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At least 1,675 records · Page 93

Physics, chemistry and pulmonary sequelae of thermodegradation events in long-mission space flight

An event in which electronic insulation consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene undergoes thermodegradation on the Space Station Freedom is considered experimentally and theoretically from the initial chemistry and convective transport through pulmonary deposition in humans. The low-gravity enviroment impacts various stages of event simulation. Vapor-phase and particulate thermodegradation products were considered as potential spacecraft contaminants. A potential pathway for the production of ultrafine particles was identified. Different approaches to the simulation and prediction of contaminant transport were studied and used to predict the distribution of generic vapor-phase products in a Space Station model. A lung transport model was used to assess the pulmonary distribution of inhaled particles, and, finally, the impact of adaptation to low gravity on the human response to this inhalation risk was explored on the basis of known physiological modifications of the immune, endocrine, musculoskeletal and pulmonary systems that accompany space flight.

Todd, Paul↗

A study of various methods for calculating locations of lightning events

This article reports on the results of numerical experiments on finding the location of lightning events using different numerical methods. The methods include linear least squares, nonlinear least squares, statistical estimations, cluster analysis and angular filters and combinations of such techniques. The experiments involved investigations of methods for excluding fake solutions which are solutions that appear to be reasonable but are in fact several kilometers distant from the actual location. Some of the conclusions derived from the study are that bad data produces fakes, that no fool-proof method of excluding fakes was found, that a short base-line interferometer under development at Kennedy Space Center to measure the direction cosines of an event shows promise as a filter for excluding fakes. The experiments generated a number of open questions, some of which are discussed at the end of the report.

Cannon, John R.↗

The effects of 8 Helios observed solar proton events of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations

There have been recent suggestions that large fluxes during solar energetic particle events may produce their own turbulence. To verify this argument it becomes essential to find out whether these flows cause an enhancement of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations. In the present work, power and helicity spectra of the IMF before, during and after 8 Helios-observed solar proton events in the range 0.3 - 1 AU are analyzed. In order to detect proton self generated waves, the time evolution of spectra are followed.

ValdezGalicia, J. F.↗

Catalog of solar wind events identified from observations by ISTP spacecraft

The ISTP Science Planning and Operations Facility (SPOF), in collaboration with ISTP investigators, is developing a catalog of solar wind events and features. The catalog is primarily based on plasma and magnetic field observations from the WIND and IMP-8 spacecraft. Interplanetary events that may trigger magnetospheric activity are included as well as features of interest for using the solar wind as a plasma laboratory. Catalog coverage begins on September 8, 1992, the start of ISTP science data collection. The catalog is based on Key Parameter data sets (preliminary summary data at approximately 1 min time resolution produced quickly for survey purposes) and as such has limited citability in formal scientific work. Its primary intent is to serve as a reference for identifying candidate periods for further study, such as may be the focus of coordinated data analysis efforts during ISTP and/or IACG Science Campaigns. To facilitate access by members of the ISTP and wider space physics communities, the catalog will be available on the World Wide Web. The contents of the catalog will be described, and samples of catalog information will be presented.

Peredo, M.↗

Compiled Data On Single-Event Effects Caused By Heavy Ions

Report presents test data on susceptibility of new set of digital integrated circuits and other semiconductor products to single-event effects (soft errors and latchups) caused by heavy ions incident at high energies. Data used to develop generalizations for protecting electronic equipment from single-event effects. In some cases, tested parts selected as candidates for use in specific applications.

Nichols, Donald K.↗

Comparisons of Rig and Engine Dynamic Events in the Compressor of an Axi-Centrifugal Turboshaft Engine

Steady state and dynamic data were acquired in a T55-L-712 compressor rig. In addition, a T55-L-12 engine was instrumented and similar data were acquired. Rig and engine stall/surge data were analyzed using modal techniques. This paper compares rig and engine preliminary results for the ground idle (approximately 60% of design speed) point. The results of these analyses indicate both rig and engine dynamic event are preceded by indications of traveling wave energy in front of the compressor face. For both rig and engine, the traveling wave energy contains broad band energy with some prominent narrow peaks and, while the events are similar in many ways, some noticeable differences exist between the results of the analyses of rig data and engine data.

Owen, A. Karl↗

Solar energetic particle events: Statistical modelling and prediction

Solar energetic particle events (SEPEs) can have a significant effect on the design and operation of earth orbiting and interplanetary spacecraft. In relation to this, the calculation of proton fluences and fluxes are considered, describing the current state of the art in statistical modeling. A statistical model that can be used for the estimation of integrated proton fluences for different mission durations of greater than one year is reviewed. The gaps in the modeling capabilities of the SEPE environment, such as a proton flux model, alpha particle and heavy ion models and solar cycle variations are described together with the prospects for the prediction of events using neural networks.

