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At least 1,639 records · Page 91
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1952

Preliminary Results of Cyclical De-Icing of a Gas-Heated Airfoil

An NACA 65(sub 1)-212 airfoil of 8-foot chord was provided with a gas-heated leading edge for investigations of cyclical de-icing. De-icing was accomplished with intermittent heating of airfoil segments that supplied hot gas to chordwise passages in a double-skin construction. Ice removal was facilitated by a spanwise leading-edge parting strip which was continuously heated from the gas-supply duct. Preliminary results demonstrate that satisfactory cyclical ice removal occurs with ratios of cycle time to heat-on period (cycle ratio) from 10 to 26. For minimum runback, efficient ice removal, and minimum total heat input, short heat-on periods of about 15 seconds with heat-off periods of 260 seconds gave the best results. In the range of conditions investigated, the prime variables in the determination of the required heat input for cyclical ice removal were the air temperature and the cycle ratio; heat-off period, liquid water content, airspeed, and angle of attack had only secondary effects on heat input rate.

Gray, V. H.↗
NASA NTRS1951

Comparison of Heat Transfer from Airfoil in Natural and Simulated Icing Conditions

An investigation of the heat transfer from an airfoil in clear air and in simulated icing conditions was conducted in the NACA Lewis 6- by 9-foot icing-research tunnel in order to determine the validity of heat-transfer data as obtained in the tunnel. This investiation was made on the same model NACA 65,2-016 airfoil section used in a previous flight study, under similar heating, icing, and operating conditions. The effect of tunnel turbulence, in clear air and in icingwas indicated by the forward movement of transition from laminar to turbulent heat transfer. An analysis of the flight results showed the convective heat transfer in icing to be considerably different from that measured in clear air and. only slightly different from that obtained in the icing-research tunnel during simulated icing.

Gelder, Thomas F.↗
NASA NTRS1981

An optical model for the microwave properties of sea ice

The complex refractive index of sea ice is modeled and used to predict the microwave signatures of various sea ice types. Results are shown to correspond well with the observed values of the complex index inferred from dielectic constant and dielectric loss measurements performed in the field, and with observed microwave signatures of sea ice. The success of this modeling procedure vis a vis modeling of the dielectric properties of sea ice constituents used earlier by several others is explained. Multiple layer radiative transfer calculations are used to predict the microwave properties of first-year sea ice with and without snow, and multiyear sea ice.

Gloersen, P.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Antarctic sea ice cover from satellite passive microwave

The 3-day images from the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer were combined to form monthly average maps and contour plots. These show clearly the yearly cycle from minimum ice extent in February to maximum ice extent from August to September and the spatial distribution of ice 15 to 50 percent concentrated, 50 to 85 percent concentrated, and 85 to 100 percent concentrated. The yearly cycle of the monthly extent of ice is plotted for each of the four years (1973-76). The total 4-year range in monthly mean concentrations (over the 30 km x 30 km grid elements with ice present) is 50 to 80 percent, and the yearly cycle is far less distinct than that for the ice areas.

Zwally, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

An experimental study of airfoil icing characteristics

The present investigation is concerned with the icing characteristics of a general aviation wing section, taking into account selected results from icing wind tunnel tests of the wing section. Drag coefficient increases of about 130 percent were measured for a 20 minute glaze icing encounter and cruise aerodynamic conditions. The drag increased by about 40 percent for a 15 minute rime icing encounter and the same aerodynamic conditions. The considered wing section was found to be less sensitive to rime and glaze ice accretions occurring for the climb aerodynamic conditions. The observed aft frost layer growths contributed significantly to the measured increase in section drag coefficient level. Comparisons of measured increases in section drag coefficient due to the primary ice accretion with predictions of NACA drag correlation indicated agreement was as good as that for the original data upon which the correlation was based.

Shaw, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

NASA Lewis Research Center's program on icing research

NASA is again actively involved in aircraft icing research. This paper briefly describes the new research activity in ice protection systems, icing instrumentation, experimental methods, analytical modeling for the above, and in-flight research. The renewed interest in aircraft icing has come about mainly because of the new need for all-weather helicopters and general aviation aircraft. Because of increased fuel costs, tomorrow's commercial transports also will require new types of ice protection systems compatible with the more efficient high by-pass and turboprop engines. And all types of aircraft require better estimates of the aeropenalties caused by ice on unprotected surfaces.

