation event so the predicted shock environment could be validated and used for certification testing of multiple hardware items. The Lockheed Martin test team measured the source separation shock due to the LAS R&R function, which dramatically decreased the predicted environment by 90% at 100 Hz. During development testing a hydraulic tensioner was used to preload the joint; however, the joint relaxation with the tensioner proved unsatisfactory so the design was modified to include a Superbolt torque-nut. The observed preload creep during lab testing was 4% after 30 days, with 2.5% occurring in the first 24 hours. The conversion of strain energy (preload) to kinetic energy (retraction) was measured to be 50-75%. Design features and careful monitoring of multiple strain gauges on each tension tie allowed a pure tensile load to be applied after stacking at the launch pad. Following installation, preload in each joint was monitored for 24 hours. Due to unforeseen complications and the influence of temperature on the portable data acquisition system, the team encountered difficulty in tracking the joint relaxation. In some cases, bond-line failure of the strain gauges occurred.

Dinsel, Alison↗

NASA NTRS2013

Dynamic Sampling of Cabin VOCs during the Mission Operations Test of the Deep Space Habitat

The atmospheric composition inside spacecraft is dynamic due to changes in crew metabolism and payload operations. A portable FTIR gas analyzer was used to monitor the atmospheric composition of four modules (Core lab, Veggie Plant Atrium, Hygiene module, and Xhab loft) within the Deep Space Habitat '(DSH) during the Mission Operations Test (MOT) conducted at the Johnson Space Center. The FTIR was either physically relocated to a new location or the plumbing was changed so that a different location was monitored. An application composed of 20 gases was used and the FTIR was zeroed using N2 gas every time it was relocated. The procedures developed for operating the FTIR were successful as all data was collected and the FTIR worked during the entire MOT mission. Not all the 20 gases in the application sampled were detected and it was possible to measure dynamic VOC concentrations in each DSH location.

Monje, Oscar↗

NASA NTRS2020

Defining Handling Qualities of Unmanned Aerial Systems: Phase II Final Report

Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) are no longer coming, they are here, and operators from first responders to Google and Amazon are demanding access to the National Airspace System (NAS) for a wide variety of missions. This includes a proliferation of small UAS or sUAS that will operate beyond line of sight at altitudes of 500 ft and below. A myriad of issues continues to slow the development of verification, validation, and certification methods that will enable the safe introduction of UAS to the NAS. These issues include the lack of both a consensus in UAS categorization process and quantitative certification requirements, including the definition of handling qualities. Because of the wide variety of UAS types (fixed wing, rotary wing from traditional helicopters to multirotor configurations, ducted fans, airships, etc.) and vehicle size from micro vehicles to the Global Hawk with a wing span similar to that of a Boeing 737, there cannot be a one-size-fits-all set of requirements. To address these issues, Systems Technology Inc. (STI) has developed the UAS Handling Qualities Assessment (UAS-HQ) process and corresponding draft specification that will guide UAS stakeholders through a systematic evaluation process. The work described herein builds on the existing, highly successful, military rotorcraft handling qualities specifications that features a mission-oriented approach, a concept that originated at STI. The vehicle is first identified by a simple weight-based classification and then the associated vehicle mission task elements are considered. These missions have specific tasks inclusive to them that then dictate the criteria and demonstration maneuvers necessary to evaluate the UAS handling qualities. An assessment of both modeled responses and flight test data can then be conducted to examine the predicted versus actual handling qualities and, if required, design modifications can then be made. Mr. David Klyde, Vice President and Technical Director, Engineering Services, served as Principal Investigator, while Dr. Natalia Alexandrov served as the NASA LaRC technical representative. In the Phase II program, STI was joined by David Mitchell of Mitchell Aerospace Research and the University of Minnesota. Mr. Mitchell led the draft specification development effort, while the University of Minnesota UAV Lab conducted sUAS flight tests under the direction of Dr. Peter Seiler.

