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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Quest for the lowest-energy neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande

Super-Kamiokande (SK) has been observing {sup 8}B solar neutrinos for 17 years. Since the start of the SK-III phase, much effort has been expended in reducing backgrounds. The main contributing background comes from the beta decay of {sup 214}Bi, which is produced in the decays of radon in the purified air, detector materials, and the purified water. To reduce this background, the water system of SK has been upgraded. Heat exchangers for the cooling supply water were improved so as to suppress convection in the tank that transports radon near the photomultiplier tubes into the fiducial volume. To evaluate the remaining radon concentration, very-low-background radon detectors for air and water were designed and developed. Not only radon, but other contaminants in the water (bacteria and metal ions) were also investigated.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

The phase-2 particle x-ray temporal diagnostic for simultaneous measurement of multiple x-ray and nuclear emission histories from OMEGA implosions (invited)

Electron-temperature (T e ) measurements in implosions provide valuable diagnostic information, as T e is negligibly affected by residual flows and other non-thermal effects unlike ion-temperature inferred from a fusion product spectrum. In OMEGA cryogenic implosions, measurement of T e (t) can be used to investigate effects related to time-resolved hot-spot energy balance. The newly implemented phase-2 Particle X-ray Temporal Diagnostic (PXTD) utilizes four fast-rise (~15 ps) scintillator-channels with distinct x-ray filtering. Titanium and stepped aluminum filtering were chosen to maximize detector sensitivity in the 10–20 keV range, as it has been shown that these x rays have similar density and temperature weighting to the emitted deuterium–tritium fusion neutrons (DTn) from OMEGA Cryo-DT implosions. High quality data have been collected from warm implosions at OMEGA. These data have been used to infer spatially integrated T e (t) with <10% uncertainty at peak emission. Nuclear and x-ray emission histories are measured with 10 ps relative timing uncertainty for x rays and DTn and 12 ps for x rays and deuterium- 3 He protons (D 3 Hep). A future upgrade to the system will enable spatially integrated T e (t) with 40 ps time-resolution from cryogenic DT implosions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Application of Neutron Multiplicity Counting Experiments to Optimal Cross-Section Adjustments

This paper presents the first application of model calibration to neutron multiplicity counting (NMC) experiments for cross-section optimization that is informed by adjoint-based sensitivity analysis (SA) and first-order uncertainty quantification (UQ). We summarize previous work on SA applied to NMC and describe notable modifications and additions. We give the procedure for first-order UQ and Bayesian-inference-based parameter estimation (PE). We then discuss model calibration applied to NMC of a 4.5-kg sphere of weapons-grade, alpha-phase plutonium metal (the BeRP ball) with the nPod neutron multiplicity counter. For the BeRP ball in bare and polyethylene-reflected configurations, we discuss the sensitivity of the first- and second-moment detector responses (i.e., first and second moments of the NMC distribution, respectively) to the cross sections. We describe the sources of uncertainty in the measured and simulated responses. Specifically, uncertainty in the measured responses is due to both random and systematic sources. Uncertainty in the simulated responses is due to the cross-section covariances. We describe in detail the adjustment to the cross sections and cross-section covariances due to the optimization. Due to the contribution of systematic uncertainties to the measured response uncertainties, the adjustment to the cross sections is similar in trend but larger in magnitude compared to that recommended by previous work. We compare the measured responses to responses simulated with nominal and optimized cross sections, demonstrating that the best-estimate cross sections produce simulations of NMC experiments that are more accurate with reduced uncertainty.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characterization and QC practice of 16-channel ADC ASIC at cryogenic temperature for Liquid Argon TPC front-end readout electronics system in DUNE experiment

ColdADC is a low-noise 16-channel analog-to-digital converter ASIC designed for cold readout electronics of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). ColdADC was specifically designed for operation at cryogenic temperatures (77 K–89 K). Cold electronics is considered to be an enabling technology for liquid argon detectors in neutrino experiments. The main function of the chip is to digitize signals from the 16-channel charge-sensitive amplifier designed at BNL (LArASIC) and send digitized signals to the data aggregator and serializer chip (COLDATA). ColdADC operates with a resolution of 12 bits and a sampling rate of 2 MS/s per channel. A complete characterization of prototype chips was conducted at cryogenic temperature, involving power consumption, noise and linearity performance. In the first DUNE Far-Detector module, 384000 data channels will be read out, corresponding to 24000 ColdADC chips. Therefore, systematic testing of ColdADC chips at cryogenic temperature is vital for the quality and reliability of DUNE Single-Phase modules. We have developed a Quality Control (QC) test stand that includes ColdADC evaluation and characterization at cryogenic temperature. The QC procedure was applied to a first batch of 33 chips, corresponding to 528 data channels. The obtained results meet all the required DUNE specifications for ColdADC. Moreover, the testing outcome allowed us to identify possibilities of performance optimization that are currently being addressed in the design of the next version of the chip. The Quality Control procedure is proved to be successful and will be a reference design for future large-batch production testing of final ColdADC ASICs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Measurements of the Υ ( 10860 ) and Υ ( 11020 ) resonances via σ ( e + e - → Υ ( n S ) π + π - )

