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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,657 records · Page 92
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Particlization in fluid dynamical simulations of heavy-ion collisions: The IS3D module

The IS3D particlization module simulates the emission of hadrons from heavy-ion collisions via Monte-Carlo sampling of the Cooper–Frye formula which converts fluid dynamical information into local phase-space distributions for hadrons. The code package includes multiple choices for the non-equilibrium correction to these distribution functions: the 14-moment approximation, first-order Chapman–Enskog expansion, and two types of modified equilibrium distributions. This makes it possible to explore to what extent heavy-ion experimental data are sensitive to different choices for δf n , presently the main source of theoretical uncertainty in the particlization stage. Here, we validate our particle sampler with a high degree of precision by generating several million hadron emission events from a longitudinally boost-invariant hypersurface and comparing the event-averaged particle spectra and space–time distributions to the Cooper–Frye formula.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

In situ calibration of charged particle spectrometers on the OMEGA Laser Facility using 241 Am and 226 Ra sources

Charged particle spectrometry is a critical diagnostic to study inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas and high energy density plasmas. The OMEGA Laser Facility has two fixed magnetic charged particle spectrometers (CPSs) to measure MeV-ions. In situ calibration of these spectrometers was carried out using 241 Am and 226 Ra alpha emitters. The alpha emission spectrum from the sources was measured independently using surface-barrier detectors (SBDs). The energy dispersion and broadening of the CPS systems were determined by comparing the CPS measured alpha spectrum to that of the SBD. The calibration method significantly constrains the energy dispersion, which was previously obtained through the measurement of charged particle fusion products. Overall, a small shift of 100 keV was observed between previous and the calibration done in this work.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

ION focusing

The invention generally relates to apparatuses for focusing ions at or above ambient pressure and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for focusing ions that includes an electrode having a cavity, at least one inlet within the electrode configured to operatively couple with an ionization source, such that discharge generated by the ionization source is injected into the cavity of the electrode, and an outlet. The cavity in the electrode is shaped such that upon application of voltage to the electrode, ions within the cavity are focused and directed to the outlet, which is positioned such that a proximal end of the outlet receives the focused ions and a distal end of the outlet is open to ambient pressure.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ion focusing

The invention generally relates to apparatuses for focusing ions at or above ambient pressure and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for focusing ions that includes an electrode having a cavity, at least one inlet within the electrode configured to operatively couple with an ionization source, such that discharge generated by the ionization source is injected into the cavity of the electrode, and an outlet. The cavity in the electrode is shaped such that upon application of voltage to the electrode, ions within the cavity are focused and directed to the outlet, which is positioned such that a proximal end of the outlet receives the focused ions and a distal end of the outlet is open to ambient pressure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ion focusing

The invention generally relates to apparatuses for focusing ions at or above ambient pressure and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for focusing ions that includes an electrode having a cavity, at least one inlet within the electrode configured to operatively couple with an ionization source, such that discharge generated by the ionization source is injected into the cavity of the electrode, and an outlet. The cavity in the electrode is shaped such that upon application of voltage to the electrode, ions within the cavity are focused and directed to the outlet, which is positioned such that a proximal end of the outlet receives the focused ions and a distal end of the outlet is open to ambient pressure.

Cooks, Robert Graham↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ion focusing

The invention generally relates to apparatuses for focusing ions at or above ambient pressure and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for focusing ions that includes an electrode having a cavity, at least one inlet within the electrode configured to operatively couple with an ionization source, such that discharge generated by the ionization source is injected into the cavity of the electrode, and an outlet. The cavity in the electrode is shaped such that upon application of voltage to the electrode, ions within the cavity are focused and directed to the outlet, which is positioned such that a proximal end of the outlet receives the focused ions and a distal end of the outlet is open to ambient pressure.

Cooks, Robert Graham↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ion focusing

The invention generally relates to apparatuses for focusing ions at or above ambient pressure and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for focusing ions that includes an electrode having a cavity, at least one inlet within the electrode configured to operatively couple with an ionization source, such that discharge generated by the ionization source is injected into the cavity of the electrode, and an outlet. The cavity in the electrode is shaped such that upon application of voltage to the electrode, ions within the cavity are focused and directed to the outlet, which is positioned such that a proximal end of the outlet receives the focused ions and a distal end of the outlet is open to ambient pressure.

