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At least 1,693 records · Page 94

Benchmarking the performance of density functional theory and point charge force fields in their description of sI methane hydrate against diffusion Monte Carlo

High quality reference data from diffusion Monte Carlo calculations are presented for bulk sI methane hydrate, a complex crystal exhibiting both hydrogen-bond and dispersion dominated interactions. The performance of some commonly used exchange-correlation functionals and all-atom point charge force fields is evaluated. Our results show that none of the exchange-correlation functionals tested are sufficient to describe both the energetics and the structure of methane hydrate accurately, while the point charge force fields perform badly in their description of the cohesive energy but fair well for the dissociation energetics. By comparing to ice I{sub h}, we show that a good prediction of the volume and cohesive energies for the hydrate relies primarily on an accurate description of the hydrogen bonded water framework, but that to correctly predict stability of the hydrate with respect to dissociation to ice I{sub h} and methane gas, accuracy in the water-methane interaction is also required. Our results highlight the difficulty that density functional theory faces in describing both the hydrogen bonded water framework and the dispersion bound methane.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Covariant Spectator Theory of np scattering: Isoscalar interaction currents

Using the Covariant Spectator Theory (CST), one boson exchange (OBE) models have been found that give precision fits to low energy $np$ scattering and the deuteron binding energy. The boson-nucleon vertices used in these models contain a momentum dependence that requires a new class of interaction currents for use with electromagnetic interactions. Current conservation requires that these new interaction currents satisfy a two-body Ward-Takahashi (WT), and using principals of {\it simplicity\/} and {\it picture independence\/}, these currents can be uniquely determined. The results lead to general formulae for a two-body current that can be expressed in terms of relativistic $np$ wave functions, ${\it \Psi}$, and two convenient truncated wave functions, ${\it \Psi}^{(2)}$ and $\widehat {\it \Psi}$, which contain all of the information needed for the explicit evaluation of the contributions from the interaction current. These three wave functions can be calculated from the CST bound or scattering state equations (and their off-shell extrapolations). A companion paper uses this formalism to evaluate the deuteron magnetic moment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Effect of intervalley interaction on band topology of commensurate graphene/EuO heterostructures

Recent experiments demonstrating proximity induced ferromagnetism in graphene motivate this study of commensurate graphene/EuO heterostructures. Due to the commensurability of graphene with the (111)-EuO layer, graphene’s Dirac points are mapped to the Γ point of the commensurate Brillouin zone. The Eu atoms not only induce proximity exchange on the graphene layer, but they also introduce intervalley interactions resulting in a nonlinear dispersion at Γ. Here, we develop a model Hamiltonian, consistent with the lattice symmetries, that includes proximity induced exchange splitting, spin-orbit coupling, and intervalley interactions with parameters fitted to ab initio calculations. The intervalley interaction opens up a trivial gap preventing the system from crossing into a nontrivial state. The model Hamiltonian is analyzed to determine the conditions under which the heterostructures can exhibit topologically nontrivial bands.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Report on the Joint EU-US Workshop on Microbial Community Dynamics: Cooperation and Competition

The European Commission (EC)-United States (US) Task Force on Biotechnology Research has a longstanding joint Working Group on Biotechnology for the Environment whose mission is to foster collaborations between researchers in the European Union (EU) and US in the field of environmental biotechnology. A special focus of the Working Group is to increase scientific interchange between early career scientists in the US and EU. Such interactions initiate a foundation of respect and trust needed to develop long-term collaborations. In order to realize the full potential for the application of modern technologies to obtain a sustainable biosphere, it is vital to create conduits for knowledge exchange among scientists worldwide engaged in environmental microbial biotechnology research. Since its formation in 1994, the Working Group has organized many activities for early career scientists designed to promote this scientific exchange, including two week courses with hands-on research experience, intensive workshops of two or three days, and research scholar exchanges of one to six months. These interactions are focused on environmental problems that respect no international boundaries.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Magnetic Materials: Chiral Spin Textures in Amorphous Iron–Germanium Thick Films (Adv. Mater. 8/2021)

Topological solitary fields, such as magnetic and polar skyrmions, are envisioned to revolutionize microelectronics. These configurations have been stabilized in solid-state materials with a global inversion symmetry breaking, which translates in magnetic materials into a vector spin exchange known as the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), as well as spin chirality selection and isotropic solitons. This work reports experimental evidence of 3D chiral spin textures, such as helical spins and skyrmions with different chirality and topological charge, stabilized in amorphous Fe–Ge thick films. These results demonstrate that structurally and chemically disordered materials with a random DMI can resemble inversion symmetry broken systems with similar magnetic properties, moments, and states. In conclusion, disordered systems are distinguished from systems with global inversion symmetry breaking by their degenerate spin chirality that allows for forming isotropic and anisotropic topological spin textures at remanence, while offering greater flexibility in materials synthesis, voltage, and strain manipulation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Current‐Driven Switching of Néel Vector of an Antiferromagnetic Insulator Thin Film

