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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,657 records · Page 92
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Widespread windthrow in Southeast Asian tropical forests verified by satellite observations

Windthrow, defined as abrupt tree mortality caused by intense winds, is well documented in the Neotropics but remains largely unverified in Asian tropical forests. Using Landsat 8 imagery for the period 2020-2022 and established spectral (shortwave-infrared, near-infrared, and red band composites) and morphological criteria (fan-shaped geometry and sharp boundaries), this study verified the presence of windthrow across Sumatra, Borneo, and New Guinea and produced the first georeferenced inventory of 60 events in the region. Event sizes were right-skewed, with many small gaps and few large (>200 ha) disturbances. Orientations were anisotropic, with concentrations of windthrow events pointing west to northwest-to-north and eastward, both aligning with known pathways of organized convection in the Maritime Continent of Southeast Asia. Detection was conservatively biased low by cloud cover, long revisit intervals, and the exclusion of land-use areas. This study provides a verified baseline that enables reproducible mapping with higher resolution sensors and field observations to quantify windthrow frequency, severity, and ecological significance.

Asia’s tropical forests↗
DOE OSTI2024

Strategies for connecting whole-building LCA to the low-carbon design process

Abstract Decarbonization is essential to meeting urgent climate goals. With the building sector in the United States accounting for 35% of total U.S. carbon emissions, reducing environmental impacts within the built environment is critical. Whole-building life cycle analysis (WBLCA) quantifies the impacts of a building throughout its life cycle. Despite being a powerful tool, WBLCA is not standard practice in the integrated design process. When WBLCA is used, it is typically either speculative and based on early design information or conducted only after design completion as an accounting measure, with virtually no opportunity to impact the actual design. This work proposes a workflow for fully incorporating WBLCA into the building design process in an iterative, recursive manner, where design decisions impact the WBLCA, which in turn informs future design decisions. We use the example of a negative-operational carbon modular building seeking negative upfront embodied carbon using bio-based materials for carbon sequestration as a case study for demonstrating the utility of the framework. Key contributions of this work include a framework of computational processes for conducting iterative WBLCA, using a combination of an existing building WBLCA tool (Tally) within the building information modeling superstructure (Revit) and a custom script (in R) for materials, life cycle stages, and workflows not available in the WBLCA tool. Additionally, we provide strategies for harmonizing the environmental impacts of novel materials or processes from various life cycle inventory sources with materials or processes in existing building WBLCA tool repositories. These strategies are useful for those involved in building design with an interest in reducing their environmental impact. For example, this framework would be useful for researchers who are conducting WBLCAs on projects that include new or unusual materials and for design teams who want to integrate WBLCA more fully into their design process in order to ensure the building materials are consciously chosen to advance climate goals, while still ensuring best performance by traditional measures.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Validating and Comparing Energy Estimation Methods at Water Resource Recovery Facilities

Water resource recovery facilities play a crucial role in the water-energy nexus, consuming a substantial amount of energy in the United States. Growing treatment volumes and more stringent water quality standards are expected to increase the amount of energy needed to treat wastewater, but accurately estimating energy consumption and potential remains challenging due to variability in scale, treatment methods, and effluent treatment standards. In this study, we used publicly available data to evaluate the accuracy of methods for estimating energy consumption and generation, then quantified uncertainty based on key factors like flow rate, treatment level, and geographic location. To validate methods, we estimated energy consumption and generation at the facility-level, then compared estimates to self-reported data from utilities in major U.S. cities. We found that process models of treatment trains under best practice configurations were accurate relative to other methods for estimating electricity use, total energy use, and electricity generation from biogas utilization, and less complex methods based on effluent treatment level and prime movers also performed well for estimating electricity consumption and generation, respectively. Applying the evaluated methods to a national inventory of treatment facilities, we estimate that annual energy consumption ranged from 56.3 x 10^3 to 82.5 x 10^3 TJ in 2012 and 83.6 x 10^3 to 127 x 10^3 TJ in 2042. Our results indicate that not all estimation methods are suited for every use case, so we recommend that researchers and practitioners select an estimation method based on data availability and desired computational intensity.