Cooks, Robert Graham↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ion focusing

The invention generally relates to apparatuses for focusing ions at or above ambient pressure and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for focusing ions that includes an electrode having a cavity, at least one inlet within the electrode configured to operatively couple with an ionization source, such that discharge generated by the ionization source is injected into the cavity of the electrode, and an outlet. The cavity in the electrode is shaped such that upon application of voltage to the electrode, ions within the cavity are focused and directed to the outlet, which is positioned such that a proximal end of the outlet receives the focused ions and a distal end of the outlet is open to ambient pressure.

Cooks, Robert Graham↗
DOE OSTI2023

Coal as Value-Added for Lithium Battery Anodes (Final Report)

Graphite is a basic material used for energy storage in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. More than 70% of worldwide graphite production and nearly 50% of the annual graphite supply for the United States comes from China. Potential economic and national security concerns exist because Li-ion batteries are used not only for the fast-growing electrical vehicle market (15.6% compound annual growth rate [CAGR] from 2018 to 2028 in North America), but also for defense applications including unmanned aerial and ground vehicles. Development of an alternative formulation for Li-ion batteries is key. Building upon previous research confirming the ability of silicon alloys to improve the energy density of anodes, Semplastics developed a novel material based on our X-MAT® polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) technology. The X-MAT anode material is a composite of chemically tailored silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and domestically sourced coal powder, designed to be a drop-in replacement for graphite within Li-ion battery anodes. Preliminary tests of this material showed more than twice the reversible capacity of graphite anodes (1,000 mAh/g vs. 372 mAh/g), with excellent stability and capacity retention, almost 100% coulombic efficiency, low voltage potential, and low thermal expansion. At full adoption in 2024, we expect the coal utilization to reach 27,300 tons. Through this project, Semplastics proposed to complete development and begin commercialization of this material. The objective was to determine the best formulation for technical performance and economic viability. At the end of the project, the X-MAT anode material is ready for implementation into existing battery manufacturing processes and can have a significant impact on the utilization of coal, with positive effects for the mining sector and the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
NASA NTRS2018

PYSAT: Python Satellite Data Analysis Toolkit

A common problem in space science data analysis is combining complementary data sources that are provided and analyzed in different formats and programming languages. The Python Satellite Data Analysis Toolkit (pysat) addresses this issue by providing an open source toolkit that implements the general process of space science data analysis, from beginning to end, in an instrumentindependent manner. This toolkit uses an Instrument object that enables systematic analysis of science data from a variety of platforms within a single interface. Basic functions such as downloading, loading, and cleaning are included for all supported instruments. Common analysis routines are also included, which are instrument and data source independent. A nanokernel is used to provide instrument independence, it is attached to the Instrument object and mediates the systematic and arbitrary modification of loaded data. Pysat uses the nanokernel to improve the rigor of time series analysis, support onthefly orbit determination, and cleanly span file breaks. Pysat's functions and higherlevel scientific analysis features are validated through the use of unit testing. Further adoption by the community provides a set of scientific results produced by a common core, constituting a distributed heritage that supports the validity of the underlying processing and scientific output. These features are used to demonstrate consistency between derived electron density profiles and measured ion drifts, particularly downward ion drifts in the afternoon hours during extreme solar minimum. Pysat builds upon open source Python software that is freely available and encourages communitydriven development.

Stoneback, R.A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Terrestrial atmospheric ion implantation occurred in the nearside lunar regolith during the history of Earth’s dynamo

Light volatile elements in lunar regolith are thought to be a mixture of the solar wind and Earth’s atmosphere, the latter sourced in the absence of geomagnetic field. However, the extent to which both the current and primitive geodynamo influence the transport of terres trial ions still remains unclear, and this uncertainty is further complicated by the enigmatic composition and poorly constrained location of the Eoarchean exosphere. Here we use 3-D MHD numerical simulations with contemporary magnetized and Archean unmagnetized atmospheres to investigate how Earth’s intrinsic magnetic field affects this transfer, aiming to constrain how and when the lunar isotopic signature provides a record of Earth’s pale-oatmosphere. We find that atmospheric transfer is efficient only when the Moon is within Earth’s magnetotail. The non-solar contribution to the lunar soil is best explained by implantation during the long history of the geodynamo with present-day solar wind conditions, rather than any short, putatively unmagnetized epoch of early Archean Earth. This further suggests the history of the terrestrial atmosphere, spanning billions of years, could be preserved in buried lunar soils. Our results indicate that the elemental abundances of Apollo samples are very sensitive to Earth’s hydrodynamic exobase altitude, which, at the time of ion implantation, was never smaller than 190 km.

