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At least 1,639 records · Page 91
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Exploring the veiled planet

An overview of data obtained from various experiments which characterize geological features and atmospheric properties of Venus is presented. Data from the two Pioneer sounder probes (one located at Venus's equator and the other near the north pole) exhibit a reversal in the equator-to-pole temperature patterns at 60 km altitude which suggests that two circulation cells exist within the atmospheric region. However, the atmospheric temperature and pressure beneath the clouds are found to be nearly identical everywhere on Venus and both temperature and pressure conditions at the surface are lower than first expected. The identification of sulphur dioxide clouds which appear to coincide with Venus's characteristic global patterns of C- and Y-shaped dark markings support the hypothesis of a regular pattern of planet spanning breaks in the upper cloud layer. Explanations of a Venus sulphur cycle and of observed magnetic field structures are suggested

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1979

Sunspots and the physics of magnetic flux tubes. I - The general nature of the sunspot. II - Aerodynamic drag

Analysis of the dynamical stability of a large flux tube suggests that the field of a sunspot must divide into many separate tubes within the first 1000 km below the surface. Buoyancy of the Wilson depression at the visible surface and probably also a downdraft beneath the sunspot hold the separate tubes in a loose cluster. Convective generation of Alfven waves, which are emitted preferentially downward, cools the tubes. Aerodynamic drag on a slender flux tube stretched vertically across a convective cell is also studied. Since the drag is approximately proportional to the local kinetic energy density, the density stratification weights the drag in favor of the upper layers. Horizontal motions concentrated in the bottom of the convective cell may reverse this density effect. A downdraft of about two km/sec through the flux tubes beneath the sunspot is hypothesized.

Parker, E. N.↗
DOE OSTI2026

The superconducting diode effect in Josephson junctions fabricated from a structurally chiral superconductor

The superconducting diode effect occurs in superconducting materials in which both time-reversal and inversion symmetry are broken. The recently observed chirality-induced spin selectivity effect demonstrates that chiral materials break both symmetries. Thus, a Josephson junction interface with the left-handed structure on one side of the junction and the right-handed structure on the other should exhibit a diode effect. Here, we report the electrical transport properties of right-handed/left-handed and right-handed/right-handed devices fabricated from single crystals of the structurally chiral superconductor Mo 3 Al 2 C. Fraunhofer-like magnetic diffraction patterns confirm the presence of the Josephson effect in all but one of our devices. A magnetic-field-induced superconducting diode effect is demonstrated in the right-handed/left-handed devices by a statistically significant difference in I c + and ∣ I c −∣, with a maximum asymmetry of 5%. The intrinsic superconducting diode effect is not observed in the right-handed/right-handed devices. We provide an explanation for the presence of the superconducting diode effect in the right-handed/left-handed devices.

superconducting devices↗
DOE OSTI2011

On the dispersion features of whistler waves in almost pure ion plasmas

It is shown that in a multi-ion plasma of moderate density enriched by a large amount of negatively charged ions and/or heavy particulates, the lower cutoff frequencies of the electron whistler and the Z-mode (extraordinary) waves tend to each other, approaching the ion plasma frequency {omega}{sub pi}. The evolution of the dispersion curves {omega}(k, {theta}) of both wave modes is studied as a function of the relative electron density, beginning from the case of a moderate density plasma with comparable values of electron gyro- and plasma frequencies and {omega}{sub pi} essentially exceeding the ions' gyrofrequencies. When the fraction of free electrons is very small the transparency frequency domain of the electron whistler mode becomes very narrow, being located in the vicinity of {omega}{sub pi}. If the negatively charged ions have the smallest specific charges among other ion species then, under similar conditions, the so-called crossover effect and the accompanying polarization sense reverse can occur at frequencies essentially greater than the ions' gyrofrequencies. The revealed effects are characteristic of plasmas with excess of electronegative gas molecules or dust particulates highly adhesive to electrons, i.e., almost pure ion plasmas and/or pair-ion plasmas with extra small fractions of free electrons. Moreover, it is found that the vanishingly small electron fraction providing the same value of the electron whistler ion cutoff frequency normalized to the ion plasma frequency is essentially less for pair fullerene C{sub 60}{sup {+-}} than for pair hydrogen H{sup {+-}} plasmas. The technique to determine {omega}{sub pi} using the evolution of the whistler wave magnetic field polarization ellipse is also described.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Room-temperature polarization switching and antiferromagnetic coupling in epitaxial (Ga,Fe){sub 2}O{sub 3}/SrRuO{sub 3} heterostructures