Hodson, Abigayle↗
DOE OSTI2024

Genome-resolved analysis of Serratia marcescens strain SMTT infers niche specialization as a hydrocarbon-degrader

Abstract Bacteria that are chronically exposed to high levels of pollutants demonstrate genomic and corresponding metabolic diversity that complement their strategies for adaptation to hydrocarbon-rich environments. Whole genome sequencing was carried out to infer functional traits of Serratia marcescens strain SMTT recovered from soil contaminated with crude oil. The genome size (Mb) was 5,013,981 with a total gene count of 4,842. Comparative analyses with carefully selected S. marcescens strains, 2 of which are associated with contaminated soil, show conservation of central metabolic pathways in addition to intra-specific genetic diversity and metabolic flexibility. Genome comparisons also indicated an enrichment of genes associated with multidrug resistance and efflux pumps for SMTT. The SMTT genome contained genes that enable the catabolism of aromatic compounds via the protocatechuate para-degradation pathway, in addition to meta-cleavage of catechol (meta-cleavage pathway II); gene enrichment for aromatic compound degradation was markedly higher for SMTT compared to the other S. marcescens strains analysed. Our data presents a valuable genetic inventory for future studies on strains of S. marcescens and provides insights into those genomic features of SMTT with industrial potential.

Genetics & Heredity↗
DOE OSTI2021

Using ground-based measurements to recover the spectra of radiation escaping from distant light-pollution sources

ABSTRACT A professional dark sky assessment normally requires the numerical modelling of light propagation from ground-based sources into the atmosphere. The spectral power distribution (SPD) of light escaping from an artificial source is one of the key parameters needed in predicting models to simulate the optical signatures of the night sky as a function of distance. SPD at zero distance is due to a non-trivial superposition of light beams, but does not necessarily coincide with the weighted SPD of individual lights. This is because most photons can be removed by obstacles or can interact with many surfaces before being directed into the atmosphere. We have developed an experimental and theoretical method for obtaining the initial SPD from ground-based spectroscopy of the night sky. The method is applicable to distant sources of light and is demonstrated in field measurements conducted on the light dome of Chicago with a new sky glow spectrometer. We show that the method requires analysing the relative impact of local light sources scattered around the measuring site on the radiance of the light dome. Our theoretical method along with ground-based spectroscopy represents a new approach to characterizing light-pollution sources which are otherwise difficult to study due to lack of information on either light-source inventory or a heterogeneous 3D structure of light-emitting and blocking environments.

Kocifaj, M.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances within 100 pc: a sample of G, K, and M main-sequence stars

ABSTRACT To date, we have access to enormous inventories of stellar spectra that allow the extraction of atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances essential in stellar studies. However, characterizing such a large amount of data is complex and requires a good understanding of the studied object to ensure reliable and homogeneous results. In this study, we present a methodology to measure homogenously the basic atmospheric parameters and detailed chemical abundances of over 1600 thin disc main-sequence stars in the 100 pc solar neighbourhood, using APOGEE-2 infrared spectra. We employed the code tonalli to determine the atmospheric parameters using a prior on $\log {g}$. The $\log {g}$ prior in tonalli implies an understanding of the treated population and helps to find physically coherent answers. Our atmospheric parameters agree within the typical uncertainties (100 K in $\mathrm{T_{eff}}$, 0.15 dex in $\log {g}$ and [M/H]) with previous estimations of ASPCAP and Gaia DR3. We use our temperatures to determine a new infrared colour–temperature sequence, in good agreement with previous works, that can be used for any main-sequence star. Additionally, we used the bacchus code to determine the abundances of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, and Fe in our sample. The five elements (Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe) studied have an abundance distribution centred around slightly subsolar values in agreement with previous results for the solar neighbourhood. The over 1600 main-sequence stars’ atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances presented here are useful in follow-up studies of the solar neighbourhood or as a training set for data-driven methods.