Klyde, David H.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Transportation Energy Analytics Dashboard (TEAD)

The investment decisions within the nation’s transportation sector have traditionally been prioritized and measured against safety and travel efficiency goals. Increasingly, federal, state, and local policies are requiring consideration of energy use and emissions in the design of our transportation infrastructure. Yet the processes, analytics, and knowledge to include these new metrics into transportation decisions are lacking. Although targeted studies and before and after analysis are performed from time to time, no comprehensive real-time monitoring systems provide energy and emissions to the same level as congestion and safety. To address this gap, the Center for Advanced Transportation Technology (CATT Lab) and the Maryland Transportation Institute (MTI) at the University of Maryland (UMD), in partnership with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), have developed a Transportation Energy Analytics Dashboard, or TEAD, to raise awareness of the energy and emission impacts to the same level of observability as that of safety and mobility concerns. The overall goal of this project was to develop and demonstrate an online tool to monitor transportation energy use and emissions in real-time and to archive this data for retrospective analysis. By combining surface transportation energy and emissions evaluation capability with more traditional safety, mobility and reliability system evaluation, our goal is for TEAD to create a dynamic new paradigm in transportation systems management and performance analyses, for both real-time traffic operations, and longer-term planning for project and program investment decision-making.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

AI Data Quality Monitoring with Hydra

Hydra is an extensible framework for training and managing AI for near real time monitoring that aims to replace the tedious and repetitive data quality monitoring activities the shift crew and online monitoring coordinator typically perform. It continuously scans incoming data in the form of monitoring plots for signs of problems, flagging them for human review. A web app was developed such that experts can efficiently label images for training. Labels are stored in a database for use in training and model validation. Backed up by a comprehensive database, it utilizes an additional web based front-end for viewing the current monitoring status from anywhere in the world. The system has been in production use for the GlueX experiment at Jefferson Lab for more than 2 years with new features still under active development.

Britton, Thomas↗

DOE OSTI2024

Lead tungstate calorimeters at Jefferson Lab and perspectives for the Electron–Ion Collider

Electromagnetic calorimeters based on PbWO4 scintillating crystals have a widespread applica- tion in experiments at different accelerator facilities such as CERN, FNAL, GSI, and Jefferson Lab. The unique properties of PbWO4 crystals, including a small radiation length and Molire radius, make them ideal for building high-granularity, radiation-hard detectors. This enables excellent spa- tial separation and energy resolution of reconstructed electromagnetic showers, making PbWO4 crystals the material of choice for numerous experiments. Lead tungstate calorimeters have been successfully used in several experiments at Jefferson Lab. Two large-scale detectors have been re- cently fabricated for future experiments : the Neutral Particle Spectrometer and the lead tungstate calorimeter of the GlueX detector. The future application of PbWO4 crystals in the ElectronIon Collider further highlights their ongoing importance in advancing experimental capabilities. In planning new experiments, the development of calorimeter instrumentation technologies becomes paramount. The integration of modern photodetectors, such as Silicon photomultipliers that are capable of operating in strong magnetic fields, and the implementation of streaming readout data acquisition systems, sophisticated shower reconstruction algorithms, and real-time data analysis are some examples of the continuously growing requirements of experimental setups. I will give an overview of the lead tungstate scintillating calorimeters and discuss some recent advancement in the calorimeter instrumentation.

Somov, Alexander↗

NASA NTRS1978

Large space structures fabrication experiment

The fabrication machine used for the rolltrusion and on-orbit forming of graphite thermoplastic (CTP) strip material into structural sections is described. The basic process was analytically developed parallel with, and integrated into the conceptual design of, a flight experiment machine for producing a continuous triangular cross section truss. The machine and its associated ancillary equipment are mounted on a Space Lab pallet. Power, thermal control, and instrumentation connections are made during ground installation. Observation, monitoring, caution and warning, and control panels and displays are installed at the payload specialist station in the orbiter. The machine is primed before flight by initiation of beam forming, to include attachment of the first set of cross members and anchoring of the diagonal cords. Control of the experiment will be from the orbiter mission specialist station. Normal operation is by automatic processing control software. Machine operating data are displayed and recorded on the ground. Data is processed and formatted to show progress of the major experiment parameters including stable operation, physical symmetry, joint integrity, and structural properties.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2005

