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At least 1,693 records · Page 94
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2010

Influence of laser beam profile on electromagnetically induced absorption

We compared, experimentally and theoretically, Hanle electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) obtained using Gaussian and {Pi}-shaped laser beams 3 mm in diameter. The study was done by measuring the transmission of a laser locked to the F{sub g}=2{yields}F{sub e}=3 transition at the D{sub 2} line of {sup 87}Rb in a vacuum cell. EIA linewidths obtained for the two laser profiles were significantly different in the range of laser intensities 1-4 mW/cm{sup 2}. EIA with the {Pi}-shaped laser beam has a broad intensity maximum and linewidths larger than those obtained with the Gaussian beam profile. We also studied Hanle EIA by measuring the transmission of selected segments of the entire laser beam by placing a small movable aperture in front of the detector. Waveforms so obtained in Hanle EIA resonances were strongly influenced both by the radial distance of the transmitted segment from the beam center and by the radial profile of the laser beam. We show that outer regions of Gaussian beam, and central regions of the {Pi}-shaped beam generate the narrowest lines. The different behaviors of EIA owing to different beam profiles revealed by both theory and experiment indicate the importance of the radial profile of the laser beam for proper modeling of coherent effects in alkali metal vapors.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Evolution of dark state of an open atomic system in constant intensity laser field

We studied experimentally and theoretically the evolution of open atomic systems in the constant intensity laser field. The study is performed by analyzing the line shapes of Hanle electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) obtained in different segments of a laser beam cross section of constant intensity, i.e., a {Pi}-shaped laser beam. Such Hanle EIT resonances were measured using a small movable aperture placed just in front of the photodetector, i.e., after the entire laser beam had passed through the vacuum Rb cell. The laser was locked to the open transition F{sub g}=2{yields}F{sub e}=1 at the D{sub 1} line of {sup 87}Rb with laser intensities between 0.5 and 4 mW/cm{sup 2}. This study shows that the profile of the laser beam determines the processes governing the development of atomic states during the interaction. The resonances obtained near the beam center are narrower than those obtained near the beam edge, but the significant changes of the linewidths occur only near the beam edge, i.e., right after the atom enters the beam. The Hanle EIT resonances obtained near the beam center exhibit two pronounced minima next to the central maximum. The theoretical model reveals that the occurrence of these transmission minima is a joint effect of the preparation of atoms into the dark state and the optical pumping into the uncoupled ground level F{sub g}=1. The appearance of the transmission minima, although similar to that observed in the wings of a Gaussian beam [A. J. Krmpot et al., Opt. Express 17, 22491 (2009)], is of an entirely different nature for the {Pi}-shaped laser beam.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ultra–fast, selective, non–melting, laser sintering of alumina with anisotropic and size–suppressed grains

In this paper, we report an ultra-fast sintering phenomenon of alumina achieved by the scanning laser irradiation method. Using CO 2 laser irradiation, we found that micrometer-sized alumina powder (d 50 = 1.2 µm) can be sintered close to full density within a few tens of seconds. The microstructure of laser-sintered alumina was different from that of the furnace-sintered alumina. The relative density and grain size of the laser-sintered alumina gradually decreased from the center of the laser beam to the edge. Anisotropy of the grain size was measured along and perpendicular to the scanning direction. This anisotropy decreased as the scanning speed decreased from 0.1 mm/s to 0.01 mm/s. The sintering master curve of grain size versus relative density, which reflects the sintering mechanism, was found to be affected by the laser scanning speed. When the laser scanning speed was 0.1 mm/s, grain size suppression was found for the almost fully dense alumina. However, at lower scanning speed (e.g., 0.01 mm/s), there was significant grain growth in the regions where the relative density was greater than 90%. Furthermore, these results clearly indicate that alumina can be sintered, in the solid-state, to a high density in a short time using scanning laser and the microstructure is different from the furnace-sintered alumina.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-99: Design and Development of Isocenter Parameter System for CT Simulation Laser Based On DICOM RT

Purpose: In order to receive DICOM files from treatment planning system and generate patient isocenter positioning parameter file for CT laser system automatically, this paper presents a method for communication with treatment planning system and calculation of isocenter parameter for each radiation field. Methods: Coordinate transformation and laser positioning file formats were analyzed, isocenter parameter was calculated via data from DICOM CT Data and DICOM RTPLAN file. An in-house software-DicomGenie was developed based on the object-oriented program platform-Qt with DCMTK SDK (Germany OFFIS company DICOM SDK) . DicomGenie was tested for accuracy using Philips CT simulation plan system (Tumor LOC, Philips) and A2J CT positioning laser system (Thorigny Sur Marne, France). Results: DicomGenie successfully established DICOM communication between treatment planning system, DICOM files were received by DicomGenie and patient laser isocenter information was generated accurately. Patient laser parameter data files can be used for for CT laser system directly. Conclusion: In-house software DicomGenie received and extracted DICOM data, isocenter laser positioning data files were created by DicomGenie and can be use for A2J laser positioning system.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-J-44: Development of a Room Laser Based Real-Time Alignment Monitoring System Using An Array of Photodiodes

