Summary of testing for trace contaminants in the Biosatellite 3 spacecraft atmosphere
Testing for trace contaminants in Biosatellite 3 spacecraft atmosphere and their effects on occupants
Young, L. S.↗
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Full-scale Skylab Apollo telescope mount deployment tests
During the initial stages of the NASA Skylab orbit, the Apollo telescope mount (ATM) is deployed by the deployment assembly (DA) which clears the multiple docking adapter axial docking port. This is an essential prerequisite to docking the command service module with the orbital workshop and subsequent occupancy of the workshop by the Apollo three-man crew. The objectives of the full-scale NASA Skylab ATM deployment test program were (1) to evaluate the design concept of the DA and deployment mechanisms while functioning in a zero-g environment with simulated ATM mass properties and (2) to evaluate the effects of handling, transporting, and deployment with respect to the structural geometry and stability of the DA.
Fricker, G. F.↗
Forebody and vertical stabilizer effects on directional stability of a reusable LOX/RP (061) booster AR 12161-2
Results are presented of a wind tunnel test on the directional stability of space shuttle booster configurations. The test was conducted at the 14-inch trisonic tunnel starting 6 December 1971 and continued through 11 December 1971 for a total of 66 occupancy hours. Configurations tested included a cylindrical body with two axisymmetrical noses, one with and without canopy, one delta wing, located in two positions, five vertical tails (including a V tail), two having split rudders, ventral fins, two sets of chines, three airbreathing engine pods, and rocket engine shrouds. The model scale was 0.003366.
Roth, C. E.↗
Space shuttle: Aerodynamic characteristics of cone-cylinder-flare-fin configurations at Mach numbers of 1.96, 2.74, and 4.96 and angles of attack from 50 to 90 degrees
A 0.00227-scale parametric model of an LMSC/MSFC water recoverable booster was tested in the MSFC 14 x 14-inch trisonic wind tunnel. The purpose of the test was to obtain high angle of attack force and static stability data which could be used by MSFC in preliminary design and aerodynamic trade studies. These data were obtained using six-component internal strain gauge balances. One hundred forty-four different geometrical combinations were possible as all model parts were interchangeable (three nose cones, three cylinder lengths, four flare sections and three sets of fins, plus a no-fin case in combination with the other components). However, due to tunnel occupancy limitations, only the most representative combinations were tested. All configurations investigated were tested at Mach 1.96, 2.74 and 4.96 with data obtained at angles of attack from 50 degrees to 90 degrees and at angles of sideslip from -10 degrees to +10 degrees (at an angle of attack of 60 degrees).
Bradley, D.↗
Spectrocopic measurements of water vapor plasmas at high resolution: The optical transition probabilities for OH (A 2 Sigma - X 2 Pi)
Emission and absorption spectra of water vapor plasmas generated in a wall-stabilized arc at atmospheric pressure and 4 current, and at 0.03 atm and 15 to 50 A, were measured at high spatial and spectral resolution. The gas temperature was determined from the shape of Doppler-broadened rotational lines of OH. The observed nonequilibrium population distributions over the energy levels of atoms are interpreted in terms of a theoretical state model for diffusion-controlled arc plasmas. Excellent correlation is achieved between measured and predicted occupation of hydrogen energy levels. It is shown that the population distribution over the nonpredissociating rotational-vibrational levels of the A 2 Sigma state of OH is close to an equilibrium distribution at the gas temperature, although the total density of this state is much higher than its equilibrium density. The reduced intensities of the rotational lines originating in these levels yielded Boltzmann plots that were strictly linear.
Klein, L.↗
Design evaluation in technology assessment: Illustrated by auditory impedance and sound distribution problems
Technology is considered as a culture for changing a physical world and technology assessment questions the inherent cultural capability to modify power and material in support of living organisms. A comprehensive goal-parameter-synthesis-criterion specification is presented as a basis for a rational assessment of technology. The thesis queries the purpose of the assessed problems, the factors considered, the relationships between factors, and the values assigned those factors to accomplish the appropriate purpose. Stationary and sequential evaluation of enviro-organismic systems are delegated to the responsible personalities involved in design; from promoter/designer through contractor to occupant. Discussion includes design goals derived from organismic factors, definitions of human responses which establish viable criteria and relevant correlation models, linking stimulus parameters, and parallel problem-discipline centered design organization. A consistent concept of impedance, as a degradation in the performance of a specified parameter, is introduced to overcome the arbitrary inoperative connotations of terms like noise, discomfort, and glare. Applications of the evaluative specification are illustrated through design problems related to auditory impedance and sound distribution.
Halldane, J. F.↗
Heat shields for aircraft - A new concept to save lives in crash fires.
A passenger compartment surrounded by a fire-retardant shell, to protect the occupants long enough for the fire to burn out or for fire-fighting equipment to reach the aircraft and extinguish it, is proposed as a new concept for saving lives in crash fires. This concept is made possible by the recent development of two new fire-retardant materials: a very lightweight foam plastic, called polyisocyanurate foam, and an intumescent paint. Exposed to heat, the intumescent paint expands to many times its original thickness and insulates the surface underneath it. Demonstration tests are illustrated, described and discussed. However, some problems, such as preventing fuselage rupture and protecting windows, must be solved before such a system can be used.
Neel, C. B.↗
Photodissociation of the CH3Cl/+/ and N2O/+/ cations.