Atmospheric dynamics↗
NASA NTRS1999

The CUSP as a Source of Magnetospheric Particles

Observations made by the Polar satellite have shown that plasma of solar wind magnetosheath origin is rammed into the high altitude polar cusp creating a diamagnetic cavity of large dimensions. The Earth's dipole field can be excluded from this region in it turbulent manner with the magnitude of the field strength reaching close to zero nT at times. At such times energetic particles are produced in this region in intensities which exceed those measured in the trapping regions of the magnetosphere beyond L = 6.5. These particles can then flow back out of the cusp along field lines that form the magnetopause. A fraction of these particles can enter the magnetosphere along the magnetopause on the dusk and dawn flanks. Due to existing gradients in the geomagnetic field, cusp accelerated ions can enter the magnetosphere along the dawn flank and electrons along the dusk flank. For those particles entering near the geomagnetic equatorial plane with pitch angles close to ninety degrees they will drift along contours of constant magnetic field strength reaching deep into the nightside inner magnetosphere. From observations made by the Polar ATS-6, and ISEE satellites it is argued that this cusp source appears to be capable of providing energetic ions to the magnetosphere and possibly energetic electrons which form the source population of the Subsequent radial diffusion and formation of the radiation belts.

Fritz, Theodore A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Recent Developments of Tin (II) Sulfide/Carbon Composites for Achieving High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

The ever-increasing worldwide energy demand and the limited resources of fossil have forced the urgent adoption of renewable energy sources. Additionally, concerns over CO 2 emissions and potential increases in fuel prices have boosted technical efforts to make hybrid and electric vehicles more accessible to the public. Rechargeable batteries are undoubtedly a key player in this regard, especially lithium ion batteries (LIBs), which have high power capacity, a fast charge/discharge rate, and good cycle stability, while their further energy density improvement has been severely limited, because of the relatively low theoretical capacity of the graphite anode material which is mostly used. Among various high-capacity anode candidates, tin (II) sulfide (SnS 2 ) has been attracted remarkable attention for high-energy LIBs due to its enormous resource and simplicity of synthesis, in addition to its high theoretical capacity. However, SnS 2 has poor intrinsic conductivity, a big volume transition, and a low initial Coulombic efficiency, resulting in a short lifespan. SnS 2 /carbon composites have been considered to be a most promising approach to addressing the abovementioned issues. Therefore, this review summarizes the current progress in the synthesis of SnS 2 /carbon anode materials and their Li-ion storage properties, with special attention to the developments in Li-based technology, attributed to its immense current importance and promising prospects. Finally, the existing challenges within this field are presented, and potential opportunities are discussed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sodium-ion Battery

Room temperature rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage and load leveling of renewable energy sources due to the abundance, low cost of Na resources, and their relatively high energy density. NIBs are primarily based on intercalation chemistry and are similar to Lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The rich knowledge gained in LIBs for the past 4 decades have accelerated the discovery and development of high energy density NIBs cathode and anode materials. The use of sustainable Na, Al current collector, and Mn and Fe based cathode materials is expected to stabilize the cost and demand for Li, Co, Ni and Cu.