Manipulation of antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials as active elements provides a crucial combination of electrical, thermal, and magnetic properties for spintronics. This study shows how the spin current generated in heavy metal is induced by spin‐orbit torque into an adjacent AFM insulator. The bulk unpinned spins of the AFM layer drive a spin current that is transmitted to the top ferromagnet. This mechanism allows the electrical control of the exchange bias, coercive field, and blocking temperature of the system. Further support is provided by a model calculation that quantitatively describes the effect of the spin current injection into the AFM.

antiferromagnetism↗

Two-dimensional lattice gauge theories with superconducting quantum circuits

A quantum simulator of U(1) lattice gauge theories can be implemented with superconducting circuits. This allows the investigation of confined and deconfined phases in quantum link models, and of valence bond solid and spin liquid phases in quantum dimer models. Fractionalized confining strings and the real-time dynamics of quantum phase transitions are accessible as well. Here we show how state-of-the-art superconducting technology allows us to simulate these phenomena in relatively small circuit lattices. By exploiting the strong non-linear couplings between quantized excitations emerging when superconducting qubits are coupled, we show how to engineer gauge invariant Hamiltonians, including ring-exchange and four-body Ising interactions. We demonstrate that, despite decoherence and disorder effects, minimal circuit instances allow us to investigate properties such as the dynamics of electric flux strings, signaling confinement in gauge invariant field theories. The experimental realization of these models in larger superconducting circuits could address open questions beyond current computational capability.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

The complete Brans–Dicke theories

Given that the simple wave equation of Brans–Dicke theory for the scalar field is preserved, we have investigated, through exhaustively analyzing the Bianchi identities, the consistent theories which violate the exact energy conservation equation. It is found that only three theories exist which are unambiguously determined from consistency, without imposing arbitrary functions by hand. Each of these theories possesses a specific interaction term which controls the energy exchange between the scalar field and ordinary matter. The theories contain new parameters (integration constants from the integration procedure) and when these are switched-off, Brans–Dicke theory emerges. As usually, the vacuum theories can be defined from the complete Brans–Dicke theories when the matter energy–momentum tensor vanishes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Effects of spatial variability in vegetation phenology, climate, landcover, biodiversity, topography, and soil property on soil respiration across a coastal ecosystem

Coastal terrestrial-aquatic interfaces (TAIs) are crucial contributors to global biogeochemical cycles and carbon exchange. A systematic evaluation of the interaction between coastal catchment properties and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by soil respiration is significant for assessing carbon dynamics and predicting the future trajectory of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in coastal TAIs. The soil CO2 efflux in these transition zones is however poorly understood due to the high spatiotemporal dynamics of TAIs, as various sub-ecosystems in this region are compressed and expanded by complex influences of tides, changes in river levels, climate, and land use. We focus on the Chesapeake Bay region to (i) investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the coastal ecosystem and identify spatial zones with similar environmental characteristics based on the spatial data layers, including vegetation index (kNDVI), climate, landcover, diversity, topography, soil property, and relative tidal elevation; (ii) understand the primary driving factors affecting soil respiration within sub-ecosystems of the coastal ecosystem. Specifically, we employed hierarchical clustering analysis to identify spatial regions with distinct environmental characteristics, followed by the determination of main driving factors using Random Forest regression and SHapley Additive exPlanations. Maximum and minimum temperature are the main drivers common to all sub-ecosystems, while each region also has additional unique major drivers that differentiate them from one another. Precipitation exerts an influence on vegetated lands, while soil pH value holds importance specifically in forested lands. In croplands characterized by high clay content and low sand content, the significant role is attributed to bulk density. Wetlands demonstrate the importance of both elevation and sand content, with clay content being more relevant in non-inundated wetlands than in inundated wetlands. The topographic wetness index significantly contributes to the mixed vegetation areas, including shrub, grass, pasture, and forest. Additionally, our research reveals that dense vegetation land covers and urban/developed areas exhibit distinct soil property drivers. Overall, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to modeling carbon fluxes in coastal TAIs, and our study highlights the importance of further research and monitoring practices to improve our understanding of carbon dynamics and promote the sustainable management of coastal TAIs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Nanostructured dimagnesium manganese oxide (Spinel): Control of size, shape and their magnetic and electro catalytic properties