López-Valdivia, Ricardo (ORCID:0000000277950018)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Packaging “vegetable oils”: Insights into plant lipid droplet proteins

Abstract Plant neutral lipids, also known as “vegetable oils”, are synthesized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and packaged into subcellular compartments called lipid droplets (LDs) for stable storage in the cytoplasm. The biogenesis, modulation, and degradation of cytoplasmic LDs in plant cells are orchestrated by a variety of proteins localized to the ER, LDs, and peroxisomes. Recent studies of these LD-related proteins have greatly advanced our understanding of LDs not only as steady oil depots in seeds but also as dynamic cell organelles involved in numerous physiological processes in different tissues and developmental stages of plants. In the past 2 decades, technology advances in proteomics, transcriptomics, genome sequencing, cellular imaging and protein structural modeling have markedly expanded the inventory of LD-related proteins, provided unprecedented structural and functional insights into the protein machinery modulating LDs in plant cells, and shed new light on the functions of LDs in nonseed plant tissues as well as in unicellular algae. Here, we review critical advances in revealing new LD proteins in various plant tissues, point out structural and mechanistic insights into key proteins in LD biogenesis and dynamic modulation, and discuss future perspectives on bridging our knowledge gaps in plant LD biology.

Cai, Yingqi (ORCID:0000000203575809)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Functional succession of actively growing soil microorganisms during rewetting is shaped by precipitation history

Rewetting of seasonally dry soils induces a burst of microbial activity and carbon mineralization that changes nutrient availability and leads to succession. Yet the microbial functions that underpin this succession are not well described. Further, it’s unclear how previous precipitation frames microbial capacities after rewetting and how long these effects persist. We used isotopically-labeled water to rewet seasonally dry annual grassland soil that experienced either mean annual or reduced precipitation during the previous two years, and sampled at five subsequent time points. We used quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP)-informed genome- resolved metagenomics to identify growing microorganisms, predict their capabilities, and analyze how these traits differed over time and between precipitation treatments. Organisms that grew after wetup were more abundant than non-growing organisms prior to the wet-up, suggesting that traits that initiate succession are pre-defined at the end of the prior plant growing season or via survival over the summer. Fast-growing organisms had fewer carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) genes per genome than slower-growing organisms, suggesting that although fast-growers were capable of degrading complex C, they may not specialize in this process. Differential abundance of CAZy genes in growing organisms throughout the succession implies that substrate availability varied with time. In contrast, the abundance of peptidases in growing organisms differed between precipitation treatments, but not over time following wet-up. Before wet-up, the soil organisms’ gene inventories were different between the two precipitation treatments. Surprisingly, this legacy effect waned after just one week. Thus, pre-wetup differences in microbial functional capacity converged shortly after rewetting.

Sieradzki, E T↗
DOE OSTI2021

First direct measurement of 59 Cu(p,α) 56 Ni: A step towards constraining the Ni-Cu cycle in the cosmos

Reactions on proton-rich nuclides drive the nucleosynthesis in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and in x-ray bursts (XRBs). CCSNe eject the nucleosynthesis products to the interstellar medium and hence are a potential inventory of p nuclei, whereas in XRBs nucleosynthesis powers the light curves. In both astrophysical sites the Ni-Cu cycle, which features a competition between 59 Cu(p,α) 56 Ni and 59 Cu(p,γ) 60 Zn, could potentially halt the production of heavier elements. Here, we report the first direct measurement of 59 Cu(p,α) 56 Ni using a reaccelerated 59Cu beam and a cryogenic solid hydrogen target. Furthermore, our results show that the reaction proceeds predominantly to the ground state of 56 Ni, and the experimental rate has been found to be lower than Hauser-Feshbach based statistical model predictions. New results hints that the νp process could operate at higher temperatures than previously inferred and therefore remains a viable site for synthesizing the heavier elements

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage and Generation in Support of Electrified Rental Car Centers