Mission leverage education: NSU/NASA innovative undergraduate model

The BEST Lab (Center for Excellence in Science Education), the Center for Materials Research (CMR), and the Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science (CS) Departments at Norfolk State University (NSU) joined forces to implement MiLEN(2) IUM - an innovative approach tu integrate current and emerging research into the undergraduate curricula and train students on NASA-related fields. An Earth Observing System (EOS) mission was simulated where students are educated and trained in many aspects of Remote Sensing: detector physics and spectroscopy; signal processing; data conditioning, analysis, visualization; and atmospheric science. This model and its continued impact is expected to significantly enhance the quality of the Mathematics, Science, Engineering and Technology (MSET or SMET) educational experience and to inspire students from historically underrepresented groups to pursue careers in NASA-related fields. MiLEN(2) IUM will be applicable to other higher education institutions that are willing to make the commitment to this endeavor in terms of faculty interest and space.

Chaudhury, S. Raj↗

NASA NTRS2019

Simulated Microgravity Affects Behavior and Cytokine Expression in the Hippocampus of Adult Mice: Influence of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species

The effects of microgravity, and social isolation on the CNS are poorly understood. We hypothesize that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in this process. Since mice are social animals, our lab developed a novel social model of hindlimb unloading (HU), enabling us to determine the effects of both social isolation and simulated microgravity. Responses to 30d of HU were compared in wildtype or transgenic MCAT mice who over-express human catalase in mitochondria. Abundance of 4-Hydroxynonenal, Park7 (a redox-sensitive chaperone and sensor of oxidative stress) and corticosterone were measured by ELISA. Cytokines related to inflammation in the hippocampus and in plasma were analyzed by a protein array. Behavioral data was collected over a 24-hour period.Socially housed HU mice were more active and conducted at least two times more exploratory activities, compared to normally loaded mice. Correlation analysis revealed that specific brain and plasma cytokines correspond with specific behaviors. Simulated microgravity and/or social isolation caused changes in cytokine patterns in the hippocampus and in plasma, with significant interaction effects of HU and genotype in expression levels of five cytokines (out of 35). Interestingly, elevation of these generally pro-inflammatory cytokines by HU in WT mice was mitigated in MCAT mice, suggesting a role for mitochondrial ROS signaling in inflammatory CNS responses to microgravity. Interestingly, socially housed mice had also lower level of 4HNE and higher level of Park7 in the hippocampus compared to singly housed animals. The cytokine responses to social isolation were more extensive in brain vs plasma. Further, there was no overlap in the cytokine repertoire regulated in response to microgravity versus, isolation suggesting divergent mechanisms or downstream signaling. These findings implicate a potentially important role for mitochondrial ROS in CNS responses to the challenges posed both by prolonged missions in space and bedrest on Earth

Guttmann, Linda↗

DOE OSTI2025

Rheological Properties of Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Corn Stover Pretreated via Deacetylation and Mechanical Refining

Lignocellulosic biomass is a feedstock for fuels and chemicals that does not compete with food resources and has less contaminants than refuse-derived biomass feedstocks. To convert lignocellulosics to biofuels or value-added products, multiple processing steps are typically necessary. One method of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass utilizes a deacetylation and mechanical refining pretreatment and an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction to produce fermentable sugars from cellulose and hemicellulose. The rheological properties of biomass, such as yield stress and plastic viscosity, change during enzymatic hydrolysis and alter the energy requirements for pumping and mixing, an important consideration for the design of processing equipment. The dynamic changes in rheological properties that occur in a corn stover feedstock undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis are characterized in this work, and the influence on pressure losses in piping systems is estimated. Two rheometer geometries were fabricated with stereolithography 3D printing to reduce wall slip and sample ejection. The slurries have complex rheological behaviors that include shear-thinning behavior. Shear stress ramps were performed on samples at 20 and 50 degrees C using the custom geometries, and the Herschel-Bulkley model was fit to the data. The dynamic nature of the rheological properties is correlated with changes in the average fiber length at various extents of reaction, and the influence of solids concentration on the observed rheology and piping pressure losses is discussed.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Model Assessment Wizard (MAW)

