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At least 1,657 records · Page 92
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Estimating Interplanetary Magnetic Field Conditions at Mercury's Orbit From MESSENGER Magnetosheath Observations Using a Feedforward Neural Network

Abstract Mercury's small magnetosphere is embedded in the dynamic and intense solar wind environment characteristic of the inner heliosphere. Both the magnitude and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) significantly influence the solar wind‐magnetospheric interaction at Mercury, driving phenomena such as magnetic reconnection. The MErcury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft provided in‐situ magnetic field measurements of the solar wind, the magnetosheath, and the magnetosphere along each orbit. However, it is a challenge to directly assess the IMF's impact on Mercury's plasma environment due to the temporal separation between observations within the solar wind and the magnetosphere, especially in the absence of an upstream monitor. Here, we present a feedforward neural network (FNN) trained on a subset of magnetosheath observations to estimate the strength and orientation of the IMF upstream of the bow shock. Utilizing magnetosheath magnetic field, cylindrical spatial coordinates, and heliocentric distance measurements, the FNN predicts upstream IMF conditions with an score of 0.70 and mean averaged error of 5.3 nT, thereby greatly decreasing the temporal separation between IMF estimates and magnetospheric measurements throughout the MESSENGER mission. This approach yields IMF estimates for all magnetosheath data measured by MESSENGER, providing a useful tool for future investigations of the IMF impact on Mercury's magnetosphere. This method will be integrable with the dual‐spacecraft BepiColombo magnetosheath measurements, providing useful estimates of upstream IMF conditions particularly during the extended periods in which neither spacecraft sample the solar wind. Our results demonstrate the utility of machine learning techniques on advancing space science research.

Bowers, Charles F.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Involving the new generations in Fermilab endeavors

Since 1984 the Italian groups of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Italian Universities, collaborating with the DOE laboratory of Fermilab (US) have been running a two-month summer training program for Italian university students. While in the first year the program involved only four physics students of the University of Pisa, in the following years it was extended to engineering students. This extension was very successful and the engineering students have been since then extremely well accepted by the Fermilab Technical, Accelerator, and Scientific Computing Division groups. Over the many years of its existence, this program has proven to be the most effective way to engage new students in Fermilab endeavors. Many students have extended their collaboration with Fermilab with their Master’s Thesis and PhD. Since 2004 the program has been supported in part by DOE in the frame of an exchange agreement with INFN. Over its almost 40 years of history, the program has grown in scope and size and has involved more than 550 Italian students from more than 20 Italian Universities, Several Institutes of Research, including ASI and INAF in Italy, and the ISSNAF Foundation in the US, have provided additional financial support. Since the program does not exclude appropriately selected non-Italian students, a handful of students from European and non-European Universities were also accepted over the years. Each intern is supervised by a Fermilab Mentor responsible for performing the training program. Training programs spanned from Tevatron, CMS, Muon (g-2), Mu2e, and Short Baseline Neutrino Experiments and DUNE design and experimental data analysis, development of particle detectors (silicon trackers, calorimeters, drift chambers, neutrino and dark matter detectors), design of electronic and accelerator components, development of infrastructures and software for exascale data handling, research on superconductive elements and on accelerating cavities, and theory of particle accelerators. Since 2010, within an extended program supported by the Italian Space Agency and the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics, a total of 30 students in physics, astrophysics, and engineering have been hosted for two months in the summer at US space science Research Institutes and laboratories. In 2015 the University of Pisa included these programs within its educational programs. Accordingly, Summer School students are enrolled at the University of Pisa for the duration of the internship and are identified and ensured as such. At the end of the internship, the students are required to write summary reports on their achievements. After positive evaluation by a University Examining Board, interns are acknowledged credits for their Diploma Supplement. The program was canceled in 2020 and 2021 due to the pandemic but restarted successfully in 2022. We believe this program can be taken as a model and easily adopted by interested institutions.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Gain characterization of LGAD sensors with beta particles and 28-MeV protons