Gabriel, S. B.↗

RH1020 Single Event Clock Upset Summary Report

This report summarizes the testing and analysis of "single event clock upset' in the RH1020. Also included are SEU-rate predictions and design recommendations for risk analysis and reduction. The subject of "upsets" in the RH1020 is best understood by using a model consisting of a global clock buffer and a D-type flip-flop as the basic memory unit. The RH1020 is built on the ACT 1 family architecture. As such, it has one low-skew global clock buffer with a TTL-level input threshold that is accessed via a single dedicated pin. The clock signal is driven to full CMOS levels, buffered, and sent to individual row buffers with one buffer per channel. For low-skew performance, the outputs of all of the RH1020 row buffers are shorted together via metal lines, as is done in the A1020B. All storage in the RH1020 consists of routed flip-flops, constructed with multiplexors and feedback through the routing segments. A simple latch can be constructed from a single (combinatorial or C) module; an edge-triggered flip-flop is constructed using two concatenated latches. There is no storage in the I/O modules. The front end of the clock buffering circuitry, at a common point relative to the row buffer, is a sub-circuit that was determined to be the most susceptible to heavy ions. This is due, in part, to its smaller transistors compared to the rest of the circuitry. This conclusion is also supported by SPICE simulations and an analysis of the heavy ion data, described in this report. The edge triggered D flip-flop has two single-event-upset modes. Mode one, called C-module upset, is caused by a heavy ion striking the C-module's sensitive area on the silicon and produces a soft single bit error at the output of the flip-flop. Mode two, called clock upset, is caused by a heavy ion strike on the clock buffer, generating a runt pulse interpreted as a false clock signal and consequently producing errors at the flip-flop outputs. C-module upset sensitivity in the RH1020 is essentially the same as that of its ACT 1 siblings (A1020, A1020A and A1020B), which were well tested, analyzed, and documented in the literature.

Katz, Richard B.↗

Auroral Kilometric Radiation and the Auroral Electrojet Index for the January 1997 Magnetic Cloud Event

Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) observations by Polar and Geotail are compared with the auroral electro jet index for the January 1997 magnetic cloud event. These two-spacecraft measurements are complementary in covering the AKR emission cones throughout the event and,together,reasonably represent the auroral electrojet AE index. We point out, however, limitations of both the AKR index and the AE index in providing truly global measurements of substorm activity.

Kurth, W. S.↗

The History of Allan Hills 84001 Revised: Multiple Shock Events

The geologic history of Martian meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001 is more complex than previously recognized, with evidence for four or five crater-forming impacts onto Mars. This history of repeated deformation and shock metamorphism appears to weaken some arguments that have been offered for and against the hypothesis of ancient Martian life in ALH 84001. Allan Hills 84001 formed originally from basaltic magma. Its first impact event (I1) is inferred from the deformation (D1) that produced the granular-textured bands ("crush zones") that transect the original igneous fabric. Deformation D1 is characterized by intense shear and may represent excavation or rebound flow of rock beneath a large impact crater. An intense thermal metamorphism followed D1 and may be related to it. The next impact (I2) produced fractures, (Fr2) in which carbonate "pancakes" were deposited and produced feldspathic glass from some of the igneous feldspars and silica. After I2, carbonate pancakes and globules were deposited in Fr2 fractures and replaced feldspathic glass and possibly crystalline silicates. Next, feldspars, feldspathic glass, and possibly some carbonates were mobilized and melted in the third impact (I3). Microfaulting, intense fracturing, and shear are also associated with 13. In the fourth impact (I4), the rock was fractured and deformed without significant heating, which permitted remnant magnetization directions to vary across fracture surfaces. Finally, ALH 84001 was ejected from Mars in event I5, which could be identical to I4. This history of multiple impacts is consistent with the photogeology of the Martian highlands and may help resolve some apparent contradictions among recent results on ALH 84001. For example, the submicron rounded magnetite grains in the carbonate globules could be contemporaneous with carbonate deposition, whereas the elongate magnetite grains, epitaxial on carbonates, could be ascribed to vapor-phase deposition during I3.

Treiman, Allan H.↗

UVI Auroral Observations During the January 10, 1997 Magnetic Cloud Event

Solar wind IMF and plasma conditions surrounding the January 10-11 magnetic cloud event provided very interesting observations relating to magnetospheric and ionospheric processes. Prior to the arrival of the magnetic cloud a shock front followed by abrupt swings in the IMF orientation were observed by the Wind spacecraft at about 100 Re upstream. The Polar Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) near apogee over the northern hemisphere recorded the encounter of the shock with the magnetosphere. Enhancement of dayside precipitation around noon MLT and progression of the enhancement along dawn and dusk flanks of the oval culminating in a very localized pseudo onset near midnight MLT were observed. During the following mainly northward IMF the polar cap region was the site of multiple sunward aligned arcs and curled arc structures that persisted until the IMF turned rapidly southward. While the IMF remained southward the polar cap cleared of arc structures and expanded, and the auroral oval became very thin. No substorms were observed for at least 25 minutes after the following northward turning contrary to what might be expected on the basis of recent reports of substorm initiation by northward turning of the IMF. These observations and others during the magnetic cloud event provide a clear case study of the effect of the solar wind on dayside precipitation, thickness of the boundary layer, magnetosphere-polar cap magnetic topology and sources of the polar cap precipitation, and triggering of substorms. These issues will be discussed along with the presentation of the UVI auroral observations and solar wind measurements.