Tetravalent Mn based ternary oxides are of interest as they are important electrode materials. Dimagnesium manganate (Mg{sub 2}MnO{sub 4}) is one Mn(IV) containing oxide which has been of interest. Nanostructures of the above oxide (spinel) have been obtained by the thermal decomposition of nanostructured metal oxalate precursor at 500 Degree-Sign C. The size and anisotropy of the oxide nanostructures was controlled by choosing appropriate decomposition temperature of the oxalate precursor. Mg{sub 2}MnO{sub 4} nanorods were obtained at low temperature (500 Degree-Sign C), formed by aligned nanoparticles of size{approx}8-10 nm. These nanoparticles show Curie-Weiss behavior with Weiss constant (14 K). Below {approx}50 K there is a small deviation resulting in a negative Weiss constant (-7.36 K) indicating exchange cross over (from ferromagnetic like interactions to antiferromagnetic interactions). The high temperature magnetic moment corresponds to Mn (IV). Electrochemical experiments show that nanostructured Mg{sub 2}MnO{sub 4} is an efficient anode material for oxygen evolution reaction with a current density of 14 mA/cm{sup 2}. The stability of the anode over several cycles of oxidation and reduction is highly encouraging. - Graphical abstract: Nanostructured dimagnesium manganese with efficient electrocatalytic property synthesized by reverse micellar route. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mg{sub 2}MnO{sub 4} nanorods were synthesized by reverse micellar route. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Anisotropy of oxalate rods retained in oxides nanorods. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nanorods show good catalytic behavior towards oxygen evolution reaction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

CoGeNT, DAMA, and Light Neutralino Dark Matter

Recent observations by the CoGeNT collaboration (as well as long standing observations by DAMA/LIBRA) suggest the presence of a ∼5–10 GeV dark matter particle with a somewhat large elastic scattering cross section with nucleons ( σ∼10−40 cm2 ). Within the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), neutralinos in this mass range are not able to possess such large cross sections, and would be overproduced in the early universe. Simple extensions of the MSSM, however, can easily accommodate these observations. In particular, the extension of the MSSM by a chiral singlet superfield allows for the possibility that the dark matter is made up of a light singlino that interacts with nucleons largely through the exchange of a fairly light ( ∼30–70 GeV ) singlet-like scalar higgs, h1 . Such a scenario is consistent with all current collider constraints and can generate the signals reported by CoGeNT and DAMA/LIBRA. Furthermore, there is a generic limit of the extended model in which there is a singlet-like pseudoscalar higgs, a1 , with ma1∼mh1 and in which the χ0χ0 and bb¯ , ss¯ coupling magnitudes of the h1 and a1 are very similar. In this case, the thermal relic abundance is automatically consistent with the measured density of dark matter if mχ0 is sufficiently small that χ0χ0→bb¯ is forbidden.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Screened Range-Separated Hybrid Functional with Polarizable Continuum Model Overcomes Challenges in Describing Triplet Excitations in the Condensed Phase Using TDDFT

Long range-corrected (LRC) or range-separated hybrid (RSH) functionals where the long-range (LR) limit of electronic interactions is set to the exact exchange have been shown to correct the tendency of traditional density functional theory (DFT) to underestimate the frontier orbital gap. Consequently, the use of such functionals in calculating electronic excited states using linear response based time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) has been successful in correcting the tendency for underestimating the energies of charge transfer states by DFT-based calculations. More recently formulations of functionals that attenuate the LR limit to address condensed-phase effects to polarize the electronic density have been reported. In particular screened RSH (SRSH) combined with polarizable continuum model (PCM) was benchmarked successfully in reproducing the fundamental gap and charge transfer state energies of molecular systems in the condensed phase. Here we use SRSH-PCM to address triplet excited states, and show its success in obtaining correspondence of the low-lying triplet states to the singlet–triplet gap in a similar way that the fundamental orbital gap corresponds to electron removal and addition energies. Importantly, the accuracy of the SRSH-PCM in calculating triplet excitations stands on the polarization consistent framework in addressing the scalar dielectric constant and without affecting the optimal tuning by triplet energies. Finally, the prospect of even further improving the SRSH-PCM accuracy in calculating triplet states can be achieved by optimal tuning on the basis of the spin multiplicity gap.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Intrinsic Layer-Dependent Surface Energy and Exfoliation Energy of van der Waals Materials

Stacking and twisting 2D van der Waals (vdW) layers have become versatile platforms to tune the electron correlation. These platforms rely on exfoliating vdW materials down to a single vdW layer and a few vdW layers. We calculate the intrinsic layer-dependent surface and exfoliation energies of typical vdW materials such as graphite, h-BN, black P, MX 2 (M = Mo or W; X = S, Se, or Te), MX (M = Ga or In; X = S, Se, or Te), Bi 2 Te 3 , and MnBi 2 Te 4 using density functional theory. For exchange-correlation functionals with explicit vdW interaction, a single vdW layer always has the smallest surface energy, giving a surface energy reduction when compared to that of thicker vdW layers. Furthermore, the magnitude of this surface energy reduction quickly decreases with an increase in the number of atomic layers inside the single vdW layer for different vdW materials. Such atomic-layer dependence in surface energy reduction helps explain the different effectiveness of exfoliation for different vdW materials down to a single vdW layer.

