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At least 1,639 records · Page 91

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NASA NTRS1981

Multiple Alfven wave reflections excited by Io Origin of the Jovian decametric arcs

The recent Voyager radio astronomy measurements near Jupiter show that the Jovian decametric radiation consists of numerous discrete features called decametric arcs which are observed at all Jovian longitudes. It is generally believed that these arcs are produced by an interaction of Io with the Jovian magnetosphere. In this paper we propose that the large number of decametric arcs is caused by multiple reflections of a standing Alfven wave current system excited by Io. Estimates of the reflection coefficient at the ionosphere and other damping processes show that a large number of reflections can occur, with the Alfven wave current system possibly extending completely around Jupiter. This source geometry can account for a number of otherwise puzzling characteristics of the Jovian decametric radiations,

Gurnett, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Multiple scattering effects on wave propagation due to rain

The paper examines the multiple scattering of microwaves due to rain and the resulting incoherent intensity for a plane wave incident on a plane-parallel rain region. General formulations of the transfer equation using Stokes parameters are presented, and an extinction matrix which takes into account depolarization effects and nonspherical droplet shape is introduced. Scattering characteristics are calculated for spherical droplets using the Mie solution and the Laws-Parsons distributions. The ratios of incoherent to coherent received powers are calculated at 30 GHz for rain rates of 12.5, 50, 100, and 150 mm/h, rain thicknesses of 3 km and 10 km, and fields of view of 1.5, 5, and 15 deg.

Ishimaru, A.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Kilowatt multiple-path He-3-Ar nuclear-pumped laser

Nuclear lasing of He-3-Ar at 2300-torr total pressure with a thermal neutron flux of 4.3 x 10 to the 16th n/sq cm-sec has resulted in a lasing output power of 1012 W. A multiple-path laser cavity was used with seven passes through the laser medium which was pumped by the He-3(n, p)H-3 nuclear reaction. The thermal neutron lasing threshold flux was 1 x 10 to the 16th n/sq cm-sec. At 600-Torr He-3-(2%)Ar, the threshold flux was 4.7 x 10 to the 15th n/sq cm-sec. This represents the highest-power, largest-volume nuclear laser to date.

Deyoung, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Progress in the growth of wide silicon ribbons by the EFG technique at high speed using multiple growth stations

We report here progress in a program designed to examine the feasibility of large scale production of low-cost silicon sheet substrates for solar cells by the EFG process. A multiple-ribbon EFG station, containing five single-ribbon cartridges, has been continuously operated for a period of 15 hours at a duty cycle of 94%. The average width of the ribbon grown was 5 cm, and the average growth speed was 3.4 cm/min. The cartridge concept of ribbon growth has been extended to successfully grow 10 cm wide ribbon at speeds up to 4 cm/min. Large area (approximately 50 sq cm) solar cells with efficiencies in the range from 8% to 11% (AM1) have been made from ribbon grown in the cartridge systems.

Kalejs, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Performance of silicon solar cells fabricated from multiple Czochralski ingots grown by using a single crucible

Results on the performance of solar cells fabricated on wafers from multiple silicon ingots of large diameter, grown by using a single crucible and a sequential melt replenishment Czochralski (CZO) technique are presented. Samples were analyzed for resistivity, dislocation density and impurity content. Solar cells were fabricated from the seed, center and tang end of each ingot to evaluate the growth reproducibility and material quality. The cell efficiency within a given wafer varies by no more than plus or minus 5% of the average value. A small but consistent decrease in the cell efficiency is observed from the first to the fourth ingot grown from a single crucible. This decrease may be related to an increase in impurity content or dislocation density or a combination of both. The efficiency of the cells fabricated from the tang end of the fourth ingot is about 10% lower than that of the control cell. An impurity effects model is employed to correlate this decrease in efficiency with the impurity build-up in the residual melt.