Purpose: To develop a real-time alignment monitoring system (RAMS) to compensate for the limitations of the conventional room laser based alignment system, and to verify the feasibility of the RAMS. Methods: The RAMS was composed of a room laser sensing array (RLSA), an analog-todigital converter, and a control PC. In the RLSA, seven photodiodes (each in 1 mm width) are arranged in a pattern that the RAMS provides alignment in 1 mm resolution. It works based on detecting laser light aligned on one of photodiodes. When misaligned, the laser would match with different photodiode(s) giving signal at unexpected location. Thus, how much displaced can be determined. To verify the reproducibility of the system with respect to time as well as repeated set-ups, temporal reproducibility and repeatability test was conducted. The accuracy of the system was tested by obtaining detection signals with varying laser-match positions. Results: The signal of the RAMS was found to be stable with respect to time. The repeatability test resulted in a maximum coefficient of variance of 1.14%, suggesting that the signal of the RAMS was stable over repeated set-ups. In the accuracy test, signals between when the laser was aligned and notaligned with any of sensors could be distinguished by signal intensity. The signals of not-aligned sensors were always below 75% of the signal of the aligned sensor. It was confirmed that the system could detect 1 mm of movement by monitoring the pattern of signals, and could observe the movement of the system in real-time. Conclusion: We developed a room laser based alignment monitoring system. The feasibility test verified that the system is capable of quantitative alignment monitoring in real time. The system is relatively simple, not expensive, and considered to be easily incorporated into conventional room laser systems for real-time alignment monitoring. This research was supported by the Mid-career Researcher Program through NRF funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning of Korea (NRF-2014R1A2A1A10050270) and by the Radiation Technology R&D program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No. 2013M2A2A7038291)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-525: Monitordeep-Inspiratory Breathhold with a Laser Sensor for Radiation Therapy of Left Breast Cancer

Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) of left sided breast cancers with deep-inspiratory breathhold (DIBH) can reduce the dose to heart. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a new laser-based tool to improve ease of RT delivery using DIBH. Methods: A laser sensor together with breathing monitor device (Anzai Inc., Japan) was used to record the surface breathing motion of phantom/volunteers. The device projects a laser beam to the chestwall and the reflected light creates a focal spot on a light detecting element. The position change of the focal spot correlates with the patient’s breathing motion and is measured through the change of current in the light detecting element. The signal is amplified and displayed on a computer screen, which is used to trigger radiation gating. The laser sensor can be easily mounted to the simulation/treatment couch with a fixing plate and a magnet base, and has a sensitivity range of 10 to 40 cm from the patient. The correlation of breathing signals detected by laser sensor and visionRT is also investigated. Results: It is found that the measured breathing signal from the laser sensor is stable and reproducible and has no noticeable delay. It correlates well with the VisionRT surface imaging system. The DIBH reference level does not change with movement of the couch because the laser sensor and couch move together. Conclusion: The Anzai laser sensor provides a cost-effective way to improve beam gating with DIBH for treating left breast cancer. It can be used alone or together with VisionRT to determine the correct DIBH level during the radiation treatment of left breast cancer with DIBH.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Laser-Induced Cavities and Solitons in Overcritical Hydrogen Plasma

A picosecond CO{sub 2} laser was used successfully in a number of experiments exploring advanced methods of particle acceleration. Proton acceleration from gas-jet plasma exemplifies another advantage of employing the increase in laser wavelength from the optical to the mid-IR region. Recent theoretical- and experimental-studies of ion acceleration from laser-generated plasma point to better ways to control the ion beam's energy when plasma approaches the critical density. Studying this regime with solid-state lasers is problematic due to the dearth of plasma sources at the critical electron density {approx}10{sup 21} cm{sup -3}, corresponding to laser wavelength {lambda} = 1 {mu}m. CO{sub 2} laser offers a solution. The CO{sub 2} laser's 10 {mu}m wavelength shifts the critical plasma density to 10{sup 19} cm{sup -3}, a value attainable with gas jets. Capitalizing on this approach, we focused a circular polarized 1-TW CO{sub 2} laser beam onto a hydrogen gas jet and observed a monoenergetic proton beam in the 1-2 MeV range. Simultaneously, we optically probed the laser/plasma interaction region with visible light, revealing holes bored by radiation pressure, as well as quasi-stationary soliton-like plasma formations. Our findings from 2D PIC simulations agree with experimental results and aid in their interpretation.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Investigation of InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well Lasers with Slightly Doped Tunnel Junction