Low Gain Avalanche Diodes, also known as LGADs, are widely considered for fast-timing applications in high energy physics, nuclear physics, space science, medical imaging, and precision measurements of rare processes. Such devices are silicon-based and feature an intrinsic gain due to a p + -doped layer that allows the production of a controlled avalanche of carriers, with multiplication on the order of 10–100. This technology can provide time resolution on the order of 20–30 ps, and variants of this technology can provide precision tracking too. The characterization of LGAD performance has so far primarily been focused on the interaction of minimum ionizing particles for high energy and nuclear physics applications. This article expands the study of LGAD performance to highly-ionizing particles, such as 28-MeV protons, which are relevant for several future scientific applications, e.g. in biology and medical physics, among others. These studies were performed with a beam of 28-MeV protons from a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory and beta particles from a ^90Sr source; these were used to characterize the response and the gain of an LGAD as a function of bias voltage and collected charge. Here, the experimental results are also compared to TCAD simulations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Proton Quenching in Rare-Earth Inorganic Scintillators: GAGG:Ce and YSO:Ce

Scintillator detectors are an integral component of radiation detection systems for a variety of applications such as medical imaging, accelerator diagnostics, and space science. Typically, a scintillator detector’s response is characterized using gamma sources to understand the detection response to different types of radiation, including charged particle detection. However, there exists a nonlinearity of the amount of light produced from an incident gamma ray of specific energy and the light produced from an incident charged particle of the same energy. This important effect, known as quenching, must be accounted for to interpret energies from charged particles incident on detectors. In this article, we present results of quenching parameterization for two types of cerium-doped inorganic scintillators, Y2SiO5:Ce (YSO:Ce) and Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce (GAGG:Ce). We measured the light output from incident proton energies from 1 to 25 MeV using a 3-MV tandem accelerator and two reactions: Au(p,p)Au and 3He(d,p)⁴He. Using gamma-ray sources to calibrate the detectors, we compared the measured electron-equivalent energy versus the incident energy expected. Using an adaptation of the Birks semi-empirical formula, we extracted the Birks parameter (kB) to understand quenching. For one of the GAGG:Ce samples, the kB parameter of 0.0072 [g cm-2 MeV-1] is comparable to a similar study where the value of kB was 0.0065 [g cm-2 MeV-1]. For YSO:Ce, no other kB values were found in the literature. Three different types of GAGG:Ce were used to collect measurements of kB as a function of dopant concentration.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electron Activity (Secondary Electron & Field Emission ) Suppression by Magnetic Field Placed on the Surface of Metals And Dielectric [Slides]

Secondary electron emission happens when the surface is exposed to an oscillating electromagnetic field. It has extremely dangerous effect when resonance condition of this oscillating field and higher SEY conditions are met. The dependence of the secondary electron on primary electron energy is shown in the figure. This multiplication effect on the number of electrons in oscillating electromagnetic field is called multipacting. The problem with multipacting exist in many scientific fields like LHC, ISS, ITER involving particle accelerator, space science and fusion research. In high intensity proton rings this multiplies electron get trapped inside the potential created by proton beam called electron cloud. In High power microwave sources, rf couplers and rf window to couple the power also hugely affected by multipacting.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Using Kinetic Entropy to Understand Dissipation in Re-connection and Turbulence

This report summarizes results obtained at Space Science Institute (SSI) under a collaborative project funded by the NSF-DOE partnership in Basic Plasma Physics. The overall goal of the project was to perform a study of kinetic entropy as a diagnostic of dissipation in several archetypal models, such as magnetic reconnection and decaying plasma turbulence. The specific task of the SSI group was to perform collisionless and weakly collisional Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations modeling these systems. Overall, the project has demonstrated that, as expected, kinetic entropy carries an imprint of weakly collisional processes commonly thought to be associated with dissipation and thus provides an important diagnostic of dissipation. Specific entropy-related metrics have been proposed that could be used as quantitative measures of dissipation. These metrics have been implemented as diagnostics in PIC simulations and their utility, as well as relation to other, previously proposed, measures of dissipation have been demonstrated. Further, PIC simulations were used to investigate a general question of how energy is dissipated in magnetized weakly collisional turbulence in both non-relativistic and relativistic plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design of a Nanophotonic Hybrid Coupler

