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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,639 records · Page 91
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Quantum Divide and Compute: Hardware Demonstrations and Noisy Simulations

Noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers come with intrinsic limitations in terms of the number of qubits (circuit "width") and decoherence time (circuit "depth") they can have. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a recently introduced method that breaks a circuit into smaller subcircuits or fragments, and thus makes it possible to run circuits that are either too wide or too deep for a given quantum processor. We investigate the behavior of the method on one of IBM's 20-qubit superconducting quantum processors with various numbers of qubits and fragments. We build noise models that capture decoherence, readout error, and gate imperfections for this particular processor. We then carry out noisy simulations of the method in order to account for the observed experimental results. We find an agreement within 20% between the experimental and the simulated success probabilities, and we observe that recombining noisy fragments yields overall results that can outperform the results without fragmentation.

Ayral, Thomas↗
DOE OSTI2023

Entangled Photon Pair Source Demonstrator Using the Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit System

Here, we report the first demonstration of using the Quantum Instrumentation and Control Kit (QICK) system on RFSoC-FPGA technology to drive the electro-optic intensity modulator that generate time-bin entangled photon pairs and to detect the photon signals. With the QICK system, we achieve high levels of performance metrics including coincidence-to-accidental ratio exceeding 150, and entanglement visibility exceeding 95%, consistent with performance metrics achieved using conventional waveform generators. We also demonstrate simultaneous detector readout using the digitization functional of QICK, achieving internal system synchronization time resolution of 3.2 ps. The work reported in this paper represents an explicit demonstration of the feasibility for replacing commercial waveform generators and time taggers with RFSoC-FPGA technology in the operation of a quantum network, representing a cost reduction of more than an order of magnitude.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

A Pixel Pitch-Matched Ultrasound Receiver for 3-D Photoacoustic Imaging With Integrated Delta-Sigma Beamformer in 28-nm UTBB FD-SOI

This study presents a pixel pitch-matched readout chip for 3-D photoacoustic (PA) imaging, featuring a dedicated signal conditioning and delta-sigma modulation integrated within a pixel area of 250 μm by 250 μm. The proof-of-concept receiver was implemented in an STMicroelectronics's 28-nm Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator technology, and interfaces to a 4 × 4 subarray of capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs). The front-end signal conditioning in each pixel employs a coarse/fine gain tuning architecture to fulfill the 90-dB dynamic range requirement of the application. The employed delta-sigma beamforming architecture obviates the need for area-consuming Nyquist ADCs and thereby enables an efficient in-pixel A/D conversion. The per-pixel switched-capacitor ΔΣ modulator leverages slewing-dominated and area-optimized inverter-based amplifiers. It occupies only 1/4th of the pixel, and its area compares favorably with state-of-the-art designs that offer the same SNR and bandwidth. The modulator's measured peak signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio is 59.9 dB for a 10-MHz input bandwidth, and it consumes 6.65 mW from a 1V supply. The overall subarray beamforming approach improves the area per channel by 7.4 times and the single-channel SNR by 8 dB compared to prior art with similar delay resolution and power dissipation. Finally, the functionality of the designed chip was evaluated within a PA imaging experiment, employing a flip-chip bonded 2-D CMUT array.

3-D photoacoustic (PA) imaging↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of a second generation of the Fermilab Constant Fraction Discriminator ASIC for time-stamping long-strip AC-LGAD sensors.

We present the design and performance characterization results of the second generation of the novel Fermilab Constant Fraction Discriminator ASIC (FCFD) developed to readout AC-coupled low gain avalanche detector (AC-LGAD) sensors. This study presents the performance of the ASIC which was optimized specifically for reading out strip AC-LGAD sensors designed for ePIC experiment at EiC. Performance was measured using charge injection and particle beams with prototype AC-LGAD sensors wirebonded to the FCFD ASIC.