We experimentally investigate and analyze the electrical and optical characteristics of InGaAs/GaAs conventional quantum well laser diode and the quantum well laser diode with slightly-doped tunnel junction. It was found that the laser with slightly-doped tunnel junction has a nonlinear S-shape current-voltage characteristic. The internal quantum efficiencies of the laser with slightly-doped tunnel junction and the conventional laser are 21 and 87.3%, respectively. This suggests that the slightly-doped tunnel junction increased the barrier width and free carrier absorption, thus could reduce the electron tunneling probability and increase the internal loss. Furthermore, compared with the conventional laser, it was found that we could achieve 15 nm broadband spectrum from the laser with slightly-doped tunnel junction, due to the lasing dynamics reflecting the current dynamics. The results show that the slightly-doped tunnel junction plays a crucial role in the laser diode performances, which may lead to the realization of more applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

High Rate Laser Pitting Technique for Solar Cell Texturing

Efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells can be improved by creating a texture on the surface to increase optical absorption. Different techniques have been developed for texturing, with the current state-of-the-art (SOA) being wet chemical etching. The process has poor optical performance, produces surfaces that are difficult to passivate or contact and is relatively expensive due to the use of hazardous chemicals. This project shall develop an alternative process for texturing mc-Si using laser micromachining. It will have the following features compared to the current SOA texturing process: (1) Superior optical surfaces for reduced front-surface reflection and enhanced optical absorption in thin mc-Si substrates (2) Improved surface passivation (3) More easily integrated into advanced back-contact cell concepts (4) Reduced use of hazardous chemicals and waste treatment (5) Similar or lower cost. The process is based on laser pitting. The objective is to develop and demonstrate a high rate laser pitting process which will exceed the rate of former laser texturing processes by a factor of ten. The laser and scanning technologies will be demonstrated on a laboratory scale, but will use inherently technologies that can easily be scaled to production rates. The drastic increase in process velocity is required for the process to be implemented as an in-line process in PV manufacturing. The project includes laser process development, development of advanced optical systems for beam manipulation and cell reflectivity and efficiency testing. An improvement of over 0.5% absolute in efficiency is anticipated after laser-based texturing. The surface textures will be characterized optically, and solar cells will be fabricated with the new laser texturing to ensure that the new process is compatible with high-efficiency cell processing. The result will be demonstration of a prototype process that is suitable for scale-up to a production tool and process. The developed technique will have an reducing impact on product pricing. As efficiency has a substantial impact on the economics of solar cell production due to the high material cost content; in essence, improved efficiency through cost-effective texturing reduces the material cost component since the product is priced in terms of $/W. The project is a collaboration between Fraunhofer USA, Inc. and a c-Si PV manufacturer.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Laser heating and evaporation of a single droplet

The laser technology is being abundantly studied for controlled energy deposition for a range of applications in aerodynamic flow control, material processing, ignition, and combustion. The absorption of laser radiation by liquid droplets affects further propagation of laser in the atmosphere and causes bleaching of suspended droplets while the ignition and combustion characteristics in combustors are influenced by the evaporation rate of the sprayed fuel. In this work, we present a multi-dimensional mathematical model built on OpenFOAM for laser heating and evaporation of a single droplet in the diffusion dominated regime taking into account absorption of the laser radiation, evaporation process and vapor flow dynamics. The developed solver is validated against available experimental and numerical data for the ethanol and water droplet heating and evaporation. For continuous heating the peak temperature is established by the balance of cooling, evaporation and heating and results in high temperature for larger droplets. It has been shown that for heating by a single laser pulse the maximum temperature of droplets depends only on the peak intensity of the laser radiation. Furthermore, for the peak irradiance close to the transition to the boiling regime, temporal dynamics of the droplet temperature is independent of the droplet size. With proper normalization of time, the dynamics of the droplet shrinkage and cooling is shown to be independent of droplet sizes and peak laser intensities. The influence of cooling and evaporation processes on droplet heating was found to be controlled by the pulse repetition rate for repeated pulse operation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Melt-Pool Dynamics and Microstructure of Mg Alloy WE43 under Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Conditions