In this work, we report new measurements of the total cross sections for e + e - → Υ ( n S ) π + π - ( n = 1 , 2, 3) and e + e - → b b ¯ from a high-luminosity fine scan of the region s = 10.63 – 11.05 GeV with the Belle detector. We observe that the Υ ( n S ) π + π - spectra have little or no nonresonant component and extract from them the masses and widths of Υ ( 10860 ) and Υ ( 11020 ) and their relative phase. We find M 10860 = ( 10891.1 ± 3. 2 - 1.7 + 0.6 ) MeV / c 2 and Γ 10860 = ( 53. 7 - 5.6 - 5.4 + 7.1 + 1.3 ) MeV and report first measurements M 11020 = ( 10987. 5 - 2.5 - 2.1 + 6.4 + 9.0 ) MeV / c 2 , Γ 11020 = ( 6 1 - 19 - 20 + 9 + 2 ) MeV , and Φ 11020 - Φ 10860 = ( - 1.0 ± 0.4 - 0.1 + 1.4 ) rad .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Search for a Nonrelativistic Boson in Two-Body Antimuon Decay

We demonstrate the feasibility of probing the charged lepton-flavor-violating decay μ + → e + X 0 for the presence of a slow-moving neutral boson X 0 capable of undergoing gravitational binding to large structures and, as such, able to participate in some cosmological scenarios. A short exposure to surface antimuons from beam line M20 at TRIUMF generates a branching ratio limit of ≲ 10 –5 . This is comparable to or better than previous searches for this channel, although in a thus-far-unexplored region of X 0 phase space very close to the kinematic limit of the decay, where m X 0 approaches m μ+ . The future improved sensitivity of the method using a customized p -type point-contact germanium detector is described.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Muon reconstruction and identification efficiency in ATLAS using the full Run 2 $pp$ collision data set at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV

This article documents the muon reconstruction and identification efficiency obtained by the ATLAS experiment for 139 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV collected between 2015 and 2018 during Run 2 of the LHC. The increased instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC over this period required a reoptimisation of the criteria for the identification of prompt muons. Improved and newly developed algorithms were deployed to preserve high muon identification efficiency with a low misidentification rate and good momentum resolution. The availability of large samples of $Z\to\mu\mu$ and $J/\psi\to\mu\mu$ decays, and the minimisation of systematic uncertainties, allows the efficiencies of criteria for muon identification, primary vertex association, and isolation to be measured with an accuracy at the per-mille level in the bulk of the phase space, and up to the percent level in complex kinematic configurations. Excellent performance is achieved over a range of transverse momenta from 3 GeV to several hundred GeV, and across the full muon detector acceptance of $|\eta|<2.7$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Initial measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+

The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference Δ$m^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit Δ$m^2_{21}$ is ($8.85^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) × 10 -5 eV 2 . This measurement is continuing in the next phases of SNO+ and is expected to surpass the present global precision on Δ$m^2_{21}$ with about three years of data. In the following, we first describe the configuration of the SNO+ detector when it was partially filled with scintillator, and a characterization of the detector response using intrinsic radioactivity. Next, we detail the event selection and expectations for reactor IBDs and (α, n) reactions. Then, we present the results of an energy spectrum analysis using 114 tonne-years of data. We conclude with prospects of future results from the SNO+ detector, which has been operating fully-filled with 780 tonnes of scintillator

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Extraction of CP Properties of the H(125) Boson Discovered in Proton-Proton Collisions at√s = 7 and 8 TeV with the CMS Detector at the LHC