Apresyan, A.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Large area, high spatial resolution tracker for new generation of high luminosity experiments in Hall A at Jefferson Lab

In 2014 the CEBAF electron accelerator at Jefferson Lab (JLab) will deliver a longitudinally polarized (up to 85%), high intensity (up to 100 μA) beam with maximum energy of 12 GeV, twice the present value. To exploit the new opportunities that the energy upgrade will offer, a new spectrometer (Super BigBite - SBS) is under development, featuring very forward angle, large acceptance and ability to operate in high luminosity environment. The tracking system of SBS will consist of large area (40×150 cm2 and 50×200 cm2), high spatial resolution (better than 100 μm) chambers based on the GEM technology and 2 small (10×20 cm) Silicon Strip Detector planes. The design of the GEM chambers and its sub-components such as the readout electronics is resented here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Study of Timing Properties of SiPMs at Fermilab

We continue our timing measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) at the picosecond level at Fermilab .. We using SiPMs readout based on Ortec system, also as on fast waveform digitizer DRS4 [1]. SiPM's signal pulse shape was investigated. The single photoelectron time resolution (SPTR) was measured for the signals coming from the SiPM's. Dependence of the SPTR on the SiPms size was measured. Results of the last test beam test with SiPMs are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Ethernet-based flash ADC for a plant PET detector system

We have developed a flash analog to digital (ADC) based read out system to be used for a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system. The custom designed 16 channel 12-bit Ethernet-based flash ADC (EFADC-16) unit operates at 250 MHzls/channel utilizing a gigabit Ethernet interface to parse time-stamped event signals. Each unit allows the user to define a custom coincidence table for triggering. Each EFADC-16 unit can digitize four H8500 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMT) equipped with a Jefferson Lab designed 4 channel resistive readout (a total of 16 channels). We present initial performance results of the EFADC-16 with four PET detector modules in a plant biology application to acquire tomographic images of the translocation of {sup 11}C within an oak seedling.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Time-stamping and counting of single photons using fast camera

I will discuss fast optical cameras based on the back-illuminated silicon sensor and Timepix3 ASIC. The sensor has high quantum efficiency, and the chip provides nanosecond scale time resolution and data-driven readout with 80Mpix/sec bandwidth. The intensified version of the camera is single photon sensitive and since recently has been used for registration of single photons in a variety of quantum information science and quantum imaging experiments as well as for other applications. We briefly review the camera and describe recent experiments with a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer to characterize its photon counting capabilities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ta Based Damascene Resonators

Transmon qubits have become a leading technology in quantum information science (QIS), with fabrication techniques widely accessible. Historically, devices were predominantly made from aluminum (Al) and niobium (Nb), but state-of-the-art transmons now use tantalum (Ta) achieving coherence times up to and exceeding 0.5 milliseconds [1-3]. The differentiation in performance between Ta and Nb-based devices is attributed to the surface oxidation states affecting Two-Level-System (TLS) noise. One approach to quickly evaluating material and device performance consists of fabricating only the readout resonator of a qubit and evaluating the quality factor which is the strategy employed in this project. Our research focuses on Ta coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators fabricated using a damascene technique producing pristine metal structures within silicon substrates. This approach increases the dielectric substrate's participation ratio while keeping device edges oxide-free due to entrenchment. This collaborative effort, involving Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), NY CREATES/SUNY Poly, and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), has resulted in resonators with Q factors as high as 104 at low power. Ongoing studies aim to further understand and improve device performance by systematic analysis of oxygen trapped between device layers during processing. This research showcases the potential for significant improvements in superconducting qubit performance via the damascene process, heralding new possibilities for the advancement of scalable QIS technology.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Real-time performance of commercial Intel-based VME Controllers for the CODA data acquisition system

We have evaluated the performance of several Intel-based VME Controllers for the use in the data acquisition systems (DAQs) at Jefferson Lab. For the 12 GeV upgrade, PPC-based VME controllers running vxWorks will be replaced with those that are Intel-based running Linux. Their task will be facilitated by the use of FPGAs on the VME modules to perform trigger logic and communicating trigger information over serial and fiber connections through the DAQ. The need for a hard realtime operating system on the VME controller is removed from the equation as the readout of the digitized data from the VME modules (using VME-2eSST) is done in a threaded environment with multiple CPU cores while digitization takes place in the buffered, pipelined system. In this paper we brief discuss the 12 GeV Hall D DAQ and the requirements of the VME Controller. We present results from baseline testing of various models from different vendors using different Linux kernels, including results from a kernel compiled with the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT patch.