Magnesium-based alloy WE43 is a state-of-the-art bioresorbable metallic implant material. There is a need for implants with both complex geometries to match the mechanical properties of bone and refined microstructure for controlled resorption. Additive manufacturing (AM) using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) presents a viable fabrication method for implant applications, as it offers near-net-shape geometrical control, allows for geometry customization based on an individual patient, and fast cooling rates to achieve a refined microstructure. In this study, the laser–alloy interaction is investigated over a range of LPBF-relevant processing conditions to reveal melt-pool dynamics, pore formation, and the microstructure of laser-melted WE43. In situ X-ray imaging reveals distinct laser-induced vapor depression morphology regimes, with minimal pore formation at laser-scan speeds greater than 500 mm/s. Optical and electron microscopy of cross-sectioned laser tracks reveal three distinct microstructural regimes that can be controlled by adjusting laser-scan parameters: columnar, dendritic, and banded microstructures. These regimes are consistent with those predicted by the analytic solidification theory for conduction-mode welding, but not for keyhole-mode tracks. The results provide insight into the fundamental laser–material interactions of the WE43 alloy under AM-processing conditions and are critical for the successful implementation of LPBF-produced WE43 parts in biomedical applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2013

Co-registration of Laser Altimeter Tracks with Digital Terrain Models and Applications in Planetary Science

We have derived algorithms and techniques to precisely co-register laser altimeter profiles with gridded Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), typically derived from stereo images. The algorithm consists of an initial grid search followed by a least-squares matching and yields the translation parameters at sub-pixel level needed to align the DTM and the laser profiles in 3D space. This software tool was primarily developed and tested for co-registration of laser profiles from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) with DTMs derived from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) stereo images. Data sets can be co-registered with positional accuracy between 0.13 m and several meters depending on the pixel resolution and amount of laser shots, where rough surfaces typically result in more accurate co-registrations. Residual heights of the data sets are as small as 0.18 m. The software can be used to identify instrument misalignment, orbit errors, pointing jitter, or problems associated with reference frames being used. Also, assessments of DTM effective resolutions can be obtained. From the correct position between the two data sets, comparisons of surface morphology and roughness can be made at laser footprint- or DTM pixel-level. The precise co-registration allows us to carry out joint analysis of the data sets and ultimately to derive merged high-quality data products. Examples of matching other planetary data sets, like LOLA with LRO Wide Angle Camera (WAC) DTMs or Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) with stereo models from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) as well as Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) with Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) are shown to demonstrate the broad science applications of the software tool.

Laser↗
NASA NTRS2022

Development of LISA Laser System at NASA

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is developing a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser transmitter for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. The laser transmitter is one of the potential contributions to the LISA mission from NASA. Our development effort has included a master oscillator (MO), a power amplifier (PA), a frequency reference system (FRS), a power monitor detector (PMON), and laser electronics module (LEM). We are working on their design, performance evaluation, environmental testing, and reliability testing for space flight. We have built TRL 4 laser optical modules based on the MO and PA, which meets most performance requirements. One of the TRL 4 laser optical modules has been delivered to ESA for independent evaluation. TRL 6 versions of MO and PA are being built and evaluated at GSFC. TRL 5 and 6 versions of laser electronics are under development. In this paper, we will describe our progress to date and plans to demonstrate and deliver a TRL 6 laser demonstrator system to ESA by 2024.

LISA, Space Lasers↗
DOE OSTI2014

Developing A Laser Shockwave Model For Characterizing Diffusion Bonded Interfaces

12. Other advances in QNDE and related topics: Preferred Session Laser-ultrasonics Developing A Laser Shockwave Model For Characterizing Diffusion Bonded Interfaces 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Conference QNDE Conference July 20-25, 2014 Boise Centre 850 West Front Street Boise, Idaho 83702 James A. Smith, Jeffrey M. Lacy, Barry H. Rabin, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID ABSTRACT: The US National Nuclear Security Agency has a Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) which is assigned with reducing the worldwide use of high-enriched uranium (HEU). A salient component of that initiative is the conversion of research reactors from HEU to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels. An innovative fuel is being developed to replace HEU. The new LEU fuel is based on a monolithic fuel made from a U-Mo alloy foil encapsulated in Al-6061 cladding. In order to complete the fuel qualification process, the laser shock technique is being developed to characterize the clad-clad and fuel-clad interface strengths in fresh and irradiated fuel plates. The Laser Shockwave Technique (LST) is being investigated to characterize interface strength in fuel plates. LST is a non-contact method that uses lasers for the generation and detection of large amplitude acoustic waves to characterize interfaces in nuclear fuel plates. However the deposition of laser energy into the containment layer on specimen’s surface is intractably complex. The shock wave energy is inferred from the velocity on the backside and the depth of the impression left on the surface from the high pressure plasma pulse created by the shock laser. To help quantify the stresses and strengths at the interface, a finite element model is being developed and validated by comparing numerical and experimental results for back face velocities and front face depressions with experimental results. This paper will report on initial efforts to develop a finite element model for laser shock.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Applicability of Laser Cutting and Decontamination Technologies for Remote Decommissioning Work - 16115