In this thesis we build a novel analysis framework to perform the direct extraction ofall possible effective Higgs boson couplings to the neutral electroweak gauge bosonsin the H → ZZ (*) → 4 channel also referred to as the golden channel. We use analytic expressions of the full decay differential cross sections for the H → V V → 4process, and the dominant irreducible standard model q q → 4 background where¯4 = 2e2µ, 4e, 4µ. Detector effects are included through an explicit convolution ofthese analytic expressions with transfer functions that model the detector responsesas well as acceptance and efficiency effects. Using the full set of decay observables, weconstruct an unbinned 8-dimensional detector level likelihood function which is continuous in the effective couplings, and includes systematics. All potential anomalouscouplings of HV V where V = Z, γ are considered, allowing for general CP even/oddadmixtures and any possible phases. We measure the CP -odd mixing between thetree-level HZZ coupling and higher order CP -odd couplings to be compatible withzero, and in the range [-0.40, 0.43], and the mixing between HZZ tree-level couplingand higher order CP -even coupling to be in the ranges [-0.66, -0.57] U [-0.15, 1.00];namely compatible with a standard model Higgs. We discuss the expected precisionin determining the various HV V couplings in future LHC runs. A powerful and at first glance surprising prediction of the analysis is that with 100-400 fb -1 , the goldenchannel will be able to start probing the couplings of the Higgs boson to diphotons inthe 4 channel. We discuss the implications and further optimization of the methodsfor the next LHC runs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1982

High-Frequency Gated Oscillator

New gated oscillator generates bursts of high-frequency sine waves, square waves, and triangular waves in response to control signals. Each burst starts at zero phase, with tight tolerances on signal amplitude and frequency. Frequencies in megahertz range are made possible by using high-speed comparators and high-speed flip-flop as fast-response threshold detector.

Berard, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

An account of a flare related shock event recorded by the energetic particle detector EPONA of the Giotto spacecraft during September 1985 (STIP interval 18)

The Energetic Particle Detector EPONA flown on the Giotto Mission to Halley's Comet was designed to measure electrons, protons, and heavier ions (E greater that 20 keV) in the Comet Halley environment and during the Cruise Phase of the mission (EPONA switch on: 22 August 1985 - Halley encounter: 13 March 1986). In September 1985 (STIP Interval XVIII) a well defined shock event was recorded at EPONA in association with a sequence of solar flares and a preliminary account of this event is presented.

Mckennalawlor, Susan M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Determination of lunar ilmenite abundances from remotely sensed data

The mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) was found in abundance in lunar mare soils returned during the Apollo project. Lunar ilmenite often contains greater than 50 weight-percent titanium dioxide (TiO2), and is a primary potential resource for oxygen and other raw materials to supply future lunar bases. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of the returned lunar soils produced an empirical function that relates the spectral reflectance ratio at 400 and 560 nm to the weight percent abundance of TiO2. This allowed mapping of the lunar TiO2 distribution using telescopic vidicon multispectral imaging from the ground; however, the time variant photometric response of the vidicon detectors produced abundance uncertainties of at least 2 to 5 percent. Since that time, solid-state charge-coupled device (CCD) detector technology capable of much improved photometric response has become available. An investigation of the lunar TiO2 distribution was carried out utilizing groundbased telescopic CCD multispectral imagery and spectroscopy. The work was approached in phases to develop optimum technique based upon initial results. The goal is to achieve the best possible TiO2 abundance maps from the ground as a precursor to lunar orbiter and robotic sample return missions, and to produce a better idea of the peak abundances of TiO2 for benefaction studies. These phases and the results are summarized.

Larson, Stephen M.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Novel High Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Materials

In man's mission to the outer space or a remote site, the most abundant, renewable, nonpolluting, and unlimited external energy source is light. Photovoltaic (PV) materials can convert light into electrical power. In order to generate appreciable electrical power in space or on the Earth, it is necessary to collect sunlight from large areas due to the low density of sunlight, and this would be very costly using current commercially available inorganic solar cells. Future organic or polymer based solar cells seemed very attractive due to several reasons. These include lightweight, flexible shape, ultra-fast optoelectronic response time (this also makes organic PV materials attractive for developing ultra-fast photo detectors), tunability of energy band-gaps via molecular design, versatile materials synthesis and device fabrication schemes, and much lower cost on large-scale industrial production. It has been predicted that nano-phase separated block copolymer systems containing electron rich donor blocks and electron deficient acceptor blocks will facilitate the charge separation and migration due to improved electronic ultrastructure and morphology in comparison to current polymer composite photovoltaic system. This presentation will describe our recent progress in the design, synthesis and characterization of a novel donor-bridge-acceptor block copolymer system for potential high-efficient organic optoelectronic applications. Specifically, the donor block contains an electron donating alkyloxy derivatized polyphenylenevinylene, the acceptor block contains an electron withdrawing alkyl-sulfone derivatized polyphenylenevinylene, and the bridge block contains an electronically neutral non-conjugated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain. The key synthetic strategy includes the synthesis of each individual block first, then couple the blocks together. While the donor block stabilizes the holes, the acceptor block stabilizes the electrons. The bridge block is designed to hinder the electron-hole recombination. Thus, improved charge separation is expected. In addition, charge migration will also be facilitated due to the expected nano-phase separated and highly ordered block copolymer ultrastructural. The combination of all these factors will result in significant overall enhancement of photovoltaic power conversion efficiency.