Room-temperature reversible remnant polarization of gallium ferrite thin-films is reported as a multiferroic material with non-zero order parameters of polarization and magnetization. With the addition of Fe ions in Ga sites, Ga{sub 0.6}Fe{sub 1.4}O{sub 3} (GFO) thin films have been considered as potentially promising of multiferroicity. The b-axis oriented epitaxial GFO films were grown on SrRuO{sub 3}(111)/SrTiO{sub 3}(111). The six-fold symmetric in-plane epitaxy of the GFO films was confirmed using X-ray diffraction. The magnetic moment of the films was measured as a function of temperature and external magnetic field, which shows a room-temperature non-zero magnetization. Macroscopic and microscopic methods have been applied to demonstrate the polarization switching of the films. The remnant polarization is measured as 0.05 μC/cm{sup 2}. Reduction of leaky behaviors of the GFO films owing to the conducting oxide of SrRuO{sub 3} will pave a way to take advantage of the room-temperature non-zero multi-orders for future non-volatile memory device applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1973

Whistler waves observed upstream from collisionless shocks

Waves in the frequency range 0.5 - 4 Hz were studied in the region upstream of the earth's bow shock using data from the fluxgate magnetic field experiment on IMP-6. Analysis of 150 examples of these waves during a three month interval indicates that amplitudes are generally less than 1 or 2 gammas and propagation directions generally make angles of between 20 and 40 degrees with the field direction. The waves as measured in the spacecraft frame of reference are either left or right hand polarized with respect to the average field direction. It is concluded that the observed waves are right handed waves in the plasma frame of reference with wavelengths of approximately 100 km propagating upstream in the whistler mode. Doppler shifting reduces the observed frequencies in the spacecraft frame and reverses the observed polarization for those waves propagating more directly upstream. Similar waves are seen ahead of most interplanetary shocks.

Fairfield, D. H.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Current channel evolution in ideal Z pinch for general velocity profiles

Recent diagnostic advances in gas-puff Z pinches at the Weizmann Institute for the first time allow the reconstruction of the current flow as a function of time and radius. These experiments show an unexpected radially-outward motion of the current channel, as the plasma moves radially-inward. In this paper, a mechanism that could explain this current evolution is described. Here, we examine the impact of advection on the distribution of current in a cylindrically symmetric plasma. In the case of metric compression, |v r | ∝ r, the current enclosed between each plasma fluid element and the axis is conserved, and so the current profile maintains its shape. We show that for more general velocity profiles, this simple behavior quickly breaks down, allowing for non-conservation of current in a compressing conductor, rapid redistribution of the current density, and even for the formation of reverse currents. In particular, a specific inward radial velocity profile is shown to result in radially-outward motion of the current channel, recovering the surprising current evolution discovered at the Weizmann Institute.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

On resistive interchange, double tearing, and resonant and non-resonant infernal modes in spherical tokamak negative central shear discharges

We examine the linear and nonlinear stability of a sequence of reversed shear NSTX equilibria with the same toroidal current density and pressure profile but with different toroidal field strengths. All equilibria have two q = 2 surfaces and have q > 1 everywhere. For this sequence, which all have β P ∼ 0.5, as the minimum value of q decreases below about 1.4, the localized resistive interchange criterion is strongly violated, and the unstable mode with toroidal mode number n=1 changes its dominant poloidal mode number m from a (m,n)=(2,1) double tearing mode to a non-resonant (1,1) infernal mode. This (1,1) mode nonlinearly flattens both the current density and the pressure near the magnetic axis. The higher-n unstable modes are all resistive infernal modes localized around the surface where q has a minimum and the magnetic shear vanishes. They generally saturate nonlinearly at low amplitude but can cause magnetic surface breakup near the axis.