This project aims to design and simulate a nanophotonic hybrid coupler for detecting vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light with higher efficiency. VUV light is of significant interest because of its applications ranging from high energy physics to space science and electronic industry. However, current VUV photodetectors have very low efficiencies because most materials absorb in the VUV region (100-200 nm). To address this challenge, I have designed a plasmonic-dielectric coupler with wavelength shifting properties, enabling high Purcell enhancement and far-field confinement. The coupler consists of a cylindrical cSi resonator on top of a thin ZnO layer, and Ag and SiO2 are used as substrates. Simulations are done using the finite-difference time domain method to solve Maxwell’s equations, and specifically with Meep and Lumerical. The effectiveness of the coupler is characterized by the Purcell factor and far-field radiation. The Purcell factor reaches a maximum near 390 nm and is in the o rder of 10^4. Furthermore, the coupler also allows partial control of the directionality of the far-field radiation. With the presence of the resonator, the radiation is directed towards the coupled metalens. Overall, our design combines the advantages of plasmonic and dielectric couplers, along with the intrinsic wavelength shifting properties of materials to enhance VUV detection significantly, and such a device can be used in, for example, the DUNE project.

Zhou, Jiayang↗
DOE OSTI2024

Internship In ISR-1 [Slides]

ISR-1 is the Space Science and Applications division, so much of what we work with involves satellites, detectors, electronics, radiation, etc.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Resistive Coatings for High-performance, Low-background MCPs Operating Across Broad Temperature Ranges and at Cryogenic Temperatures

Microchannel plate with improved thermo-electric properties are a high risk, high payoff development undertaken by a consortium of effort that links the Argonne National Lab, the Space-Science Lab at UC Berkeley and the small businesses (Incom Inc.) that will commercialize the advanced technology in open MCPs and LAPPDs. This development will satisfy the needs for new instrumentation for homeland security (non-proliferation) sensors to screen vehicles and cargo for Special Nuclear Materials (SNMs) and scientific detectors for astrophysics, electron microscopy, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular and atomic collision studies, and fluorescence imaging applications in biotechnology and medical imaging products including positron emission tomography (PET scanning).

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2023

TRACER SPARC AERI Data

These files contain 24 hour periods of retrieved thermodynamic profiles derived from observations collected by the University of Wisconsin–Madison Space Science and Engineering Center Portable Atmospheric Research Center (SPARC) Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). The TROPoe algorithm is a python equivalent to the AERIoe algorithm (see Turner and Loehnert, 2014; Turner and Blumberg 2019). These data were collected during the TRACER project.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1962

A REVIEW OF SPACE RESEARCH

Space research - astronomy, lunar & planetary research, biology, solar atmosphere, sterilization and celestial mechanics

STERILIZATION↗
NASA NTRS1960

Research Summary No. 36-3, Volume I, Part II

The Research Summary is a bimonthly report of supporting research and development conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This periodical is issued in three volumes. Volume I contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Space Sciences, Systems, Guidance and Control, and Telecommunications Divisions of the Laboratory. Volume II contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Physical Sciences, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Facilities, and Propulsion Divisions. All work of a classified nature is contained in Volume Ill.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1961

Research Summary No. 36-6, Volume II

The Research Summary is a bimonthly report of supporting research and development conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This periodical is issued in three volumes. Volume I contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Space Sciences, Systems, Guidance and Control, and Telecommunications Divisions of the Laboratory. Volume II contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Physical Sciences, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Facilities, and Propulsion Divisions. All work of a classified nature is contained in Volume Ill.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1960

Research Summary No. 36-5, Volume II

The Research Summary is a bimonthly report of supporting research and development conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This periodical is issued in three volumes. Volume I contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Space Sciences, Systems, Guidance and Control, and Telecommunications Divisions of the Laboratory. Volume II contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Physical Sciences, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Facilities, and Propulsion Divisions. All work of a classified nature is contained in Volume Ill.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1961

Research Summary No. 36-7

The Research Summary is a bimonthly report of supporting research and development conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This periodical is issued in three volumes. Volume I contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Space Sciences, Systems, Guidance and Control, and Telecommunications Divisions of the Laboratory. Volume II contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Physical Sciences, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Facilities, and Propulsion Divisions. All work of a classified nature is contained in Volume Ill.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1960

Research Summary No. 36-3, Volume I, Part I

The Research Summary is a bimonthly report of supporting research and development conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This periodical is issued in three volumes. Volume I contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Space Sciences, Systems, Guidance and Control, and Telecommunications Divisions of the Laboratory. Volume II contains summaries of the work accomplished by the Physical Sciences, Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Facilities, and Propulsion Divisions. All work of a classified nature is contained in Volume Ill.

Source record↗