Electrification of rental car centers at major airports is expected to generate tens of MW in additional power loads. The magnitude of these loads poses challenges including high utility costs, expensive and lengthy distribution capacity upgrades, and disruptions to traditional operation. Behind-the-meter stationary battery storage and onsite photovoltaic generation offer a viable solution to these challenges without impacting the operation and business model of rental car companies, defined by minimal fleet inventory and short vehicle dwell time. Using data-driven syn-thetic charging loads for the rental car center at the Dallas/Fort Worth airport in the United States, we show that optimally-designed and controlled behind - the- meter resources can reduce the lifecycle cost of electrified rental centers by an average 41 % and reduce peak grid demand by 64 %, deferring the need for distribution upgrades or potentially avoiding it altogether.

battery storage↗
DOE OSTI2022

C2QA - Bosonic Qiskit

The practical benefits of hybrid quantum information processing hardware that contains continuous-variable objects (bosonic modes such as mechanical or electromagnetic oscillators) in addition to traditional (discrete-variable) qubits have recently been demonstrated by experiments with bosonic codes that reach the break-even point for quantum error correction [1]–[5] and by efficient Gaussian boson sampling simulation of the Franck-Condon spectra of triatomic molecules [6] that is well beyond the capabilities of current qubit-only hardware. The goal of this Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA) project is to develop an instruction set architecture (ISA) for hybrid qubit/bosonic mode systems that contains an inventory of the fundamental operations and measurements that are possible in such hardware. The corresponding abstract machine model (AMM) would also contain a description of the appropriate error models associated with the gates, measurements and time evolution of the hardware. This information has been implemented as an extension of IBM Qiskit. IBM Qiskit is an open-source software development toolkit (SDK) for simulating the quantum state of a quantum circuit and for running the same circuits on prototype hardware within the IBM Quantum Experience. We introduce the Bosonic Qiskit software to enable the simulation of hybrid qubit/bosonic systems using the existing Qiskit software development kit [7]. This implementation can be used for simulating new hybrid systems, verifying proposed physical systems, and modeling systems larger than can currently be constructed. We also cover tutorials and example use cases included within the software to study JaynesCummings models, bosonic Hubbard models, plotting Wigner functions and animations, and calculating maximum likelihood estimations using Wigner functions.

quantum, boson, Qiskit↗
DOE OSTI2024

Aboveground Biomass Estimation Using NISAR Simulated ALOS-2 Time Series Data

Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a critical parameter to better understand the global carbon cycle and to develop sustainable forest management. However, a large uncertainty prevails. L-band SAR data have demonstrated strong potential to accurately retrieve AGB over low-biomass regions (<100 Mg ha-1). The upcoming NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar mission will collect data at L- and S-band over earth’s landmass with a repeat period of 12 days, allowing us to have ample data for monitoring biomass and its dynamics. One of the key science requirements of the mission is to produce annual AGB maps at 1-ha resolution with RMS accuracy of 20 Mg/ha for 80 percentage of area over low-biomass regions in Calibration/Validation sites. The NISAR biomass algorithm will generate AGB maps based on the parameterization of semi-empirical model along with NISAR time-series dual pol data (HH and HV). To calibrate and validate the model for mission requirements, the mission will use reference estimates of AGB produced from ground inventory plots and airborne LiDAR data collected over selected sites distributed across different global ecoregions. This paper presents the initial results of the calibration/validation of the NISAR AGB retrieval algorithm over the Lenoir Landing (LENO), Alabama, USA site using NISAR simulated ALOS-2 time series data. Five multi-temporal dual-pol HH and HV NISAR Simulated ALOS 2 data collections were used as input to assess the performance of the model. The model AGB retrieval results shows that the NISAR model was able to achieve RMS accuracy within 20 Mg/ha.