Sun, Sam↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Refractory Inclusions from the Miller Range (MIL) 090019 Carbonaceous Chondrite

Introduction: Primitive meteorites contain Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs)that preserve the records of the earliest times in the Solar System. CAIs record O isotopic variations with time and/or location from solar (16O-rich) to planetary (16O-poor) compositions [e.g., 1, 2].However, CAIs were also affected by parent body processing to varying degrees. The goal of this work was to identify the processes that resulted in the fine-scale spatial variations in oxygen isotopic compositions within the most ancient Solar System solids. We report oxygen isotopic composition of CAIs from MIL 090019 CO3.1 carbonaceous chondrite. MIL 090019 contains a high abundance of CAIs showing mineralogical as well as textural variations [3]. Methods: We analyzed 10 CAIs with different mineralogical assemblages, classified as corundum-bearing, grossite-bearing, hibonite-bearing, melilite-bearing, anorthite-bearing inclusions and amoeboid olivine aggregates(AOA’s). The mineralogical and petrological characterization of CAIs was performed using the JOEL Hyperprobe 8530 electron microprobe at NASA JSC. Oxygen isotopic imaging of the CAIs was done using the Cameca NanoSIMS 50L ion microprobe at NASA JSC. We followed the analytical protocol described in [4]. O-isotopic maps of the CAI were acquired by rastering a ~3 pA primary Cs+beam at 16 keVover an area of 20 ×20μm2over a period of ~7 hours. Negative secondary ions of 16O−, 17O−, 18O−, 28Si−, 24Mg16O−, 27Al16O−, and 40Ca16O−were simultaneously acquired using electron multiplier detectors at a mass resolving power sufficient to resolve the 16OH−interference from the 17O−peak, where the contribution of 16OH−was <0.1%.An electron flood gun was used to mitigate sample charging during the analyses. We used San Carlos olivine and Madagascar hibonite as isotopic standards to correct for the instrumental mass fractionation. The O-isotopic ratios were corrected for the quasi simultaneous arrival (QSA) effect and the detector dead time. All reported errors are 1 sigma. Results: The MIL 090019 carbonaceous chondrite hosts refractory inclusions varying in their mineralogies and textures[2, 3]. We found the oxygen isotopic compositions of mineral phases in MIL 090019 CAIs show large variations with Δ17O values varying from -27 to 0‰. A corundum-bearing inclusion records isotopic variations with corundum, melilite, perovskite, and anorthite showing Δ17Ovalues of -20 ±2.5, -10.2 ± 6.5, -10.7 ± 1.3,and -1.2 ± 3.2‰ respectively. A grossite-hibonite-bearing inclusion also records O-isotopic heterogeneity, where grossite, hibonite, Mg-rich spinel, and melilite show -3.7 ± 2.7, -22.9 ± 2.5, -21.4 ± 2.6, and -17.3 ± 2.8‰ respectively, whereas perovskite grains record a heterogenous isotopic composition ranging from -22.6 to -13.9‰. A hibonite-bearing inclusion shows average Δ17Ο values of -17.6 ± 5.3 ‰ and -15.1 ± 4.8 ‰ for hibonite and spinel respectively. The two perovskite grains also show relatively 16O-poor composition (Δ17Ο = -11.8 ± 6.4 ‰ and -8.6 ± 5.2 ‰). Anorthite has ~0.1 wt% Na2O and ~0.52 wt% FeO and a Δ17Ο value of -7.2 ± 5.0 ‰, whereas diopside records a Δ17Ο value of -3.5 ± 5.0 ‰. A hibonite-spinel-rich inclusion contains spinel and hibonite that are16O-rich (Δ17Οvalues -21.3 ± 2.8‰ and -19.4 ± 3.0‰, respectively). Melilite shows heterogenous oxygen isotopic composition, with an inner 16O-rich region and an outer 16O-poor region separated by a sharp boundary, with a bulk Δ17Ο= -16.2 ± 2.1‰, whereas two perovskite grains are relatively 16O-poor (Δ17Ο= -13.2 ± 3.7‰ and -7.1 ± 3.4‰).A spinel-rich inclusion contains perovskite grains with Δ17Οranging from -27.0 to -22.8 ‰and spinel with average Δ17Οvalue of -21.4 ± 2.8 ‰. In a melilite and spinel-rich CAI, perovskite, spinel, diopside, melilite, and Al-Ti-rich pyroxene record Δ17Ο values of-26.9 ± 4.6‰, -22.4 ± 4.3‰,-23.4 ± 4.9, -19.3 ± 3.4, and -19.0 ± 4.3 ‰ respectively. Olivine and spinel components of 2 AOA’s record a 16O-rich composition with Δ17O~-23‰. Discussion: The coexistence of 16O-rich and 16O-poor minerals within CAIs has been attributed to differing degrees of O isotopic exchange, reflecting a wide range of O diffusion rates[5]. However, the O isotopic heterogeneity observed in these CAIs cannot be explained by oxygen diffusion in nebular or parent body settings alone. The isotopic imaging of CAIs from the MIL 090019 meteorite shows variations in the O isotopic composition recorded in their mineral components, suggesting that these CAIs record the oxygen isotopic heterogeneity in the nebular gas from which they condensed. The coexistence of 16O-rich and 16O-poor mineral components in the CAI-forming region suggests that the gas in this region was not well-mixed and consisted of distinct 16O-rich and 16O-poor gaseous reservoirs.