Kachare, A. H.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Remote sensing of temperature profiles in vegetation canopies using multiple view angles and inversion techniques

A mathematical method is presented which allows the determination of vertical temperature profiles of vegetation canopies from multiple sensor view angles and some knowledge of the vegetation geometric structure. The technique was evaluated with data from several wheat canopies at different stages of development, and shown to be most useful in the separation of vegetation and substrate temperatures with greater accuracy in the case of intermediate and dense vegetation canopies than in sparse ones. The converse is true for substrate temperatures. Root-mean-square prediction accuracies of temperatures for intermediate-density wheat canopies were 1.8 C and 1.4 C for an exact and an overdeterminate system, respectively. The findings have implication for remote sensing research in agriculture, geology or other earth resources disciplines.

Kimes, D. S.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Performance of code division multiple access systems

The performance of code division multiple-access (CDMA) systems is determined using direct sequence spectral spreading. Under relatively ideal conditions, the degradation in system performance as a function of the number of users is shown to have a threshold effect. This basic limitation in the number of users of the system is further limited if the powers are unequal. For two users, system performance as a function of their power ratio also has a threshold effect. System performance as a function of the amount of spectral spreading is determined. The performance of both coded and uncoded systems is predicted.

Weber, C. L.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Heart rate, multiple body temperature, long-range and long-life telemetry system for free-ranging animals

The design details and rationale for a versatile, long-range, long-life telemetry data acquisition system for heart rates and body temperatures at multiple locations from free-ranging animals are presented. The design comprises an implantable transmitter for short to medium range transmission, a receiver retransmitter collar to be worn for long-range transmission, and a signal conditioner interface circuit to assist in signal discrimination and demodulation of receiver or tape-recorded audio outputs. Implanted electrodes are used to obtain an ECG, from which R-wave characteristics are selected to trigger a short RF pulse. Pulses carrying heart rate information are interrupted periodically by a series of pulse interval modulated RF pulses conveying temperature information sensed at desired locations by thermistors. Pulse duration and pulse sequencing are used to discriminate between heart rate and temperature pulses as well as radio frequency interference. The implanted transmitter may be used alone for medium and short-range tracking, or with a receiver-transmitter collar that employs commercial tracking equipment for transmissions of up to 12 km. A system prototype has been tested on a dog.

Lund, G. F.↗

NASA NTRS1981

On the multiple scattering of VHF/UHF waves in the equatorial ionosphere

Using amplitude data of radio beacons at 40, 140, and 360 MHz from ATS 6 (phase II), an attempt has been made to study scattering of these waves in the equatorial ionosphere. A comparison of observed scintillation index S sub 4 with the theoretical results of the multiple scattering approach and variation of autocorrelation time with frequency indicates that this theory explains the results to a large extent. A comparison of power spectra of amplitude records with the ionograms of a nearby equatorial station has led to the following conclusions: the change from a weak scattering regime to a strong scattering regime is gradual and occurs because of the gradual decrease in the scale size of the irregularities (i.e., broadening of the spectra) and the gradual increase in the thickness of the irregular region.

Vats, H. O.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Observations of circumstellar carbon monoxide and evidence for multiple ejections in red giants

Observations of the fundamental 4.6 micron band of CO in nine red giants are presented. A common feature is multiple absorption lines which are identified as products of separate components or shells. Column densities are derived; the relative values should be free of the uncertainties inherent in determining the absolute scale. These column densities are well fitted by single excitation temperatures for each absorption component; these excitation temperatures are identified with the local kinetic temperatures. There is no correlation of CO column density with either gas or dust column density nor of the expansion velocity of the component with its distance from the star. The evidence is reviewed, and it is concluded that mass loss from red giants is most likely episodic in nature.

Bernat, A. P.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Instability of non-zonal baroclinic flows - Multiple-scale analysis

The linear instability of a non-zonal flow can be reduced to an eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem, governed by a nonseparable partial differential equation (Niehaus, 1980). Approximate solutions, found by the method of multiple scales, are derived here and compared with earlier results found using a spectral method. The amplitude maxima are correctly located. The zonal variations of local wavenumber and of amplitude are qualitatively correct, but not sufficiently extreme. Because the method is oversensitive to local conditions, and less sensitive to global constraints, this comparison provides theoretical limits to the possibility of parameterizing transient eddies in terms of the local time mean state of the atmosphere. The method can be extended easily to flows with more realistic vertical structure.