Ramachandran, Naveen [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, C↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electrifying Education: Insights into Charging Electric School Buses in the United States

To combat climate change, the United States joined 193 Parties in committing to the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to 2 degrees C or less, and decarbonizing transportation will be a key requirement for achieving this goal. School buses (SBs) are a common form of student transport in the U.S. with nearly all SBs today powered by fossil fuels (primarily diesel). As a result, SBs have historically been a concerning source of both greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants with negative health impacts for students and others living nearby. Electric SBs (ESBs) are a promising emerging technology for decarbonizing student transport, however, ESB adoption in the U.S. remains at an early stage (approximate 1.1%) with many outstanding uncertainties. This study aims to elucidate several of these by taking inventory of the total SB stock within U.S. states and studying real-world SB operating profiles to infer potential battery range requirements, daily charging opportunities, and charging infrastructure requirements for ESBs. In addition, we observe the geographic trends of early-stage ESB adoption, which can be used to better understand early adopter patterns and train vehicle technology adoption models.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENERGY PLANNING, POLIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Survey of Open Source Software Repositories in the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Laboratories

There are 17 national laboratory systems in the United States operating under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). These government labs employ tens of thousands of people engaging in research software engineering activities across a variety of missions. To support this work, many open source projects are maintained. Further, many of these projects have broad utility to the computing community at large and domain scientists in a variety of fields. However, the complexity and decentralized nature of the laboratory system has resulted in a situation where no one entity even knows about all the open source software projects in this ecosystem, let alone crude metrics of their health. In this article, we do the first external inventory of open source software repositories with a nexus to DOE labs. We posit that a project’s need for sustainability support can be determined by comparing measures of active use to measures of active maintenance.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Preliminary Testing of a Continuous Cryopump for Primary Fusion Device Pumping and Direct Internal Recycling

Here, the concept of directly recirculating fusion machine exhaust gas, bypassing the tritium plant, to make fuel pellets was proposed in the 1990s and later termed direct internal recycling (DIR). In the DIR concept, the residual fusion fuel in the machine exhaust stream is separated from impurities locally and diverted directly to the fueling systems, bypassing isotopic separation and other processing equipment, and therefore significantly reducing the required size of the fuel processing plant, reducing plant inventory, and thus increasing the economic viability of fusion as an energy source. One concept for DIR consists of a series of cryogenic pumps to separate the impurities from the machine exhaust gas using different triple point temperatures and saturation curves of exhaust constituents. In this concept, the plasma exhaust is initially passed through an impurity trap operating at ~25–30 K to desublimate impurities such as hydrocarbons, argon, oxygen, and nitrogen. The resulting process stream will consist of DT fuel and helium. The process stream is then pumped by a continuous cryopump known as a “snail pump.” This pump is a steady-state continuous cryopump that desublimates all remaining exhaust gas constituents while allowing helium, a byproduct of the fusion reaction, to pass through. The helium is pumped to the tritium plant for processing while the desublimated material is continuously scraped off, heated up, and transported to the fueling system. This article will present the cryogenic DIR concept and outline the design and operation of the snail pump, along with results from preliminary testing. Tests to assess pumping and separation efficiency found that at D2 flows below 50.7 Pa ⋅ m3/s with 1% helium, the pump is capable of pumping and separating the gas with a resulting DIR fraction of >99%, with no helium entrained in the primary fuel exhaust stream. The main limitation is due to the thermal performance of the cryogenic circuits of the pump, which will be addressed in future testing.

Gebhart III, Trey E. [Oak Ridge National Laborator↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fire, insect and disease‐caused tree mortalities increased in forests of greater structural diversity during drought