P Mane↗
DOE OSTI2019

Standard Model Physics at the HL-LHC and HE-LHC

The successful operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the excellent performance of the ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE detectors in Run-1 and Run-2 with $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV as well as the giant leap in precision calculations and modeling of fundamental interactions at hadron colliders have allowed an extraordinary breadth of physics studies including precision measurements of a variety physics processes. The LHC results have so far confirmed the validity of the Standard Model of particle physics up to unprecedented energy scales and with great precision in the sectors of strong and electroweak interactions as well as flavour physics, for instance in top quark physics. The upgrade of the LHC to a High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC) at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy with 3 ab$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity will probe the Standard Model with even greater precision and will extend the sensitivity to possible anomalies in the Standard Model, thanks to a ten-fold larger data set, upgraded detectors and expected improvements in the theoretical understanding. This document summarises the physics reach of the HL-LHC in the realm of strong and electroweak interactions and top quark physics, and provides a glimpse of the potential of a possible further upgrade of the LHC to a 27 TeV $pp$ collider, the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC), assumed to accumulate an integrated luminosity of 15 ab$^{-1}$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Research on data from the ATLAS experiment at CERN

In this report senior investigator Prof. Milind V. Purohit describes research done with data from the ATLAS experiment at CERN. This includes preparing papers on the performance of the CSC detector, searches for SUSY using a new modern ''big data'' technique, and a search for supersymmetry (SUSY) using the "zero leptons razor" (0LRaz) technique. The prediction of the W=Z+jets background processes by the ATLAS simulation prior to the fit is found to be overestimated in the phase space of interest. In all new signal regions presented in this analysis the number of events observed is consistent with the post-fit SM expectations. Assuming R-parity conservation, the limit on the gluino mass exceeds 1150 GeV at 95% confidence level, for an LSP mass smaller than 100 GeV. Other USC personnel who participated in this project during the period of this grant were a graduate student, Anton Kravchenko.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

TH-EF-207A-05: Feasibility of Applying SMEIR Method On Small Animal 4D Cone Beam CT Imaging

Purpose: Small animal cone beam CT imaging has been widely used in preclinical research. Due to the higher respiratory rate and heat beats of small animals, motion blurring is inevitable and needs to be corrected in the reconstruction. Simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (SMEIR) method, which uses projection images of all phases, proved to be effective in motion model estimation and able to reconstruct motion-compensated images. We demonstrate the application of SMEIR for small animal 4D cone beam CT imaging by computer simulations on a digital rat model. Methods: The small animal CBCT imaging system was simulated with the source-to-detector distance of 300 mm and the source-to-object distance of 200 mm. A sequence of rat phantom were generated with 0.4 mm{sup 3} voxel size. The respiratory cycle was taken as 1.0 second and the motions were simulated with a diaphragm motion of 2.4mm and an anterior-posterior expansion of 1.6 mm. The projection images were calculated using a ray-tracing method, and 4D-CBCT were reconstructed using SMEIR and FDK methods. The SMEIR method iterates over two alternating steps: 1) motion-compensated iterative image reconstruction by using projections from all respiration phases and 2) motion model estimation from projections directly through a 2D-3D deformable registration of the image obtained in the first step to projection images of other phases. Results: The images reconstructed using SMEIR method reproduced the features in the original phantom. Projections from the same phase were also reconstructed using FDK method. Compared with the FDK results, the images from SMEIR method substantially improve the image quality with minimum artifacts. Conclusion: We demonstrate that it is viable to apply SMEIR method to reconstruct small animal 4D-CBCT images.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