Spitzer resistivity↗
DOE OSTI2012

Small-angle neutron scattering study of magnetic ordering and inhomogeneity across the martensitic phase transformation in Ni 50–x Co x Mn₄₀Sn₁₀ alloys

The Heusler-derived multiferroic alloy Ni 50–x Co x Mn₄₀Sn₁₀ has recently been shown to exhibit, at just above room temperature, a highly reversible martensitic phase transformation with an unusually large magnetization change. In this work the nature of the magnetic ordering above and below this transformation has been studied in detail in the critical composition range x = 6–8 via temperature-dependent (5–600 K) magnetometry and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We observe fairly typical paramagnetic to long-range-ordered ferromagnetic phase transitions on cooling to 420–430 K, with the expected critical spin fluctuations, followed by first-order martensitic phase transformations to a nonferromagnetic state below 360–390 K. The static magnetization reveals complex magnetism in this low-temperature nonferromagnetic phase, including a Langevin-like field dependence, distinct spin freezing near 60 K, and significant exchange bias effects, consistent with superparamagnetic blocking of ferromagnetic clusters of nanoscopic dimensions. We demonstrate that these spin clusters, whose existence has been hypothesized in a variety of martensitic alloys exhibiting competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, can be directly observed by SANS. The scattering data are consistent with a liquidlike spatial distribution of interacting magnetic clusters with a mean center-to-center spacing of 12 nm. Considering the behavior of the superparmagnetism, cooling-field and temperature-dependent exchange bias, and magnetic SANS, we discuss in detail the physical form and origin of these spin clusters, their intercluster interactions, the nature of the ground-state magnetic ordering in the martensitic phase, and the implications for our understanding of such alloy systems.

Bhatti, Kanwal Preet↗
NASA NTRS1987

Simultaneous measurements of the magnetopause and flux transfer events at widely separated sites by AMPTE UKS and ISEE 1 and 2

On September 19, 1984, the ISEE 1 and 2 and AMPTE UKS and IRM spacecraft pairs crossed the dayside magnetopause at nearly the same universal time and magnetic local time but at much different latitudes. This fortuitous ocurrence allows the magnetopause and flux transfer events (FTEs) to be studied at two widely separated sites simultaneously. FTEs are observed at both locations, those at UKS having standard normal component signatures, while those at ISEE have reverse signatures. The FTEs at UKS, closer to the equator, appear to have less helicity, or 'twistedness' than those at ISEE far to the south. By identifying FTEs using the stringent Rijnbeek et al. (1984) criterion for the bipolar B(n) signature it might be concluded that FTEs are not necessarily detected simultaneously at UKS and ISEE. However, careful analysis of the field strength behavior at ISEE does reveal evidence that FTEs are indeed observed at both sites simultaneously. While within the magnetosphere, AMPTE and ISEE both observe a coherent field rarefaction coupled with a tilt; it is speculated that the signature is associated with time-dependent dayside magnetopause reconnection.