Brittnacher, M. J.↗

Development of coronal mass ejections and association with interplanetary events

Results are presented on the development of two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) obtained by comparing the observations of the large angle spectroscopic coronagraph (LASCO) and the extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope (EIT) instrument onboard the SOHO with those of the Nancay radioheliograph. The radioheliograph provides images at five levels in the corona. An excellent spatial association is found between the position and extent of the type 4 radio sources and the CMEs seen by LASCO. One result is the existence for these two events of discrete successive phases in their development. For these events, Ulysses and SOHO missions measured interplanetary particles of coronal origin. The coronal acceleration site was attempted to be identified, as well as the path of these particles from the corona to the interplanetary medium.

Pick, M.↗

Elemental composition before, during and after the January 6, 1997, CME event measured by CELIAS/SOHO

Using solar wind particle data from the charge, element and isotope analysis system (CELIAS) experiment on the SOHO mission, densities of the elements O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ca, and Fe are derived, and their abundance is analyzed before, during and after the 6 Janaury 1997 coronal mass ejection event (CME). In the interstream and coronal hole regions before and after this event, typical solar wind abundances for the elements investigated were found. However, during the passage of the coronal mass ejection and during the passage of the erupted filament, the elemental composition differed markedly from typical solar wind. For the passage of the CME and for the passage of the erupted filament, a mass-dependent enhancement of the elements was found, with a monotonic increase towards heavier elements. Si/O and Fe/O ratios of the order of one during these time periods were observed.

Wurz, P.↗

Recent Warming Event in the Pacific May be an El Nino

A recent anomalous warming event in the tropical Pacific consist of a series of intraseasonal episodes, observations from four spaceborne sensors and simulation by an ocean general circulation model show. Four distinct groups of equatorial westerly wind anomalies near the date line were observed by scatterometer. Anomalous integrated water vapor was observed by a microwave radiometer. To study the warming event, the anomalous sea level and sea surface temperature were simulated with an ocean general circulation model forced by realistic winds.

Liu, W. Timothy↗

The 1997-98 El Nino Event and Related Wintertime Lightning Variations in the Southeastern United States

The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate anomaly responsible for world-wide weather impacts ranging from droughts to floods. In the United States, warm episode years are known to produce above normal rainfall along the Southeast US Gulf Coast and into the Gulf of Mexico, with the greatest response observed in the October-March period of the latest warm-episode year. The 1997-98 warm episode, notable for being the strongest event since 1982-83, presents our first opportunity to examine the response to a major ENSO event and determine the variation of wintertime thunderstorm activity in this part of the world. Due to the recent launch of a lightning sensor on NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in November 1997 and the expanded coverage of the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), we are able to examine such year-to-year changes in lightning activity with far greater detail than ever before.

Goodman, S. J.↗

Lightning Variations in the Southeastern United States Related to the Winter 1997-98 EL NINO Event

Significant enhancements of wintertime (December-February) lightning in the Southeastern US and northern Gulf Of Mexico have been observed in association with the 1997-98 El Nino event. Positive rainfall anomalies have often been observed during prior warm ENSO events along the Gulf coast of the US. Based on our analysis of 10 years of reprocessed National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) data, a large area of the northern Gulf was found to have experienced its greatest number of cloud-to ground (surface) flashes during the period of record. In addition, a statistically significant increase in the number of hours with lightning was observed in contrast to the mean for the winter months. We attribute the enhancement of thunderstorm activity to the increased strength of the upper level Jet stream over the Gulf and the attendant increase in cyclogenesis within the region.

Buechler, Dennis↗

Global Simulation of the May 29, 1996 Magnetic Cloud Event

On May 29, 1996, WIND observed a magnetic cloud with a large northward Bz which produced strong compression of the magnetosphere, causing POLAR to apparently cross the magnetopause. Global simulations are used to map the high-latitude magnetosphere and auroral currents relative to POLAR's position during this event. The global model is able to reproduce the signature of the magnetopause crossing observed by POLAR. It is shown that at the beginning of the crossing POLAR appears to glance the dawn flank of the high-latitude neutral region associated with northward IMG. Near the end of the magnetopause crossing POLAR is shown to cut more closely through the center of the neutral region. Substantial field-aligned current in the polar cap are seen in the latter part of the event when the IMF turns southward. These currents are seen in association with a strong theta aurora that was observed the UV Imager on POLAR.

R Winglee↗