SAND2026-18710O The Model Assessment Wizard (MAW) is a tool for evaluating ontologies and provides users with a comprehensive workbench for analysis. MAW features sub-modules for visualization, alignment, Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) and Web Ontology Language (OWL) constraints, and simplification. Users can upload data, identify missing information, visualize ontologies, and update constraints. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Murdock, Jaimie [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Li↗

DOE OSTI2020

A comparison of cost and quality of three methods for estimating density for wild pig (Sus scrofa)

A critical element in efective wildlife management is monitoring the status of wildlife populations; however, resources to monitor wildlife populations are typically limited. We compared cost efectiveness of three common population estimation methods (i.e. non-invasive DNA sampling, camera sampling, and sampling from trapping) by applying them to wild pigs (Sus scrofa) across three habitats in South Carolina, U.S.A where they are invasive. We used mark-recapture analyses for fecal DNA sampling data, spatially-explicit capture-recapture analyses for camera sampling data, and a removal analysis for removal sampling from trap data. Density estimates were similar across methods. Camera sampling was the least expensive, but had large variances. Fecal DNA sampling was the most expensive, although this technique generally performed well. We examined how reductions in efort by method related to increases in relative bias or imprecision. For removal sampling, the largest cost savings while maintaining unbiased density estimates was from reducing the number of traps. For fecal DNA sampling, a reduction in efort only minimally reduced costs due to the need for increased lab replicates while maintaining high quality estimates. For camera sampling, efort could only be marginally reduced before inducing bias. We provide a decision tree for researchers to help make monitoring decisions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Smart Contracts for Power Grid Applications Using the Advanced DLT Cyber Grid Guard Testbed

In this study is presented two power system applications with distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contracts (SC) that were assessed in a Cyber-Grid-Guard System (CGGS) advanced testbed, with protective relays, power meters, communication devices, DLT devices, synchronized time source, clock displays and real time simulator. This CGGS testbed was set in the Advanced Protection Lab, 252 lab space of the Grid Research Integration and Deployment Center (GRID- C), at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In power grids, customer-owned distributed energy resources (DERs) are more frequent than in the past, and the numbers of points of interconnection (POI) with customer-owned DERs have increased. Disruptive operation from DERs presents a risk to grid operations, and protective relays located at the POI are used to isolate out-of-tolerance or poorly behaving of DERs. Ensuring the integrity of data from the relays at the POI, and DLT could enhance the security of the power grids. The first application is a SC to define and control the allowable total power factor (TPF) of the DER (wind farm) output, and the terms of the SC are implemented using DLT with a CGGS for a customer-owned DER. The TPF SC was implemented by the CGGS using DLT. The experimental model was performed with a real-time simulator using a CGGS and relay in-the-loop. The data collected from the CGGS were used to execute the TPF SC. The TPF limits were between +0.9 and +1.0, and the breakers’ operation in the POI was controlled by the relay using the SC. The events were collected from the real-time simulator, CGGS, and SEL 700GT relay to validate a successful application of the TPF SC using DLT. The second application is a SC to measure and control the allowable voltage service limits (VSL) by the CGGS using DLT. The tests were performed by using a real-time simulator, CGGS and relay in-the-loop. The data was collected from the CGGS that executed the SC. The main constraints were defined based on ANSI C84.1 service voltage limits, and the operation of the breakers in the POI. The events were collected from the CGGS, and SEL 700GT relay to assess a successful operation of the VSL SC using DLT.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