Elphic, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1995

NASA Tech Briefs, November 1995

The contents include: 1) Mission Accomplished; 2) Resource Report: Marshall Space Flight Center; 3) NASA 1995 Software of the Year Award; 4) Microbolometers Based on Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O(sub 7-x) Thin Films; 5) Garnet Random-Access Memory; 6) Fabrication of SNS Weak Links on SOS Substrates; 7) High-Voltage MOSFET Switching Circuit; 8) Asymmetric Switching for a PWM H-Bridge Power Circuit; 9) Better Ohmic Contacts for InP Semiconductor Devices; 10) Low-Bandgap Thermovoltaic Materials and Devices; 11) Digital Frequency-Differencing Circuit; 12) Imaging Magnetometer; 13) Computer-Assisted Monitoring of a Complex System; 14) Buffered Telemetry Demodulator; 15) Compact Multifunction Inspection Head; 16) Optical Detection of Fractures in Ceramic Diaphragms; 17) Eddy-Current Detection of Cracks in Reinforced Carbon/Carbon; 18) Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Insulation; 19) Optimizing Misch-Metal Compositions in Metal Hydride Anodes; 20) Device for Sampling Surface Contamination; 21) Probabilistic Failure Assessment for Fatigue; 22) Probabilistic Fatigue and Flaw-Propagation Analysis; 23) Windows Program for Driving the TDU-850 Printer; 24) Subband/Transform MATLAB Functions for Processing Images; 25) Computing Equilibrium Chemical Compositions; 26) Program Processes Thermocouple Readings; 27) ICAN-Second-Generation Integrated Composite Analyzer; 28) Integrated Composite Analyzer with Damping Capabilities; 29) Computing Efficiency of Transfer of Microwave Power; 30) Program Calculates Power Demands of Electronic Designs; 31) Cost-Estimation Program; 32) Program Estimates Areas Required by Electronic Designs; 33) Program to Balance Mapped Turbopump Assemblies; 34) BiblioTech; 35) Controlling Mirror Tilt With a Bimorph Actuator; 36) Burst-Disk Device Simulates Effect of Pyrotechnic Device; 37) Bearing-Mounting Concept Accommodates Thermal Expansion; 38) Parallel-Plate Acoustic Absorbers for Hot Environments; 39) Adjustable-Length Strut Withstands Large Cyclic Loads; 40) Tool Indicates Contact Angles in Bearing Raceways; 41) Gravity Slides With Magnetic Braking; 42) High-Torque, Lightweight, Pneumatically Driven Wrench for Small Spaces; 43) Device for Testing Compatibility of an O-Ring; 44) Magnetic Heat Pump Containing Flow Diverters; 45) Variable-Tilt Helicopter Rotor Mast; 46) "Beach-Ball" Robotic Rovers; 47) Apparatus Would Measure Temperatures of Ball Bearings; 48) Flexible Borescope for Inspecting Ducts; 49) Texturing Copper To Reduce Secondary Emission of Electrons; 50) Automated Laser Cutting in Three Dimensions; 51) Algorithm Helps Monitor Engine Operation; 52) Flexible Revision of Data-Processing Communications; 53) Software for Managing the Use of Land; 54) Thermal Strap Increases Cryocooling Efficiency; 55) Reversible Nut With Engagement Indication; 56) Control Algorithms for Kinematically Redundant Manipulators; 57) Computed Hydrogen-Flow Splits in a Rocket Engine; 58) Pressure and Thermal Modeling of Rocket Launches; 59) Field of View of a Spacecraft Antenna: Analysis and Software; 60) Digital Controller for Laser-Beam-Steering Subsystem; 61) More About Beam-Steering Subsystem for Laser Communication; 62) Digital Controller for Laser-Beam-Steering Subsystem: Part 2; 63) Interface Circuit Board for Space-Shuttle Communications; 64) Automated Planning of Spacecraft Telecommunications; 65) Artifacts of Spectral Analysis of Instrument Readings; 66) Neural-Network Controller for Vibration Suppression; 67) Adaptive Finite-Element Computation in Fracture Mechanics; 68) Attitude Control for the Cassini Spacecraft; 69) Analytical Model for Fluid Dynamics in a Microgravity Environment; 70) Study of Rocket-Engine Joints Bonded by NVCU/NARloy-Z; 71) Improved Silicon Nitride for Advanced Heat Engines; 72) Parameters for Welding Aluminum/Lithium Alloys; 73) Lightweight Composite Intertank Structure; 74) Foil Patches Seal Small Vacuum Leaks; 75) Data Base on Cables and Connectors; 76) Effect of Clock Mode on Radiation Hardnessf an ADC; and 77) Fault-Tolerant Control for a Robotic Inspection System.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effects of magnetic configuration on divertor power and particle deposition for long pulse operation in EAST

