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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,657 records · Page 92
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-J-207: Assessing the Validity of 4D-CT Based Target Volumes and Free Breathing CBCT Localization in Lung Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy (SABR)

Purpose: Four-dimensional-computed-tomography(4D-CT) imaging for target-volume delineation and cone-beam-tomography(CBCT) for treatment localization are widely utilized in lung-SABR.Aim of this study was to perform a quantitative-assessment and inter-comparison of Internal-targetvolumes( ITV) drawn on various phases of breathing-cycle 4D-CT-scans, Maximum-intensity-projection(MIP), average-intensity-projection(AIP)and static CT-scans of lung-motion-phantom to simulate lung-SABR patient geometry. We also analyzed and compared the ITVs drawn on freebreathing- CBCT. Materials and Methods: 4D-CT-scans were acquired on Philips big-bore 16slice CT and Bellows-respiratory monitoring-system using retrospective phase-binning method. Each respiratory cycle divided into 10-phases. Quasar-Phantom with lung-inserts and 3cm-diameter nylonball to simulate tumor and was placed on respiratory-motion-platform for 4D-CT and CBCT-acquisition. Amplitudes of motions: 0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0cm in superior-inferior direction with breathing-cycle time of 6,5,4,6sec, respectively used.4D-CTs with 10-phases(0%to90%)for each excursion-set and 3D-CT for static-phantom exported to iPlan treatment-planningsystem( TPS).Tumor-volumes delineated in all phases of 4D-CT, MIP,AIP,CBCT scans using fixed-HU-threshold(−500to1000)values automatically.For each 4D-dataset ITV obtained by unifying the tumorcontours on all phases.CBCT-ITV-volumes were drawn in Eclipse-TPS. Results: Mean volume of tumor contours for all phases compared with static 3D-CT were 0.62±0.08%, 1.67±0.26%, 4.77±0.54% and 9.27±1.23% for 0.5cm,1cm,2cm,3cm excursions respectively. Differences of mean Union-ITV with MIP-ITV were close(≤2.4%).Mean Union-ITV from expected-theoretical values differed from −4.9% to 3.8%.Union-ITV and MIP-ITV were closer within 2.3%. AIP-ITVs were underestimated from 14 to 32% compared to union-ITV for all motion datasets. Differences of −5.9% to −44% and −5% to 6.7% for CBCT-ITV from MIP-ITV and AIP-ITV respectively.Motion excursions and centroid positions were within 2mm for 4D-CT and CBCT-ITVs to that of expected values. Conclusion: 4D-CT MIP-ITV and Union-ITV showed very good agreement that validates that ITV can be fast contoured on MIP.Contouring ITV in AIP must be avoided as it significantly underestimates the volume with all excursions. Free breathing CBCT-ITV showed good agreement with AIP-ITV but underestimated the MIP-ITV. Estimation of excursions and centroid values for 4D-CT and CBCT were in good agreement with expected values.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

WE-E-BRE-02: BEST IN PHYSICS (THERAPY) - Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Renal Sympathetic Ablation for the Treatment of Refractory Hypertension

Purpose: To determine the safety and efficacy of stereotactic radiotherapy as a novel treatment for patients with refractory hypertension in a swine model. Uncontrolled hypertension is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality, substantially increasing the risk of ischemic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and kidney failure. Methods: High-resolution computed tomography (CT) images of anesthetized pigs were acquired and treatment plans for each renal artery and nerve were developed using our clinically implemented treatment planning system. Stereotactic radiotherapy, 40Gy in single fraction was delivered bilaterally to the renal nerves using a state-of-the-art medical linear accelerator under image guidance utilizing dynamic conformal arcs. Dose to nearby critical organs was evaluated by dosevolume histogram analysis and correlated to toxicity data obtained through follow up pathology analysis. The animals were observed for six months with serial measurements of blood pressure, urine analysis, serum laboratories, and overall clinical and behavioral status. Results: All animals survived to the follow-up point without evidence of renal dysfunction (stable serum creatinine), skin changes, or behavioral changes that might suggest animal discomfort. Plasma norepinephrine levels (ng/ml) were followed monthly for 6 months. The average reduction observed was 63%, with the median reduction at 73.5%. Microscopic evaluation 4–6 weeks after treatment showed evidence of damage to the nerves around treated renal arteries. Considerable attenuation in pan neurofilament expression by immunohistochemistry was observed with some vacuolar changes indicative of injury. There was no histological or immunohistochemical evidence of damage to nearby spinal cord or spinal nerve root structures. Conclusion: Our preclinical studies have shown stereotactic radiotherapy to the renal sympathetic plexus to be safe and effective in reducing blood pressure, thus this approach holds great promise as a novel treatment modality for patients with refractory hypertension. This study was funded by the Stanford University Cardiovascular Institute. B. Loo and P. Maxim have received funding from RaySearch Laboratories.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-JeP1-09: Evaluation of Transperineal Ultrasound Imaging as a Potential Solution for Target Tracking During Ablative Body Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Prostate SABR is emerging as a clinically viable, potentially cost effective alternative to prostate IMRT but its adoption is contingent on providing solutions for accurate tracking during beam delivery. Our goal is to evaluate the performance of the Clarity Autoscan ultrasound monitoring system for inter-fractional prostate motion tracking in both phantoms and in-vivo. Methods: In-vivo evaluation was performed under IRB protocol to allow data collection in prostate patients treated with VMAT whereby prostate was imaged through the acoustic window of the perineum. The probe was placed before KV imaging and real-time tracking was started and continued until the end of treatment. Initial absolute 3D positions of fiducials were estimated from KV images. Fiducial positions in MV images subsequently acquired during beam delivery were compared with predicted positions based on Clarity estimated motion. Results: Phantom studies with motion amplitudes of ±1.5, ±3, ±6 mm in lateral direction and ±2 mm in longitudinal direction resulted in tracking errors of −0.03 ± 0.3, −0.04 ± 0.6, −0.2 ± 0.9 mm, respectively, in lateral direction and −0.05 ± 0.30 mm in longitudinal direction. In phantom, measured and predicted fiducial positions in MV images were within 0.1 ± 0.6 mm. Four patients consented to participate in the study and data was acquired over a total of 140 fractions. MV imaging tracking was possible in about 75% of the time (due to occlusion of fiducials) compared to 100% with Clarity. Overall range of estimated motion by Clarity was 0 to 4.0 mm. In-vivo fiducial localization error was 1.2 ± 1.0 mm compared to 1.8 ± 1.9 mm if not taking Clarity estimated motion into account. Conclusion: Real-time transperineal ultrasound tracking reduces uncertainty in prostate position due to intrafractional motion. Research was supported by Elekta.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Thin Oxides as a Cu Diffusion Barrier for NIF Be Ablator Capsules