Moffit, Bryan↗
DOE OSTI2025

Single-Cell Universal Logic-in-Memory Using 2T-nC FeRAM: An Area and Energy-Efficient Approach for Bulk Bitwise Computation

This work presents a novel approach to configure 2T-nC ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) for performing single cell logic-in-memory operations, highlighting its advantages in energy-efficient computation over conventional DRAM-based approaches. Unlike conventional 1T-1C dynamic RAM (DRAM), which incurs refresh overhead, 2T-nC FeRAM offers a promising alternative as a non-volatile memory solution with low energy consumption. Our key findings include the potential of quasi-nondestructive readout (QNRO) sensing in 2T-nC FeRAM for logic-in-memory (LiM) applications, demonstrating its inherent capability to perform inverting logic without requiring external modifications, a feature absent in traditional 1T-1C DRAM. We successfully implement the MINORITY function within a single cell of 2T-nC FeRAM, enabling universal NAND and NOR logic, validated through SPICE simulations and experimental data. Additionally, the research investigates the feasibility of 3D integration with 2T-nC FeRAM, showing substantial improvements in storage and computational density, facilitating bulk-bitwise computation. Our evaluation of eight real-world, data-intensive applications reveals that 2T-nC FeRAM achieves 2× higher performance and 2.5× lower energy consumption compared to DRAM. Furthermore, the thermal stability of stacked 2T-nC FeRAM is validated, confirming its reliable operation when integrated on a compute die. These findings emphasize the advantages of 2T-nC FeRAM for LiM, offering superior performance and energy efficiency over conventional DRAM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mu2e Solenoid Field Mapping System Design

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab plans to search for charged-lepton flavor violation by looking for neutrino-less muon to electron conversion in the field of the nucleus. A complex solenoid system and precise knowledge of its magnetic field play a major role in the experimental approach Mu2e has chosen. It is essential to map the solenoid field up to 10 -4 accuracy. This article describes the design of the Field Mapping System Mu2e will use to measure the magnetic field. Two different mechanical mapper systems, a survey based position determination of the in-house calibrated 3D Hall probes, a motion control system, and a data acquisition and readout system are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Characterization of Amplification Properties of the Superconducting-Ferromagnetic Transistor

Here we report on the measurement results of the superconducting-ferromagnetic transistors (SFTs). The devices were made at Northwestern University and Hypres (SeeQC), Inc. (Nevirkovets et al., 2014; 2015). SFT is a multiterminal device with the SIS'FIFS (or SFIFS'IS) structure (where S, I, and F denote a superconductor, an insulator, and a ferromagnetic material, respectively) exploiting intense quasiparticle injection in order to modify the nonlinear I-V curve of a superconducting tunnel junction. SFT is capable of providing voltage, current, and power amplification while having good input/output isolation. We characterized the devices using different measurement techniques. We measured S parameters of the single- and double-acceptor devices at frequencies up to 5 MHz. Importantly, we confirmed that the isolation between the input and output of the device is quite good. However, the techniques typically employed to characterize semiconductor devices do not allow for revealing the full potential of our low-resistive SFT devices, especially those having two acceptors. In the latter case, we also tested the devices using the battery-powered current sources with floating grounds. Analyzing double-acceptor I-V curves recorded at different levels of injection currents, for an optimal load, we deduced a small-signal voltage gain of 33 and a power gain of 2.4. We suggest that further improvement of the SFT device parameters is possible in optimized devices, so that the device potentially may serve as a preamplifier for readout of output signals of cryogenic detectors and be useful as an element of other superconductor-based circuits. In addition, we used scanning transmission electron microscopy to identify some problems in the fabrication of the devices without any planarization.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hyperspectral X-ray Imaging: Progress Towards Chemical Analysis in the SEM

The Hyperspectral X-ray Imaging (HXI) project will enable non-destructive chemical-state determination of nano-scale samples in the electron microscope for nuclear safeguards applications. To efficiently measure chemical state through electron-excited X-ray emission requires a combination of wide spectral bandwidth, high resolution, and high count rate capability. We are building a next-generation X-ray detector based on an array of transition edge sensors (TESs) to make these measurements possible and routine in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Leveraging the large pixel densities afforded by microwave multiplexing readout and continuous, uninterrupted operation of a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator, this instrument will have efficiency to allow chemical species identification of nano-scale samples in hours instead of days to weeks. We describe prototype pixel designs for this HXI instrument, comprising three pixel types that will make up the hybrid TES array. Engineering design of the integrated HXI cryostat and SEM system is in progress, with full detector commissioning expected in Spring 2021 followed closely by full-scale integration with the SEM. Furthermore, we also report on the commissioning of a complementary TES-based X-ray emission spectroscopy platform for bulk samples to build a spectral library for HXI sample identification.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Flexible Field Mapping System for Accelerator Magnets