The magnetic configuration exhibits a strong influence on the dynamics of Edge Localized Modes (ELMs), as demonstrated in the EAST superconducting tokamak. Here we find that poloidal drifts play an important role in particle deposition during the ELMs, leading to a strong up/down asymmetry in the double null divertor configuration, favoring the upper divertor for normal toroidal field, Bt, i.e., with the ion ∇B drift towards the bottom, while the heat flux distribution appears to be rather uniform during ELMs. These observations are well reproduced by the boundary plasma turbulence code, BOUT++. As divertor pumping was only available at the bottom, the preferential particle flow towards the bottom divertor associated with reverse Bt led to a preferred scenario for long pulse operation in EAST.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Instabilities in neutrino systems induced by interactions with scalars

If there are scalar particles of small or moderate mass coupled very weakly to Dirac neutrinos, in a minimal way, then neutrino-anti-neutrino clouds of sufficient number density can experience an instability in which helicities are suddenly reversed. The predicted collective evolution is many orders of magnitude faster than given by cross section calculations. The instabilities are the analogue of the 'flavor-angle' instabilities (enabled by the Z exchange force) that may drive very rapid flavor exchange among the neutrinos that emerge from a supernova. These exchanges do require a tiny seed in addition to the scalar couplings, but the transition time is proportional to the negative of the logarithm of the seed strength, so that the size of this parameter is comparatively unimportant. For our actual estimates we use a tiny nonconservation of leptons; an alternative would be a neutrino magnetic moment in a small magnetic field. The possibility of a quantum fluctuation as a seed is also discussed. Operating in the mode of putting limits on the coupling constant of the scalar field, for the most minimal coupling scheme, with independent couplings to all three {nu}, we find a rough limit on the dimensionless coupling constant for a neutrino-flavor independent coupling of G<10{sup -10}, to avoid the effective number of light neutrinos in the early universe being essentially six. If, on the other hand, we wish to fine-tune the model to give a more modest excess (over three) in the effective neutrino number, as may be needed according to recent WMAP analyses, it is easy to do so.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Stripe helical magnetism and two regimes of anomalous Hall effect in NdAlGe

Here, we report the magnetic and electronic transport properties of the inversion and time-reversal symmetry breaking Weyl semimetal NdAlGe. This material is analogous to NdAlSi, whose helical magnetism presents a rare example of a Weyl-mediated collective phenomenon, but with a larger spin-orbit coupling. Our neutron diffraction experiments revealed that NdAlGe, similar to NdAlSi, supports an incommensurate spin density wave (T inc =6.8 K) whose spins are predominantly pointing along the out-of-plane direction and have a small helical spin canting of 3°. The spin density wave has a long wavelength of ≈35 nm and transitions to a commensurate ferrimagnetic state below T com =5.1K. Using small-angle neutron scattering, we showed that the zero-field cooled ferrimagnetic domains form stripes in real space with characteristic length scales of 18 and 72 nm parallel and perpendicular to the [110] direction, respectively. Interestingly, for the transport properties, NdAlSi does not exhibit an anomalous Hall effect (AHE) that is commonly observed in magnetic Weyl semimetals. In contrast to NdAlSi, we identify two different AHE regimes in NdAlGe that are, respectively, governed by intrinsic Berry curvature and extrinsic disorders/spin fluctuations. Our paper suggests that Weyl-mediated magnetism prevails in this group of noncentrosymmetric magnetic Weyl semimetals NdAlX, but transport properties including AHE are affected by material-specific extrinsic effects such as disorders, despite the presence of prominent Berry curvature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Reversible switching of ferromagnetism in ZnCuO nanorods by electric field