Reinmann, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Analysis and retracking of continental ice sheet radar altimeter waveforms

The Seasat-1 radar altimeter data set acquired over both the Antarctic and Greenland continental ice sheets is analyzed to obtain corrected ranges to the ice surface. The radar altimeter functional response over the continental ice sheets is considerably more complex than over the oceans. Causal factors identified in this complicated response include sloping surfaces, undulating ice surfaces with characteristic wavelengths on the same spatial scale as the altimeter beam-limited footprint, off-track reflections, and dynamic lag of the altimeter tracking circuit. Retracking methods using the altimeter return pulse waveforms give range corrections that are typically several meters. The entire set of Seasat-1 altimetry over the continental ice sheets is being retracked by fitting a multi-parameter function to each waveform. Many waveforms have double ramps indicating near-normal reflections from two distinct portions of the ice surface within the altimeter beam. Two independent range measurements differing by less than 25 m are obtained from retracking the double-ramp waveforms.

Martin, T. V.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The stability of ground ice in the equatorial region of Mars

The lifetime of an unreplenished layer of ground ice lying within 30 deg of the Martian equator was examined within the context of the existing data base on Martian regolith and climate. Data on the partial pressure of H2O in the Martian atmosphere and the range of mean annual temperatures indicated the ground ice would be restricted to latitudes poleward of 40 deg. However, the ground ice near the poles may be a relic from early Martian geologic times held in place by a thin layer of regolith. Consideration of twelve model pore size distributions, similar to silt- and clay-type earth soils, was combined with a parallel pore model of gaseous diffusion to calculate the flux of H2O molecules escaping from the subsurface ground ice layer. Martian equatorial ground ice was found to be influenced by the soil structure, the magnitude of the geothermal gradient, the climatic desorption of CO2 from the regolith. It is concluded that equatorial ground ice is present on Mars only if a process of replenishment is active.

Clifford, S. M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The movement and decay of ice edge bands in the winter Bering Sea

A study of the movement and decay of ice bands in the Bering Sea carried out in March 1981 is described. A pair of radio transponders mounted on ice floes within a band was tracked and the band motion was compared with that of a satellite-tracked buoy deployed in the ice interior. The results show that the bands moved away from the interior pack ice at a speed 30 percent greater than that of the interior ice, that the cause of this band acceleration was very likely the wind-wave radiation stress on the upwind side of the band, and that as the bands moved into warmer water, they decayed both by wind-wave erosion of the upwind edge and by bottom melting. The working of the buoys and the method of deployment are described, as are the band shape, trajectory, and decay. By a calculation of the steady state stress balance on the band, it is shown that the radiation stress can account for the velocity increase of the band relative to the ice interior.

Martin, S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Variability of antarctic sea ice and changes in carbon dioxide

Available data for antarctic sea ice is examined for the presence of long terms trends which could signal a decrease in the total ice amount being brought on by atmospheric warming due to increased CO2 concentrations. The Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer derived ice concentrations from 1972-1976, after which the scanning multifrequency microwave radiometer on the Nimbus 7 spacecraft was used from 1978-1981. Additionally, ship reports, IR data from the NOAA 5 radiometer, and the Landsat visible light scanner were considered. The data were digitized for analyses, which covered seasonal, year-to-year, trends over several years, and interannual seasonal variations. The total ice amplitude varied by 30 pct annually, and decreases in one area corresponded to increases in ice in others. No particular long-term trends were observed, and it is suggested that the satellite ice coverage data be extended in time in order to uncover any trends that extend beyond 9 yr.

Zwally, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Radar and infrared remote sensing of terrain, water resources, arctic sea ice, and agriculture

Radar range measurements, basic waveforms of radar systems, and radar displays are initially described. These are followed by backscatter from several types of terrain and vegetation as a function of frequency and grazing angle. Analytical models for this backscatter include the facet models of radar return, with range-angle, velocity-range, velocity-angle, range, velocity, and angular only discriminations. Several side-looking airborne radar geometries are presented. Radar images of Arctic sea ice, fresh water lake ice, cloud-covered terrain, and related areas are presented to identify applications of radar imagery. Volume scatter models are applied to radar imagery from alpine snowfields. Short pulse ice thickness radar for subsurface probes is discussed in fresh-water ice and sea ice detection. Infrared scanners, including multispectral, are described. Diffusion of cold water into a river, Arctic sea ice, power plant discharges, volcanic heat, and related areas are presented in thermal imagery. Multispectral radar and infrared imagery are discussed, with comparisons of photographic, infrared, and radar imagery of the same terrain or subjects.

Biggs, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Pilot study and evaluation of a SMMR-derived sea ice data base

Data derived from the Nimbus 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) are discussed and the types of problems users have with satellite data are documented. The development of software for assessing the SMMR data is mentioned. Two case studies were conducted to verify the SMMR-derived sea ice concentrations and multi-year ice fractions. The results of a survey of potential users of SMMR data are presented, along with SMMR-derived sea ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction maps. The interaction of the Arctic atmosphere with the ice was studied using the Nimbus 7 SMMR. In addition, the characteristics of ice in the Arctic ocean were determined from SMMR data.