Use of the ion cyclotron resonance (icr) technique to observe the photodissociation of the cations CH3Cl(+) and N2O(+) in the gas phase. Ions were trapped in the icr cell for periods of the order of seconds, which permitted the photodissociation process to be observed with wavelength-selected light. A cyclotron resonance ejection technique was employed to show that CH3Cl(+) ions were being dissociated rather than the CH3ClH(+) ions which were also present. The photodissociation cross section for N2O(+) was found to be without strong wavelength dependence between 4000 and 6500 A. The cross section for CH3Cl(+) showed a large peak at 3150 A. Possible assignments of this peak are considered, and it is suggested that a photodissociation occurs through an ion excitation involving a change in occupation of the bonding or antibonding orbitals of the C-Cl bond.
Dunbar, R. C.↗
Physical examinations of workers exposed to trichlorotrifluoroethane.
A group of 50 workers, exposed for an average of 2.77 years in an environment, samples of which contained from 46 to 4700 ppm of trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113), was examined. There were no subjective complaints, other than one case of dryness of the skin, referable to this occupational exposure. At this time, it is our opinion that there is no evidence of adverse effects from exposure to trichlorotrifluoroethane under the conditions encountered by these personnel. We believe that continued, periodic, follow-up examinations of these workers will be helpful in further evaluating any possible long-range effects of this material.
Imbus, H. R.↗
Quantum-mechanical treatment of an electron undergoing synchrotron radiation.
The problem of an electron moving perpendicular to an intense magnetic field is approached from the framework of quantum mechanics. A numerical solution to the related rate equations describing the probabilities of occupation of the electron's energy states is put forth along with the expected errors involved. The quantum-mechanical approach is found to predict a significant amount of energy broadening with time for an initially monoenergetic electron beam entering a region of an intense magnetic field as long as the product of initial energy and magnetic field is of order 50 MG BeV or larger.
White, D.↗
Skylab rescue capability.
Skylab is an experimental manned space station scheduled to be placed into orbit in 1973. The Skylab system is to provide support for occupancy by a three-man crew for a total of up to five months. After an extensive study of various means by which rescue capability could be provided for Skylab, a plan was devised that provides coverage for those situations which are the most likely to arise. Rescue mission requirements are discussed together with a response-time analysis and the rescue vehicle configuration. The time-to-rescue will vary from 48 to 10 days, depending on the launch-readiness state at the time of a mission emergency.
Kleinknecht, K. S.↗
Spacecraft sanitation agent development
The development of an effective sanitizing agent that is compatible with the spacecraft environment and the human occupant is discussed. Experimental results show that two sanitation agents must be used to satisfy mission requirements: one agent for personal hygiene and one for equipment maintenance. It was also recommended that a water rinse be used with the agents for best results, and that consideration be given to using the agents pressure packed or in aerosol formulations.
Source record↗
Wind tunnel investigation of the effect of high relative velocities on the structural integrity of birds
An experimental investigation was conducted in a supersonic wind tunnel to determine the effect a sudden high velocity headwind had on the physical deformation and structural breakup characteristics of birds. Several sizes of recently killed birds were dropped into the test section at free-stream Mach numbers ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 and photographed with high-speed motion-picture cameras. These conditions simulated flow conditions encountered when birds are ingested into the inlets of high speed aircraft, thereby constituting a safety hazard to the aircraft and its occupants. The investigation shows that, over the range of headwind conditions tested, the birds remained structurally intact and did not suffer any appreciable deformation or structural breakup.
Bresnahan, D. L.↗
Proceedings of the Annual Conference of NASA Clinic Directors, Environmental Health Officials and Medical Program Advisors
Conference on occupational medicine support in NASA programs to prevent health and emotional problems in personnel
Source record↗
Experience factors in performing periodic physical evaluations
The lack of scientific basis in the so-called periodic health examinations on military personnel inclusive of the Executive Health Program is outlined. This latter program can well represent a management tool of the company involved in addition to being a status symbol. A multiphasic screening technique is proposed in conjunction with an automated medical history questionnaire for preventive occupational medicine methodology. The need to collate early sickness consultation or clinic visit histories with screening techniques is emphasized.
Hoffman, A. A.↗
Hazards from High Intensity Lamps and Arcs
The principal occupational health problem generally associated with high intensity arc lamps results from exposure of the eye and skin to ultraviolet radiation. Occasionally, the chorioretinal burns are of concern. The eye is generally more susceptible than the skin to injury from high intensity optical radiation sources whether ultraviolet, visible or infrared. Recent developments in technology have shown that some high intensity optical radiation sources which have output parameters greatly different from those encountered in the natural environment present a serious chorioretinal burn hazard.
Sliney, D. H.↗
Stress Studies at Kennedy Space Center: a Backward and Forward Look
Possible relationships between occupational and other stresses on ischemic heart disease are explored. Three procedures were used: (1) double master 2-step test, (2) dynamic ECG technique using avionics equipment, and (3) submaximal stress testing with Marco bicycle ergometer.
A. I. Decker↗
New Standards for Ultraviolet Radiation
Guidelines covering safe levels for exposure to ultraviolet radiation in an occupational environment are reported. The guidelines clarify the spectral radiant exposure doses and relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation required to elicit adverse biologic effects.
Sliney, D. H.↗