Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “CHROMOSPHERE”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,657 records · Page 92
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Flare-induced MHD disturbances in the corona - Moreton waves and type 2 shocks

The propagation in the corona of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbance possibly emitted at the explosive stage in the initial phase of a flare is considered. The behavior of the MHD fast-mode wavefront, whose source is located at the flare, is calculated by using eiconal-characteristic method in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) realistic models of coronal magnetic field and density for the days of some particular flare events. It is shown as the result that the peculiar behavior of Moreton's surface wave and the peculiar appearance in the shape and position of the type 2 burst sources can be consistently understood by considering the refraction, focussing, and formation of shocks of MHD fast-mode disturbance in the actual distribution of Alfven velocity in the corona. Moreton waves seem to appear only when the flare explosion happens to occur at the edge of an active region and faces a low-Alfven-velocity region lying on the surface. The wave, which is initially emitted isotropically is refracted into a direction in which the condition for down-refraction holds to allow chromospheric reentrance of disturbance.

Uchida, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Structural and spectral studies of sunspots

Observations of umbral cores, both by multicolor photometry and by narrow band photometry in the vicinity of the sodium D lines, are described, and evidence is given which supports the validity of many umbral models, each of which describes different aspects of the observed umbral cores. Theoretical studies carried on at the observatory include the following: (1) Zeeman profiles of the sodium D sub 2 line and other lines; (2) turbulent heat conduction, sound waves, and the missing flux in sunspots; (3) chromospheric heating above spots by Alfven waves; (4) magnetic convection in the sun and solar neutrinos; (5) models of starspots on flare stars; (5) starspots on the primaries of contact binary systems; and (6) implications of starspots on red dwarfs.

Wyller, A. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Deuterium and tritium from solar flares at approximately 10 MeV per nucleon

It is indicated that the observations with the high-resolution solid-state charged-particle telescopes of the IMP-5 and IMP-6 earth satellites have resolved all the hydrogen and helium isotopes of solar-flare origin in groups of solar flares during the period from September, 1969, through November, 1972. The values obtained for the average isotope ratios are given and are compared with previous values. It is concluded that the observed high yields of H(2), H(3) and He(3) can be explained only by high-energy nuclear interactions and that an acceleration process must have taken place in the chromosphere at that time.

Anglin, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The flares of August 1972

Observations of the August, 1972 flares at Big Bear and Tel Aviv, involving monochromatic movies, magnetograms, and spectra, are analyzed. The region (McMath 11976) showed inverted polarity from its inception on July 11; the great activity was due to extremely high shear and gradients in the magnetic field, as well as a constant invasion of one polarity into the opposite; observations in lambda 3835 show remarkable fast flashes in the impulsive flare of 18:38 UT on Aug. 2 with lifetimes of 5 sec, which may be due to dumping of particles in the lower chromosphere. Flare loops show evolutionary increases of their tilts to the neutral line in the flares of Aug. 4 and 7. Spectroscopic observations show red asymmetry and red shift of the H alpha emission in the flash phase of the Aug. 7 flare, as well as substantial velocity shear in the photosphere during the flare, somewhat like earthquake movement along a fault. Finally the total H alpha emission of the Aug. 7 flare could be measured accurately as about 2.5 x 10 to the 30th power erg, considerably less than coarser previous estimates for great flares.

Zirin, H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Orbiting astronomical observatory-Copernicus

Of the three observatories planned in NASA's OAO program, one, OAO-3, is still in orbit and producing scientifically useful data. The prime experiment is the Princeton telescope spectrometer. Following a brief history of the OAO program, a description is given of the Princeton telescope with its 80-cm primary mirror, and of the spectrometer, which yields a resolution of up to 0.05 A. The spacecraft guidance system is also described. This system initially points the observatory to within a few arc minutes of the target, places the 0.3-arc sec slit on the star in less than 3 minutes, and holds on the star for up to 50 minutes with errors less than 0.05 arc sec. The main scientific results are described under the following categories: (1) the widespread presence of molecular hydrogen; (2) the search for other molecules, including detection of CO; (3) the nature of the interstellar medium as inferred from the detection of various atomic lines; (4) the study of chromospheres in late type stars; and (5) the study of mass loss in binaries and single stars.

York, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Center-to-limb profiles of the aluminum autoionization lines in the solar spectrum

The 1,929 to 1,941 A region of the solar spectrum was measured, using spectrograms obtained with a rocket-borne high resolution spectrograph. The center-to-limb behavior of the Al I autoionization lines of the 3s2 3p 2p - 3s 3p2 2S doublet, at a spatial resolution of approximately three minutes of arc, is reported. The results provide additional data relating to the photospheric-chromospheric transition region.

Mcallister, H. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Hydraulic concentration of magnetic fields in the solar photosphere. II - Bernoulli effect

The magnetic filaments in the solar photosphere are subject to vigorous kneading and massaging by the convective turbulence at, and beneath, the visible surface. It is shown that the Bernoulli effect of the consequent surging of fluid up and down along the filaments is a major factor in concentrating the magnetic pressure of the filament (the mean square field). The mean field is also increased if the phase velocity of the external massaging exceeds the Alfven speed within the filament. The net observational magnetic result of the surging, then, depends upon the response of the observing instrument, and whether it essentially observes the mean field, the rms field, or whether there are saturation effects. It is suggested that the chromospheric mottles (spicules) seen in H alpha are in fact the intense magnetic filaments that carry most of the magnetic flux across the photospheric boundary of the sun.

Parker, E. N.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The relation between the chemical composition of solar cosmic rays and the duration spectrum of radiosplashes

The comparison of durations of the centimeter and meter components of the radiosplashes corresponding to the chromospheric flares with the known chemical composition of the radiated nuclei has shown a greater duration of the centimeter component for the splashes wherein protons are dominating, and vice versa. A conclusion is made about the interrelation of heavy nucleus emission and the processes which occur in the upper layers of the solar corona.

Tsimakhovich, N. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Copernicus observations of Betelgeuse and Antares

Copernicus observations of the M-supergiants, alpha Ori and alpha Sco, are presented. The MgII h and k resonance lines are strongly in emission in both stars. The k line is highly asymmetric in both stars but the h line is symmetric. Upper limits for several other resonance lines are given for alpha Ori. The possibility is explored that the k line asymmetry is caused by overlying resonance lines of MnI and FeI formed in the cool circumstellar gas shells around these stars. Observations of the MnI 4030-4033 A lines are used to show that circumstellar shell absorption is too weak to explain the asymmetry. It is suggested that the absorption occurs in a cool turbulent region between the base of the circumstellar shell and the top of the chromosphere.

Bernat, A. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

H-alpha synoptic charts of solar activity during the first year of solar cycle 20, October 1964 - August 1965

Solar activity during the period October 28, 1964 through August 27, 1965 is presented in the form of charts for each solar rotation constructed from observations made with the chromospheric H-alpha spectra line. These H-alpha synoptic charts are identical in format and method of construction to those published for the period of Skylab observations. The sunspot minimum marking the start of Solar Cycle 20 occurred in October, 1964; therefore, charts represent solar activity during the first year of this solar cycle.

Mcintosh, P. S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Rocket spectrometer for investigation of the far ultraviolet solar spectrum

A rocket-borne Ebert spectrometer and telescope were used for analysis of the solar spectrum. The instrument was arranged in the high resolution line scanning mode. Selected emission lines between 1170 and 1640 A were scanned, and a complete wavelength scan was made from 1170 A to 1850 A. Accurate measurements were made of the line profiles of the He II lines at 1640 A, C IV lines at 1550 A, Si IV lines at 1400 A, C II lines at 1335 A, the N V lines at 1240 A, and the C III lines at 1175 A. Accurate intensity measurements of the quiet sun spectrum for wavelengths between 1174 A and 3220 A were obtained. Spectral resolution was better than 0.03 A over most of the range and spatial resolution was relatively low so that the observations are averaged over the chromospheric network. Plots of absolute intensity versus wave length were prepared for the full wavelength range of the observations.

