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At least 1,657 records · Page 92

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2022

Effect of Cationic (Na + ) and Anionic (F – ) Co-Doping on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Elemental doping for substituting lithium or oxygen sites has become a simple and effective technique to improve the electrochemical performance of layered cathode materials. Compared with single-element doping, this work presents an unprecedented contribution to the study of the effect of Na + /F – co-doping on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 . The co-doped Li 1-z Na z Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2-z F z (z = 0.025) and pristine LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 materials were synthesized via the sol–gel method using EDTA as a chelating agent. Structural analyses, carried out by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealed that the Na + and F – dopants were successfully incorporated into the Li and O sites, respectively. The co-doping resulted in larger Li-slab spacing, a lower degree of cation mixing, and the stabilization of the surface structure, which substantially enhanced the cycling stability and rate capability of the cathode material. The Na/F co-doped LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 electrode delivered an initial specific capacity of 142 mAh g –1 at a 1C rate (178 mAh g –1 at 0.1C), and it maintained 50% of its initial capacity after 1000 charge–discharge cycles at a 1C rate.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Insights into Layered Oxide Cathodes for Rechargeable Batteries

Layered intercalation compounds are the dominant cathode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. In this article we summarize in a pedagogical way our work in understanding how the structure’s topology, electronic structure, and chemistry interact to determine its electrochemical performance. We discuss how alkali–alkali interactions within the Li layer influence the voltage profile, the role of the transition metal electronic structure in dictating O3-structural stability, and the mechanism for alkali diffusion. We then briefly delve into emerging, next-generation Li-ion cathodes that move beyond layered intercalation hosts by discussing disordered rocksalt Li-excess structures, a class of materials which may be essential in circumventing impending resource limitations in our era of clean energy technology.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRS1966

Liquid-metal cathode research.

Design of gravity-independent force-fed liquid-metal cathode providing unlimited cathode life in gas discharge devices and mercury electron-bombardment thrustors

GAS DISCHARGE↗

NASA NTRS2000

Field Emitter Cathodes and Electric Propulsion Systems

Replacing hollow and filament cathodes with field emitter (FE) cathodes could significantly improve the scalability, power, and performance of some meso- and microscale Electric Propulsion (EP) systems. This article discusses the motivation and challenges of integrating of FE and Electric Propulsion systems.

field emitters cathodes Electric Propulsion↗

NASA NTRS2000

Electric Propulsion Applications for Field Emitter Cathodes

Field emitters cathodes electric propulsion↗

NASA NTRS2006

Production of High Energy Ions Near an Ion Thruster Discharge Hollow Cathode

Several researchers have measured ions leaving ion thruster discharge chambers with energies far greater than measured discharge chamber potentials. Presented in this paper is a new mechanism for the generation of high energy ions and a comparison with measured ion spectra. The source of high energy ions has been a puzzle because they not only have energies in excess of measured steady state potentials, but as reported by Goebel et. al. [1], their flux is independent of the amplitude of time dependent plasma fluctuations. The mechanism relies on the charge exchange neutralization of xenon ions accelerated radially into the potential trough in front of the discharge cathode. Previous researchers [2] have identified the importance of charge exchange in this region as a mechanism for protecting discharge cathode surfaces from ion bombardment. This paper is the first to identify how charge exchange in this region can lead to ion energy enhancement.

ion propulsion↗

NASA NTRS2009

Results of a XIPS(copyrighted) 25-cm Thruster Discharge Cathode Wear Test

The Xenon Ion Propulsion System (XIPS(c)) 25-cm thruster produced by L-3 Communications Electron Technologies, Inc. offers a number of potential benefits for planetary missions, including high efficiency and high Isp over a large power throttling range and availability from an active product line. The thruster is qualified for use on commercial communications satellites, which have requirements differing from those for typical planetary missions. In particular, deep space missions require longer service life over a broad range of throttling conditions. A XIPS (c) discharge cathode assembly was subjected to a long duration test to extend operating experience at the maximum power point and at throttled conditions unique to planetary mission applications. A total of 16079 hours were accumulated at conditions corresponding to the full power engine operating point at 4.2 kWe, an intermediate power point at 2.76 kWe and the minimum power point at 0.49 kWe. Minor performance losses and cathode keeper erosion were observed at the full power point, but there were no changes in performance and negligible erosion at the intermediate and minimum power points.

cathode↗

NASA NTRS2008

Ongoing Wear Test of a XIPS(c) 25-Centimeter Thruster Discharge Cathode

The Xenon Ion Propulsion System (XIPS(c)) 25-cm thruster produced by L-3 Communications Electron Technologies, Inc. offers a number of potential benefits for planetary missions, including high efficiency and high Isp over a large power throttling range and availability from an active product line. The thruster is qualified for use on commercial communications satellites, which have requirements differing from those for typical planetary missions. In particular, deep space missions require longer service life over a broad range of throttling conditions. A XIPS(c) discharge cathode assembly is currently undergoing a long duration test to extend operating experience at the maximum power point and at throttled conditions unique to planetary mission applications. A total of 11080 hours have been accumulated at conditions corresponding to the full power engine operating point at 4.2 kWe and an intermediate power point at 2.76 kWe. Minor performance losses and cathode keeper erosion were observed at the full power point, but there were no changes in performance and negligible erosion at the intermediate power point.