Magnetic field mapping is a fundamental magnetic measurement method that typically uses Hall and NMR sensors. In magnet measurement facilities, such systems are likely used in various configurations suitable for a specific task at hand. To address this diversity, the authors developed a flexible field mapping system capable of being configured and tailored to each particular measurement case. Further, the system needs to address the variability introduced by differences in sensors and their readout systems, probe positioning systems, power supply systems, and required mapping geometry (mapping space and grid, measurement steps and sequences). Although the discussed field mapping systems range from a self-propelled multi-sensor mapper of a large detector magnet to a single 3D Hall sensor system to scan a small permanent magnet, they were all built with the same core mapping system. The variability present in field mapping systems, the measurement system architecture addressing this variability, as well as examples of several field mapping systems built in this architecture are presented.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Characterizing and Modeling the Influence of Geometry on the Performance of Superconducting Nanowire Cryotrons

The scaling of superconducting nanowire detectors to larger arrays is often limited by room-temperature-readout cabling. Cryogenic integrated circuits constructed from nanowire cryotrons, or nanocryotrons, can address this limitation by performing signal processing on chip. In this study, we characterize key performance metrics of the nanocryotron to elucidate its potential as a logical element in cryogenic integrated circuits and develop an electro-thermal model to connect material parameters with device performance. We find that the performance of the nanocryotron depends on the device geometry, and trade-offs are associated with optimizing the gain, jitter, and energy dissipation. Here, we demonstrate that nanocryotrons fabricated on niobium nitride can achieve a grey zone less than 210 nA wide for a 5 ns long input pulse corresponding to a maximum achievable gain of 48 dB, an energy dissipation of less than 20 aJ per operation, and a jitter of less than 60 ps.

Superconductor↗
DOE OSTI2022

Superconducting Shuttle-Flux Shift Register for Race Logic and Its Applications

Here this paper presents a superconducting, magnetically-coupled, shuttle-flux shift register (SF-SR) that stores single flux quantum (SFQ) pulses. This shift register has a DC bias operating margin of ±34% at 10 GHz, with a power dissipation of 3.6 μW and 38% fewer Josephson junctions (JJs) when scaled up to multiple stages compared to a data flip-flop (DFF) based shift register. The clock input is inductively coupled and is independent from the data input. We then present three applications for our SF-SR. In the first application, we add two non-destructive readout (NDRO) cells to construct a buffer that temporarily stores the temporal information of a series of race logic (RL) pulses. The second application is a pseudo-random number generator based on a linear function shift register (LFSR). The third application is N parallel SF-SRs that can act similar to a deserializer or instead can emulate a single SF-SR of N times higher clock frequency. These three applications motivate deep shift registers with many shifting intervals, which our SF-SR can implement with fewer JJs and lower power consumption compared to DFF-based shift registers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Charge Sensitive Pre-Amplifier for Smart Point-of-Care Devices Employing Polymer Based Lab-on-a-Chip

With increasing emphasis on implantable and portable medical devices, low-power, small-chip-area sensor readout system realized in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platform is gaining more and more importance these days. The main building blocks of the LOC system include a front-end transducer that generates an electrical signal in response to the presence of an analyte of interest, signal processing electronics to process the signal to comply with a specific transmission protocol and a low-power transmitter, all realized in a single integrated circuit platform. Low power consumption and compactness of the components are essential requirements of the LOC system. This paper presents a novel charge sensitive pre-amplifier developed in a standard 180-nm CMOS process suitable for implementing in an LOC platform. The pre-amplifier converts the charge generated by a pyroelectric transducer into a voltage signal, which provides a measurement of the temperature variation in biological fluids. The proposed design is capable of providing 0.8-mV/pC gain while consuming only 2.1 μW of power. Finally, the pre-amplifier composed of integrated components occupies an area of 0.038 mm 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