Barry, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Viscosity of rock-ice mixtures and applications to the evolution of icy satellites

Theory and experiments are used to establish lower and upper bounds on the ratio of actual viscosity to pure ice viscosity for a suspension of rock particles in a water ice matrix. A rheological model for rock-ice mixtures is described, establishing bounds for the range of possible viscosity enhancements provided by a suspension of silicate spheres in an ice matrix. A parametrized thermal convection model is described and used to determine a criterion for criticality, defined as the heat flow and/or silicate volume fraction for which the satellite temperature profile intercepts the melting curve of water ice. The consequences of achieving this critical state are examined, and it is shown that under certain circumstances a 'runaway' differentiation can occur in which the silicates settle to form a core and extensive melting of water ice takes place, the latent heat being supplied by the gravitational energy of differentiation. A possible application of these results to Ganymede and Callisto is described.

Friedson, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Experimental study of performance degradation of a model helicopter main rotor with simulated ice shapes

An experimental study utilizing a remote controlled model helicopter has been conducted to measure the performance degradation due to simulated ice accretion on the leading edge of the main rotor for hover and forward flight. The 53.375 inch diameter main rotor incorporates a NACA 0012 airfoil with a generic ice shape corresponding to a specified natural ice condition. Thrust coefficients and torque coefficients about the main rotor were measured as a function of velocity, main rotor RPM, angle-of-incidence of the fuselage, collective pitch angle, and extent of spanwise ice accretion. An experimental airfoil data bank has been determined using a two-dimensional twenty-one inch NACA 0012 airfoil with scaled ice accretion shapes identical to that used on the model helicopter main rotor. The corresponding experimental data are discussed with emphasis on Reynolds number effects and ice accretion scale model testing.

Korkan, K. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Ice-Soil Mixtures: Visual and Near-Infrared Remote Sensing Techniques

The spectral properties of ice soil mixtures are reviewed. Water ice has an absorption coefficient which varies by several orders of magnitude in the visual and near infrared, and has several prominent overtone absorptions. Different wavelengths can be used to probe to different depths in the surface as well as for different mineral impurity concentrations. Empirical and/or theoretical models might be used to derive characteristics grain size of the ice or of the impurity minerals and to derive abundance of the ice and rock or soil components. Quantitative analysis of remotely obtained reflectance spectra can only be performed by using absorption features in the spectra of ice and soil, and not by broadband response. It is suggested that this might be done by special selection of several narrow band filters in the near infrared which will adequately define the ice absorptions.

Clark, R. N.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Data report on variations in the composition of sea ice during MIZEX/East'83 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR

Data acquired with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite for a six-week period including the 1983 MIZEX in Fram Strait were analyzed with the use of a previously developed procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. These calculations can compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft in order to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known earlier to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, was of particular interest during this period. The indication of multiyear ice was found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period. Both grid-print maps and grey-scale images of total sea ice concentration and multiyear sea ice fraction for the entire period are included.

Gloersen, P.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Numerical Simulation of North Atlantic Sea Ice Variability, 1951 - 1980

A two-level dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model is used to simulate the growth, drift and decay of sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere during a 30-year period, 1951 to 1980. The model is run with a daily timestep on a 222 km grid and is forced by interanually varying fields of geostrophic wind and temperature-derived thermodynamic fluxes. The objective is a quantitative description of large-scale sea ice variability in terms of the dynamic and thermodynamic processes responsible for the fluctuations, especially in the North Atlantic where sea ice represents a substantial input of fresh water. The fields of ice velocity and thickness contain strong seasonal as well as interannual variability. The mean drift pattern results in thicknesses of 4 to 5 m offshore of northern Canada and Greenland, while winter thicknesses of approximately 2 m are typical of Alaskan. Eurasian and East Greenland coastal waters. The 30-year mean fields are characterized by ecessive ice in the North Atlantic during winter and by a summer retreat that is more rapid than observed.

Walsh, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Processes and imagery of first-year fast sea ice during the melt season

In June and July 1982, a field program was conducted in the Canadian Arctic on Prince Patrick Island to study sea ice during the melt season with in situ measurements and microwave instrumentation operated near the surface and from aircraft. The objective of the program was to measure physical characteristics together with microwave backscatter and emission coefficients of sea ice during this major period of transition. The present paper is concerned with a study of both surface measurements and imagery of first-year fast ice during the melt season. The melting process observed in first-year fast ice was found to begin with the gradual reduction of the snow cover. For a two- to three-day period in this melt stage, a layer of superimposed ice nodules formed at the snow/ice interface as meltwater froze around ice and snow grains.

Holt, B.↗