Hollow cathodes↗

NASA NTRS2015

Study of Stable Cathodes and Electrolytes for High Specific Density Lithium-Air Battery

Future NASA missions require high specific energy battery technologies, greater than 400 Wh/kg. Current NASA missions are using "state-of-the-art" (SOA) Li-ion batteries (LIB), which consist of a metal oxide cathode, a graphite anode and an organic electrolyte. NASA Glenn Research Center is currently studying the physical and electrochemical properties of the anode-electrolyte interface for ionic liquid based Li-air batteries. The voltage-time profiles for Pyr13FSI and Pyr14TFSI ionic liquids electrolytes studies on symmetric cells show low over-potentials and no dendritic lithium morphology. Cyclic voltammetry measurements indicate that these ionic liquids have a wide electrochemical window. As a continuation of this work, sp2 carbon cathode and these low flammability electrolytes were paired and the physical and electrochemical properties were studied in a Li-air battery system under an oxygen environment.

cathodes↗

NASA NTRS2017

Characterization of the NEXT Hollow Cathode Inserts After Long-Duration Testing

Hollow dispenser cathode inserts are a critical element of electric propulsion systems, and should therefore be well understood during long term operation to ensure reliable system performance. This work destructively investigated cathode inserts from the NEXT long-duration test which demonstrated 51,184 hours of high-voltage operation, 918 kg of propellant throughput, and 35.5 MN-s of total impulse. The characterization methods used include scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Microscopy analysis has been performed on fractured surfaces, emission surfaces, and metallographically polished cross-sections of post-test inserts and unused inserts. Impregnate distribution, etch region thickness, impregnate chemical content, emission surface topography, and emission surface phase identification are the primary factors investigated.

life (durability)↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Emitter Surface Temperature Measurements of a 25-A Class Hollow Cathode

The axial emitter surface temperature profile is experimentally characterized for a 25-A class hollow cathode operating across a range of operating conditions. Profiles were measured using aratio pyrometry diagnostic featuring a fiber optic inserted into the emitter region using a fast motion stage. Emitter temperature is found to increase with increasing discharge current, decreasing flow rate, and increasing magnetic field strength. Across a range of 10 –29 A, the maximum emitter temperature increased 176 ºC, an order of magnitude more than the changes measured for flow rate or magnetic fields strength. Profiles were generally self-similar across all operating conditions, and the difference between maximum and minimum emitter temperature never surpassed 10%, indicating that this cathode design results in satisfactory emitter utilization across its operating envelope

space propulsion↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Emitter Surface Temperature Measurements of a 25-A class Hollow Cathode

Measurements of the emitter surface temperature of a hollow cathode were made using an optical ratio pyrometer. These measurements were performed to provide insight into the effect of various cathode operating parameters on emitter surface peak temperature and temperature distribution

Hollow Cathode↗

DOE OSTI2024

Predicting Li-ion Battery Performance for Impurity-doped NMC Cathodes Using Deep Learning

With the electric vehicle (EV) market expansion and the energy sector's shift towards electrification, the demand for battery metals, including lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), is set to surpass supply. A critical knowledge gap exists in the purity standards for battery precursors and the impact of impurities on battery performance. Addressing this, our study employs a Deep Machine Learning (DL) based multi-objective optimization approach to interpret the relationship between metal impurities in domestic battery resources and their effects on battery performance. We analyze experimental data from Li-ion batteries with NMC (Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt oxide) cathodes over 1000 cycles, representing approximately ~6-8 months of operation, to establish a baseline of performance without impurities. Leveraging this data, we develop a Physics-Informed Deep Learning (PIDL) framework to extend our findings to cases that include metal impurities (e.g., Fe, Cu, Al) ranging from (0.001 - 0.01) %, respectively. By incorporating physics-based features, our PIDL model can accurately estimate the performance of NMC cathodes doped with various metal impurities to provide rapid design decisions. This research paves the way for informed decisions in Li-ion battery material design and optimization, ensuring the sustainable growth of the EV market and the broader energy sector.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2016

Platinum-Coated Hollow Graphene Nanocages as Cathode Used in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

One of the formidable challenges facing aprotic lithium-oxygen (Li-O-2) batteries is the high charge overpotential, which induces the formation of byproducts, loss in efficiency, and poor cycling performance. Herein, the synthesis of the ultrasmall Pt-coated hollow graphene nano cages as cathode in Li-O-2 batteries is reported. The charge voltage plateau can reduce to 3.2 V at the current density of 100 mA g(-1), even maintain below 3.5 V when the current density increased to 500 mA g(-1). The unique hollow graphene nanocages matrix can not only provide numerous nanoscale tri-phase regions as active sites for efficient oxygen reduction, but also offer sufficient amount of mesoscale pores for rapid oxygen diffusion. Furthermore, with strong atomic-level oxygen absorption into its subsurface, ultrasmall Pt catalytically serves as the nucleation site for Li2O2 growth. The Li2O2 is subsequently induced into a favorable form with small size and amorphous state, decomposed more easily during recharge. Meanwhile, the conductive hollow graphene substrate can enhance the catalytic activity of noble metal Pt catalysts due to the graphene-metal interfacial interaction. Benefiting from the above synergistic effects between the hollow graphene nanocages and the nanosized Pt catalysts, the ultrasmall Pt-decorated graphene nanocage cathode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances.