The reproducible switching of ferromagnetism in ZnCuO nanorods by applying a reversible electric field has been realized. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images showed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with no detectable trace of secondary phase or precipitation of Cu impurity in the ZnCuO nanorods. The Cu concentrations in the ZnCuO nanorods were tested by energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and found to be about 2.7 at. %. The switching mechanism is confirmed in terms of the formation and rupture of conductive filaments, with oxygen vacancies (V{sub O}) localized mainly on surface of the ZnCuO nanorods. Subsequently, the variation of V{sub O} concentration during the resistive switching process modulates the ferromagnetism of the ZnCuO nanorods. The saturation magnetization at low resistance state is apparently 6.4 times larger than that at high resistance state for an Au/ZnCuO/ITO structure. An indirect double-exchange model has been used to explain the ferromagnetism in ZnCuO nanorods.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1989

Large-scale fluctuations in the solar wind at 1 AU - 1978-1982

The large-scale fluctuations in the strength of the magnetic field B and the bulk speed V at 1 AU were investigated on the basis of hourly averages of IMP 8 and ISEE 3 data compiled by Couzens and King (1986). The power spectra of the intermediate frequency fluctuations in B at 1 AU had the form of a power law with exponent 1.92 + or - 0.06 during the 1978-1982 interval. The contributions of jumps to the spectra of the large-scale fluctuations in B and V were studied for the interval from days 226 to 365, 1978, which is representative of other such intervals. Of the jumps in B, 22 percent have the signature of a forward or reverse shock.

Burlaga, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Long-Term Solar Activity Studies Using Microwave Imaging Observations and Prediction for Cycle 25

We use microwave imaging observations from the Nobeyama Radioheliograph at 17 GHz for long-term studies of solar activity. In particular, we use the polar and low-latitude brightness temperatures as proxies to the polar magnetic field and the active-regions, respectively. We also use the location of prominence eruptions as a proxy to the filament locations as a function of time. We show that the polar microwave brightness temperature is highly correlated with the polar magnetic field strength and the fast solar wind speed. We also show that the polar microwave brightness at one cycle is correlated with the low latitude brightness with a lag of about half a solar cycle. We use this correlation to predict the strength of the solar cycle: the smoothed sunspot numbers in the southern and northern hemispheres can be predicted as 89 and 59, respectively. These values indicate that cycle 25 will not be too different from cycle 24 in its strength. We also combined the rush to the pole data from Nobeyama prominences with historical data going back to 1860 to study the north-south asymmetry of sign reversal at solar poles. We find that the reversal asymmetry has a quasi-periodicity of 3-5 cycles.

N. Gopalswamy↗
DOE OSTI2011

Characterization of the ground X{sub 1} state of {sup 204}Pb{sup 19}F, {sup 206}Pb{sup 19}F, {sup 207}Pb{sup 19}F, and {sup 208}Pb{sup 19}F

Pure rotational spectra of the ground electronic-vibrational X{sub 1} state of {sup 204}Pb{sup 19}F, {sup 206}Pb{sup 19}F, {sup 207}Pb{sup 19}F, and {sup 208}Pb{sup 19}F are measured with a resonator pulsed supersonic jet Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. Also reported is a new measurement of the Stark effect on the optical spectra of A(leftarrow)X{sub 1} transitions. These spectra are combined with published high-resolution infrared spectra of X{sub 2}{r_reversible}X{sub 1} transitions in order to create a complete picture of the ground state of lead monofluoride. For the microwave data, molecules are prepared by laser ablation of lead target rods and stabilized in a supersonic jet of neon mixed with sulfur hexafluoride. For the optical Stark spectra, a continuous source of molecules is created in a nozzle heated to 1000 deg. C. The microwave spectra confirm, improve, and extend previously reported constants that describe the rotational, spin-orbit, and hyperfine interactions of the ground electronic state of the PbF molecule. A discrepancy concerning the sign of the hyperfine constant describing the {sup 207}Pb nucleus is discussed. Magnetic-field-dependent microwave spectra are used to characterize the Zeeman interaction in terms of two g factors of the body-fixed electronic wave function. The optical Stark spectra are used to characterize the electric dipole moment of the X{sub 1} and A states.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