Niehaus, M. C. W.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Retrieval of aerosol size distributions from scattering and extinction measurements in the presence of multiple scattering

A fast technique, based on approximation to atmospheric radiative transfer in the solar aureole, is presented for the retrieval of aerosol size distribution from multispectral measurements of both scattered sky radiance and extinction by aerosol media. In this approximation, it is assumed that for a relatively clear day, the sky radiance is due to single scattering by molecules and aerosols, and to multiple scattering by molecules alone. The accuracy of this approximation is discussed in connection with the inversion of scattered radiation data. Results for aerosol size distributions retrieved from multispectral solar extinction measurements by the nonlinear least squares method are discussed, and the retrievals are found to be accurate when checked against ground truth measurements.

Deepak, A.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Multiple-Panel Cylindrical Solar Concentrator

Trough composed of many panels concentrates Sun's energy on solar cells, even when trough is not pointed directly at Sun. Tolerates deviation as great as 5 degrees from direction of sun. For terrestrial applications, multiple-flat-plate design offers potential cost reduction and ease of fabrication.

Brown, E. M.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Coherent multiple tone technique for ground based SPS phase control

The ground based phase control concept was studied as an alternative approach to the reference SPS phase control system. The details of the ground based phase control system study are documented. The coherent multiple tone technique used for the ground based phase measurement waveform design and phase control system is summarized.

Chie, C. M.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Multiple man-machine interfaces

The multiple man machine interfaces inherent in military pilot training, their social implications, and the issue of possible negative feedback were explored. Modern technology has produced machines which can see, hear, and touch with greater accuracy and precision than human beings. Consequently, the military pilot is more a systems manager, often doing battle against a target he never sees. It is concluded that unquantifiable human activity requires motivation that is not intrinsic in a machine.

Stanton, L.↗

NASA NTRS1981

E-beam generated holographic masks for optical vector-matrix multiplication

An optical vector matrix multiplication scheme that encodes the matrix elements as a holographic mask consisting of linear diffraction gratings is proposed. The binary, chrome on glass masks are fabricated by e-beam lithography. This approach results in a fairly simple optical system that promises both large numerical range and high accuracy. A partitioned computer generated hologram mask was fabricated and tested. This hologram was diagonally separated outputs, compact facets and symmetry about the axis. The resultant diffraction pattern at the output plane is shown. Since the grating fringes are written at 45 deg relative to the facet boundaries, the many on-axis sidelobes from each output are seen to be diagonally separated from the adjacent output signals.

Arnold, S. M.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Multiple pure tone elimination strut assembly

An acoustic noise elimination assembly is disclosed which has a capability for disrupting the continuity of fields of sound pressures forwardly projected from fans or rotors of a type commonly found in the fan or compressor first stage for air-breathing engines, when operating at tip speeds in the supersonic range. The assembly includes a tubular cowl defining a duct for delivering an air stream axially into the intake for a jet engine. A sound barrier, defined by a number of intersecting flat plates or struts has a line of intersection coincident with a longitudinal axis of the tubular cowl, which serves to disrupt the continuity of rotating fields of multiple pure tonal components of noise.

Burcham, F. W.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Effects of multiple scattering and surface albedo on the photochemistry of the troposphere

The effect of treatment of incoming solar radiation on the photochemistry of the troposphere is discussed. A one dimensional photochemical model of the troposphere containing the species of the nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur families was developed. The vertical flux is simulated by use of the parameterized eddy diffusion coefficients. The photochemical model is coupled to a radiative transfer model that calculates the radiation field due to the incoming solar radiation which initiates much of the photochemistry of the troposphere. Vertical profiles of tropospheric species were compared with the Leighton approximation, radiative transfer, matrix inversion model. The radiative transfer code includes the effects of multiple scattering due to molecules and aerosols, pure absorption, and surface albedo on the transfer of incoming solar radiation. It is indicated that significant differences exist for several key photolysis frequencies and species number density profiles between the Leighton approximation and the profiles generated with, radiative transfer, matrix inversion technique. Most species show enhanced vertical profiles when the more realistic treatment of the incoming solar radiation field is included

Augustsson, T. R.↗