Wu, Feng↗

DOE OSTI2021

Tailoring the Redox Reactions for High-Capacity Cycling of Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes

Cation-disordered rocksalts (DRXs) have emerged as a new class of high-capacity Li-ion cathode materials. One unique advantage of the DRX chemistry is the structural flexibility that substantially lessens the elemental constraints in the crystal lattice, such as Li content, choice of transition metal redox center paired with appropriate d 0 metal, and incorporation of F anion, which allows optimization of the key redox reactions. Herein, a series of the DRX oxyfluorides based on the Mn redox have been designed and synthesized. By tailoring the stoichiometry of the DRX compositions, high-capacity cycling by promoting the cationic Mn 2+ /Mn 4+ redox reactions while suppressing those from anionic O is successfully demonstrated. A highly fluorinated DRX compound, Li 1.2 Mn 0.625 Nb 0.175 O 1.325 F 0.675 (M 0.625 F 0.675 ), delivers a capacity of ≈170 mAh g -1 at C/3 for 100 cycles. Furthermore, this work showcases the concept of balancing the cationic and anionic redox reactions in the DRX cathodes for improved electrochemical performance through the rational composition design.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Stabilizing Nickel‐Rich Cathodes in Aqueous Process through Nanocellulose as Water Barrier

Nickel-rich LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NMC 811) cathode offers high voltage and high specific capacity, making it promising for high energy density batteries. However, large-scale manufacturing of aqueous-processed NMC 811 electrodes remains challenging due to proton exchange causing material decomposition and capacity loss. This work addresses this issue by constructing an in situ nanocellulose protective layer for NMC 811 particles via electrostatic interactions during the slurry preparation. For the first time, the interatomic spacing between inter-chains of nanocellulose is measured through wide-angle X-ray scattering and demonstrate the ability to effectively confine interlayer water using atomistic simulations. Moreover, this nanocellulose coverage simultaneously minimizes Li + surface segregation and mitigates water infiltration. Owing to less material decomposition during the aqueous processing, nanocellulose-protected NMC electrodes exhibit higher initial coulombic efficiency (83% vs 62% at 0.1C) and capacity (133 vs 59 mAh g −1 at 6C) than unprotected electrodes. Additionally, optimized aqueous-processed NMC electrodes offer comparable or even superior electrochemical properties compared to the electrodes fabricated using the conventional toxic organic solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Consequently, the developed approach enables affordable, sustainable aqueous processing for Nickel-rich NMC 811 cathodes with excellent electrochemical performances.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Synthetic Control of Kinetic Reaction Pathway and Cationic Ordering in High-Ni Layered Oxide Cathodes

Nickel-rich layered transition metal oxides, LiNi 1-x (MnCo) x O 2 (1-x ≥ 0.5), are appealing candidates for cathodes in next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles and other large-scale applications, due to their high capacity and low cost. However, synthetic control of the structural ordering in such a complex quaternary system has been a great challenge, especially in the presence of high Ni content. Herein, synthesis reactions for preparing layered LiNi 0.7 Mn 0.15 Co 0.15 O 2 (NMC71515) by solid-state methods are investigated through a combination of time-resolved in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements. The real-time observation reveals a strong temperature dependence of the kinetics of cationic ordering in NMC71515 as a result of thermal-driven oxidation of transition metals and lithium/oxygen loss that concomitantly occur during heat treatment. Through synthetic control of the kinetic reaction pathway, a layered NMC71515 with low cationic disordering and a high reversible capacity is prepared in air. The findings may help to pave the way for designing high-Ni layered oxide cathodes for LIBs

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2018

High-Capacity Cathode Material with High Voltage for Li-Ion Batteries

Electrochemical energy storage devices with a high energy density are an important technology in modern society, especially for electric vehicles. The most effective approach to improve the energy density of batteries is to search for high-capacity electrode materials. According to the concept of energy quality, a high-voltage battery delivers a highly useful energy, thus providing a new insight to improve energy density. Based on this concept, a novel and successful strategy to increase the energy density and energy quality by increasing the discharge voltage of cathode materials and preserving high capacity is proposed. The proposal is realized in high-capacity Li-rich cathode materials. The average discharge voltage is increased from 3.5 to 3.8 V by increasing the nickel content and applying a simple after-treatment, and the specific energy is improved from 912 to 1033 Wh kg-1. The current work provides an insightful universal principle for developing, designing, and screening electrode materials for high energy density and energy quality.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