Abstract Structural diversity is an emerging dimension of biodiversity that accounts for size variations in organs among individuals in a community. Previous studies show significant effects of structural diversity on forest growth, but its effects on forest mortality are not known, particularly at a large scale. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified structural diversity using stem structural diversity (SSD) based on both tree diameter and height. We obtained U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from over 2400 plots across southcentral U.S. forests that have suffered a recent drought. Using data from multiple sampling times, we calculated SSD and compared the relative importance of SSD, species diversity, functional diversity and other stand attributes in determining tree mortalities caused by fire, insects and diseases. We also used FIRETEC, a physics‐based fire model, to test the effect of SSD on canopy consumption by fire. Our results showed that (1) SSD was positively associated with tree mortalities caused by all three disturbances; (2) species richness was negatively associated with insect‐ and disease‐caused mortalities; (3) functional diversity was negatively associated with fire‐ and disease‐caused mortalities and (4) more phylogenetically related species had more similar mortality rates by insect and disease but not fire. Moreover, the FIRETEC model showed increasing canopy consumption by fire in stands with greater SSD. Together, the different tree mortalities during drought associated with SSD more consistently than the other biodiversity metrics were evaluated. Synthesis . Our results suggest that SSD could be considered in modelling forest dynamics and planning management to sustain forest health under disturbances.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mycorrhizal nutrient acquisition strategies shape tree competition and coexistence dynamics

Mycorrhizal fungi with different nutrient acquisition strategies influence plant species performance and physiology, thereby defining their trophic niche. This might drive resource competition dynamics that cumulatively impact tree species coexistence, but few manipulative experiments have directly tested this. Combining surveys and experiments in a modern coexistence theory framework, we tested how variation in mycorrhizal strategies and nutrient conditions affects plant competitive outcomes. We focused on two genera of co-occurring tree species with different mycorrhizal states: Acer (arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM) and Populus (dual mycorrhizal, but often considered predominantly ectomycorrhizal, EM). The EM and AM fungal responsiveness in Populus species varied with latitude and nitrogen (N) limitation. Host-specific soil microbiome conditioning and inorganic N fertilization combined to qualitatively affect coexistence outcomes. Lower N conditions favoured Populus over Acer trees, and N fertilization reversed this outcome for southern species, aligning with regional-scale forest mycorrhizal transitions. Results from the coexistence experiment also predict competitive exclusion between the tree species pairs, which could arise, in part, from their mycorrhizal differences and is consistent with alternative stable states in dominant forest mycorrhizal strategies. Such bistability appears in natural systems as a bimodal distribution of Populus vs. Acer tree species dominance using long-term forest inventory data. Synthesis: The magnitude and outcome of microbially mediated competition between Populus and Acer depends on soil nutrient availability, which likely relates to their mycorrhizal differentiation. These findings support the importance of mycorrhizal symbioses for contributing to large-scale biogeographical patterns of tree species trophic niche separation across soil resource gradients and bistability in forest mycorrhizal structure.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Patterns and controls on island‐wide aboveground biomass accumulation in second‐growth forests of Puerto Rico

Abstract Understanding the heterogeneity of biomass accumulation in second‐growth tropical forests following land use abandonment is important for informing ecosystem carbon models and forest restoration efforts. There is an urgent need for a broad sample of second‐growth forests to enhance our knowledge of carbon accumulation in human‐dominated landscapes, especially for older forests. Puerto Rico has predominantly second‐growth forests, ranging in age from approximately 25 to more than 80 years. We used an island‐wide sample of airborne lidar from the NASA Goddard Lidar, Hyperspectral, and Thermal (G‐LiHT) Airborne Imager collected on March 2017, forest inventory data, and data on forest age, precipitation, soils, and land use to estimate aboveground biomass stocks in moist and wet, second‐growth tropical forests. Biomass accumulation rates in Puerto Rico were lower, on average, than in other Neotropical forests. Median biomass across >16,700 ha of older second‐growth forests was 105 Mg ha −1 , and sampled biomass rarely surpassed 250 Mg ha −1 . Differences in biomass by age were large and persistent across different substrates and land uses, with a plateau in the pattern of island‐wide biomass accumulation after about 33 years. A spatial regression model showed that multiple factors were related to biomass accumulation, including time since abandonment, geologic substrate, past land use as coffee or pasture, precipitation, topographic wetness index, and slope. Our findings have important consequences for the total carbon storage and expected climate mitigation benefits of large‐scale reforestation efforts, and highlight the value of airborne lidar for quantifying biomass variability in complex tropical landscapes. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