Anode materials↗

Optical Absorbance Enhancement in PbS QD/Cinnamate Ligand Complexes

We studied the optical absorption enhancement in colloidal suspensions of PbS quantum dots (QD) upon ligand exchange from oleate to a series of cinnamate ligands. By combining experiments and ab initio simulations, we elucidate physical parameters that govern the optical absorption enhancement. We find that, within the cinnamate/PbS QD system, the optical absorption enhancement scales linearly with the electronic gap of the ligand, indicating that the ligand/QD coupling occurs equally efficient between the QD and ligand HOMO and their respective LUMO levels. Disruption of the conjugation that connects the aromatic ring and its substituents to the QD core causes a reduction of the electronic coupling. Our results further support the notion that the ligand/QD complex should be considered as a distinct chemical system with emergent behavior rather than a QD core with ligands whose sole purpose is to passivate surface dangling bonds and prevent agglomeration.

Kroupa, Daniel M.↗

The social network of microorganisms — how auxotrophies shape complex communities

Microorganisms engage in complex interactions with other organisms and their environment. Recent studies have shown that these interactions are not limited to the exchange of electron donors. Most microorganisms are auxotrophs, thus relying on external nutrients for growth, including the exchange of amino acids and vitamins. Currently, we lack a deeper understanding of auxotrophies in microorganisms and how nutrient requirements differ between different strains and different environments. In this Opinion article, we describe how the study of auxotrophies and nutrient requirements among members of complex communities will enable new insights into community composition and assembly. Furthermore, understanding this complex network over space and time is crucial for developing strategies to interrogate and shape microbial communities.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Probing the Kitaev honeycomb model on a neutral-atom quantum computer

Quantum simulations of many-body systems are among the most promising applications of quantum computers. In particular, models based on strongly correlated fermions are central to our understanding of quantum chemistry and materials problems, and can lead to exotic, topological phases of matter. However, owing to the non-local nature of fermions, such models are challenging to simulate with qubit devices. Here we realize a digital quantum simulation architecture for two-dimensional fermionic systems based on reconfigurable atom arrays. We utilize a fermion-to-qubit mapping based on Kitaev’s model on a honeycomb lattice, in which fermionic statistics are encoded using long-range entangled states. We prepare these states efficiently using measurement and feedforward, realize subsequent fermionic evolution through Floquet engineering with tunable entangling gates interspersed with atom rearrangement, and improve results with built-in error detection. Leveraging this fermion description of the Kitaev spin model, we efficiently prepare topological states across its complex phase diagram and verify the non-Abelian spin-liquid phase by evaluating an odd Chern number. We further explore this two-dimensional fermion system by realizing tunable dynamics and directly probing fermion exchange statistics. Finally, we simulate strong interactions and study the dynamics of the Fermi–Hubbard model on a square lattice. These results pave the way for digital quantum simulations of complex fermionic systems for materials science, chemistry and high-energy physics.

atomic and molecular physics↗

A reduced model of neutral-plasma interactions in the edge and scrape-off-layer: Verification comparisons with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations

The 2D scrape-off-layer turbulence code (SOLT) is extended to include neutral-plasma interactions. A Boltzmann equation is derived for the evolution of the bi-normally-averaged neutral distribution function, G( x ,vx,t), in the radial dimension, and this evolution is included in the new code (nSOLT). Neutral-plasma interactions are mediated by charge-exchange (CX) and ionization rates based on poloidally-averaged plasma density and temperature. Good agreement is obtained between asymptotically stationary neutral density profiles from nSOLT simulations and those previously obtained from the Monte Carlo neutral transport code DEGAS 2, for time-averaged NSTX H-mode plasma profiles. The sensitivity of the nSOLT neutral profiles to atomic physics parameters, with and without CX physics, is included in the comparison. In addition, nSOLT simulations that evolve the plasma in 1D, using radial diffusion as a proxy for turbulent (blob) transport, illustrate the convergence to a self-consistent neutral-plasma equilibrium sustained by a neutral source at the far-SOL boundary and plasma heating in the core; equilibria consistent with typical NSTX Ohmic L-mode plasmas are described.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