Parkinson, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The small-scale, quasi-periodic, disk component of solar radio radiation

Interferometric observations of the sun at wavelengths of 3.7 and 11 cm show that small-scale, quasi-periodic radio emission is coming from the sun. The periods occur in a band of periods with a midband frequency of 3.75 mHz and a bandwidth of 2.5 mHz. The peak-to-peak fluctuations in brightness temperature, lie between 4,000 and 500,000 K. The radio emission is less than about 10% linearly or circularly polarized; the angular size of the emitting regions is of the order of 10 seconds. The radio emission originates at the base of the chromosphere-corona transition region at approximately 2200 km above the level at which the optical depth at 5000 A is unity.

Lang, K. R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Analysis of Skylab/Apollo Telescope Mount S-056 observations based on a force-free magnetic field model

Data obtained from the S-056 X-ray experiment on Skylab/ATM have been analyzed based on the assumption that the magnetic fields in the chromosphere and lower corona are force-free. Underlying the analysis is the hypothesis that the observed X-ray filaments coincide with magnetic field lines. The photographic recording of the filaments can then be compared with the projection along the line of sight of the computed magnetic field lines of the model. Ground-based observations of the longitudinal magnetic field component complement the X-ray data and are used in the theoretical interpretation.

Meyer, R. X.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Evidence for a corona of beta Geminorum

A spectrometer was used on the satellite Copernicus to observe a chromospheric L alpha emission from the K0 giant beta Gem at 1218.4 A. This emission appears to be in the corona at temperatures near 260,000 deg K, since the ion it is identified with requires 77.4 eV to be produced.

Gerola, H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Extreme-ultraviolet observations of coronal holes - Initial results from Skylab

We compare the appearance and physical parameters of the solar chromosphere, transition zone, and corona in areas of coronal holes with that of quiet areas outside the hole. Measurements of the height of emission of various ions in a coronal hole appearing at the polar limb give a quantitative indication of the increased thickness of the transition zone underlying coronal holes.

Huber, M. C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Relation of coronal magnetic structure to the interplanetary proton events of August 2-9, 1972

In order to interpret the time history of protons of energy greater than about 13.5 MeV observed on Pioneers 9 and 10 and IMP 5 from the flares of Aug. 2, 4 and 7, the coronal connection longitudes of the interplanetary field lines were estimated using the solar wind velocities measured on the spacecraft. There is reasonable agreement between the observed magnetic field polarity at Pioneer 9 and the equatorial chromospheric polarity at the inferred connection longitudes. The protons appear to be released preferentially in a large magnetic neutral-line complex that surrounds the flare region (McMath 11976) from Carrington longitudes 0 to 60. Although impulsive proton events were observed from all three flares by Pioneer 9, only the second two were seen at earth, and Pioneer 10 never showed comparable impulsive response. These apparent discrepancies are resolved by comparison with magnetic neutral line structure.

Roelof, E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Hard X-ray bursts from flare behind the solar limb

The determination of the location of the region of origin of hard X-rays is important in evaluating the importance of 10-100 keV electrons in solar flares and in understanding flare particle acceleration. At present only limb-occulted events are available to give some information on the height of X-ray emission. In fifteen months of OSO-7 operation, nine major soft X-ray events had no reported correlated H alpha flare. We examine the hard X-ray spectra of eight of these events with good candidate X-ray flare producing active regions making limb transit at the time of the soft X-ray bursts. All eight bursts had significant X-ray emission in the 30-44 keV range, but only one had flux at the 3 sigma level above 44 keV. The data are consistent with most X-ray emission occurring in the lower chromosphere, but some electron trapping at high altitudes is necessary to explain the small nonthermal fluxes observed.

Mckenzie, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Resonance line transfer with partial redistribution. III Mg II resonance lines in solar-type stars

We discuss the gravity dependence of the Mg II resonance lines calculated with inclusion of effects of partial redistribution in frequency. Using chromospheric models scaled from a solar model, we demonstrate the increased decoupling of the radiation temperature of the k1 feature from the minimum electron temperature in lower-gravity models. The limb darkening of the k-line in the main-sequence model is also discussed.

Milkey, R. W.↗