The NIF point design uses a five-layer capsule to modify the X-ray absorption in order to achieve optimized shock timing. A stepped copper dopant design defines the layer structure. The production of the capsule involves pyrolysis to remove the inner plastic mandrel. Copper atoms diffuse radially and azimuthally throughout the capsule during pyrolysis. This diffusion significantly diminishes the capsule performance during implosion. Thermal and coated oxide barrier layers employed between layers mitigate the diffusion of copper during the mandrel removal process. The copper atoms do not diffuse through this barrier during pyrolysis. A capsule fabrication method that produces a capsule with a thin oxide layer will be discussed.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Impact of target-derived and ambient oxygen on gas-phase oxidation in laser ablation plumes

Gas-phase oxidation in a laser-produced plasma is significantly influenced by the availability of oxygen in and around the plume. In this study, we investigate the role of target-derived and ambient oxygen on AlO formation in plasmas generated from aluminum (Al) and Al 2 O 3 targets in air and argon, respectively. Our results highlight that gas-phase oxidation occurs early during the evolution of Al 2 O 3 plasmas in argon, in contrast to Al plasmas in air, where the initial exclusion of oxygen from the plume delays the chemical reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov Experiments

Figure 1 shows a schematic of experimental setup for nonlinear Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) instability experiments on OMEGA. Planar 15, 30, and 50-μm-thick CH targets were driven with three UV beams using a 6-ns square pulse shape, total energy of ~0.7 kJ, and laser intensity of ~5x10 13 W/cm 2 . Initial target modulations were imposed by laser imprinting using a beam with a special 2D phase plate with modulation wavelength of ~70 microns. The timing of this beam was advanced by ~200 ps, relative to other drive beams that have regular SG distributed phase plates (DPP’s). Figure 2 shows laser beam images, with SG4 DPP, and with a special 2D DPP. Growth of target modulations was measured with x-ray radiography using uranium (~1.3 keV), samarium (~1.8 keV), and tantalum (~2.2 keV) backlighters on a framing camera with 10-μm spatial resolution and 80-ps temporal resolution. Backlighter targets were driven with 2-ns square pulse shape and intensity of ~3x10 14 W/cm 2 using seven additional UV beams. Figure 3 shows an example of measured image at 1.1 ns (near the end of RM phase) taken with 50-μm thick CH foil and tantalum backlighter. Evolution of 2D broadband modulations was observed in RM phase for all target types during a shock transit time before beginning of acceleration and subsequent RT growth. Figure 4 summarizes areal-density evolution of 2D modulation at wavelength of 70 μm for 30-μm and 50-μm thick foils and compares data with predictions of 2D hydro code DRACO. Vertical dashed lines show expected times at the end of RM phase and beginning of the RT phase for these types of foils. Blue data points and curves correspond to 30-μm thick foils, while black curves and data points are for 50-μm-thick foils. Areal density modulations grow throughout RM phase, their evolution is similar to code predictions, validating the simulations.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Investigation of uranium molecular species using laser ablation

The goal of this project is to investigate the dynamic evolution of uranium oxide (UOx) molecular species in a rapidly cooling low-temperature plasma using a coupled experimental and modeling approach. Our purpose is to develop quantitative constraints on the UOx phase chemistry under physical conditions similar to that of a nuclear fireball at the time of debris condensation. This work is motivated by a need to better understand the factors controlling uranium chemical fractionation in post-detonation nuclear debris.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