Recently, various cutting and decontamination technologies for remote decommissioning works have been developed and applied. One of the technologies is a laser technology which has good capabilities for such kinds of works. Remote controllability is one of advantages of a laser system. Because in general the laser head is light and compact compared to the other types of cutting and decontamination tools, the head can be easily handled by remote operation equipment such as manipulators, and thus it gives an effective and flexible remote work. As the other examples of the advantages, there are no parts of a laser system necessary to be replaced so frequently like blades of mechanical methods and also, it does not generate secondary waste so much like contaminated water generated from water jet methods. Additionally, recent laser technology development has increased laser output power which makes it possible to be able to cut thick steel plate more smoothly and speedy, and width of laser irradiation which makes it possible to perform an efficient surface decontamination work. This paper will provide outline of the remote laser cutting system and decontamination system developed by IHI Corporation (IHI) and how those technologies are effective in various kinds of remote decommissioning works. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2012

Excitation wavelength dependence of water-window line emissions from boron-nitride laser-produced plasmas

We investigated the effects of laser excitation wavelength on water-window emission lines of laser-produced boron-nitride plasmas. Plasmas are produced by focusing 1064 nm and harmonically generated 532 and 266 nm radiation from a Nd:YAG laser on BN target in vacuum. Soft x-ray emission lines in the water-window region are recorded using a grazing-incidence spectrograph. Filtered photodiodes are used to obtain complementary data for water-window emission intensity and angular dependence. Spectral emission intensity changes in nitrogen Ly-{alpha} and He-{alpha} are used to show how laser wavelength affects emission. Our results show that the relative intensity of spectral lines is laser wavelength dependent, with the ratio of Ly-{alpha} to He-{alpha} emission intensity decreasing as laser wavelength is shortened. Filtered photodiode measurements of angular dependence showed that 266 and 532 nm laser wavelengths produce uniform emission.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Instantaneous x-ray radiation energy from laser produced polystyrene plasmas for shock ignition conditions

Laser target energy coupling mechanism is crucial in the shock ignition (SI) scheme, and x-ray radiation energy is a non-negligible portion of the laser produced plasma energy. To evaluate the x-ray radiation energy amount at conditions relevant to SI scheme, instantaneous x-ray radiation energy is investigated experimentally with continuum phase plates smoothed lasers irradiating layer polystyrene targets. Comparative laser pulses without and with shock spike are employed. With the measured x-ray angular distribution, full space x-ray radiation energy and conversion efficiency are observed. Instantaneous scaling law of x-ray conversion efficiency is obtained as a function of laser intensity and time. It should be pointed out that the scaling law is available for any laser pulse shape and intensity, with which irradiates polystyrene planar target with intensity from 2 × 10{sup 14} to 1.8 × 10{sup 15} W/cm{sup 2}. Numerical analysis of the laser energy transformation is performed, and the simulation results agree with the experimental data.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Self-focusing of a Hermite-cosh Gaussian laser beam in a magnetoplasma with ramp density profile

The early and strong self-focusing of a Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma in the presence of density ramp has been observed. Focusing and de-focusing nature of the Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser beam with decentered parameter and magnetic field has been studied, and strong self-focusing is reported. It is investigated that decentered parameter 'b' plays a significant role for the self-focusing of the laser beam and is very sensitive as in case of extraordinary mode. For mode indices, m = 0, 1, 2, and b = 4.00, 3.14, and 2.05, strong self-focusing is observed. Similarly in case of ordinary mode, for m = 0, 1, 2 and b = 4.00, 3.14, 2.049, respectively, strong self-focusing is reported. Further, it is seen that extraordinary mode is more prominent toward self-focusing rather than ordinary mode of propagation. For mode indices m = 0, 1, and 2, diffraction term becomes more dominant over nonlinear term for decentered parameter b=0. For selective higher values of decentered parameter in case of mode indices m=0, 1, and 2, self-focusing effect becomes strong for extraordinary mode. Also increase in the value of magnetic field enhances the self-focusing ability of the laser beam, which is very useful in the applications like the generation of inertial fusion energy driven by lasers, laser driven accelerators, and x-ray lasers.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