Omenya, Fredrick O.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Physics-Informed Neural Network Modeling of Li-Ion Batteries: Preprint

Li-ion batteries (LIB) are a promising solution to enable storage of intermittent energy sources due to their high energy density. However, LIBs are known to significantly degrade after about 1000 charge-discharge cycles. LIBs degrade following different degradation modes and at a rate that depends on the operating conditions (external temperature, load). To plan the installation of batteries, appropriate understanding and prediction capabilities of their lifecycle is needed. High-fidelity numerical models of LIBs such as the pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model have been shown to accurately represent the charge-discharge-cycle of an LIB given ac- curate choice of the physical parameters. Given the large number of P2D parameters, adjusting them using forward runs is intractable. This work describes the development of a physics-informed neural network (PINN) as a surrogate substitute of the P2D model that captures parameter dependence. The PINN is advantageous as it needs little to no data, and can naturally encode the dependence of every model parameter. Here, a specific training procedure is adopted to efficiently cover parameter space, handle model stiffness and enforce boundary conditions. The trained PINN is validated against numerical solutions of the P2D model, and its applicability to battery degradation modeling is discussed.

battery degradation↗
NASA NTRS1983

Mass composition of substorm-related energetic ion dispersion events

The mass dependent characteristics in two ion dispersion events is studied using data obtained by an ion mass spectrometer flown onboard the SCATHA (P78-2) spacecraft. It is found that the dispersion events are associated with substorm activity and that the dispersing ions originated in the dusk-midnight sector near the time of substorm onset. The question of the source of the dispersing plasma is examined since the mass spectrometer can discriminate between protons and oxygen. It is shown that a local injection of ionosphere plasma near the time of substorm onset can explain some of the signatures in the energetic ion spectra for different masses.

Strangeway, R. J.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Visualizing and analyzing 3D biomolecular structures using Mol* at RCSB.org: Influenza A H5N1 virus proteome case study

The easiest and often most useful way to work with experimentally determined or computationally predicted structures of biomolecules is by viewing their three-dimensional (3D) shapes using a molecular visualization tool. Mol* was collaboratively developed by RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB, RCSB.org) and Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe, PDBe.org) as an open-source, web-based, 3D visualization software suite for examination and analyses of biostructures. It is capable of displaying atomic coordinates and related experimental data of biomolecular structures together with a variety of annotations, facilitating basic and applied research, training, education, and information dissemination. Across RCSB.org, the RCSB PDB research-focused web portal, Mol* has been implemented to support single-mouse-click atomic-level visualization of biomolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) with bound cofactors, small-molecule ligands, ions, water molecules, or other macromolecules. RCSB.org Mol* can seamlessly display 3D structures from various sources, allowing structure interrogation, superimposition, and comparison. Using influenza A H5N1 virus as a topical case study of an important pathogen, we exemplify how Mol* has been embedded within various RCSB.org tools—allowing users to view polymer sequence and structure-based annotations integrated from trusted bioinformatics data resources, assess patterns and trends in groups of structures, and view structures of any size and compositional complexity. In addition to being linked to every experimentally determined biostructure and Computed Structure Model made available at RCSB.org, Standalone Mol* is freely available for visualizing any atomic-level or multi-scale biostructure at rcsb.org/3d-view.

3D biostructure↗
NASA NTRS1995

ULF waves in the foreshock

We review our current knowledge of ULF waves in planetary foreshocks. Most of this knowledge comes from observations taken within a few Earth radii of the terrestrial bow shock. Terrestrial foreshock ULF waves can be divided into three types, large amplitude low frequency waves (approximately 30-s period), upstream propagating whistlers (1-Hz waves), and 3-s waves. The 30-s waves are apparently generated by back-streaming ion beams, while the 1-Hz waves are generated at the bow shock. The source of the 3-s waves has yet to be determined. In addition to issues concerning the source of ULF waves in the foreshock, the waves present a number of challenges, both in terms of data acquisition, and comparison with theory. The various waves have different coherence scales, from approximately 100 km to approximately 1 Earth radius. Thus multi-spacecraft separation strategies must be tailored to the phenomenon of interest. From a theoretical point of view, the ULF waves are observed in a plasma in which the thermal pressure is comparable to the magnetic pressure, and the rest-frame wave frequency can be moderate fraction of the proton gyro-frequency. This requires the use of kinetic plasma wave dispersion relations, rather than multi-fluid MHD. Lastly, and perhaps most significantly, ULF waves are used to probe the ambient plasma, with inferences being drawn concerning the types of energetic ion distributions within the foreshock. However, since most of the data were acquired close to the bow shock, the properties of the more distant foreshock have to be deduced mainly through extrapolation of the near-shock results. A general understanding of the wave and plasma populations within the foreshock, their interrelation, and evolution, requires additional data from the more distant foreshock.

Greenstadt, E. W.↗