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At least 1,621 records · Page 90
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DOE OSTI2023

Fracton superfluid hydrodynamics

We examine the hydrodynamics of systems with spontaneously broken multipolar symmetries using a systematic effective field theory. We focus on the simplest nontrivial setting: a system with charge and dipole symmetry, but without momentum conservation. When no symmetries are broken, our formalism reproduces the quartic subdiffusion (ω ~ –ik 4 ) characteristic of “fracton hydrodynamics” with conserved dipole moment. Our formalism also captures spontaneous breaking of charge and/or dipole symmetry. When charge symmetry is spontaneously broken, the hydrodynamic modes are quadratically propagating and quartically relaxing (ω ~ ±k 2 – ik 4 ). When the dipole symmetry is spontaneously broken but the charge symmetry is preserved, then we find quadratically relaxing (diffusive) transverse modes, plus another mode which, depending on parameters, may be either purely diffusive (ω ~ – ik 2 ) or quadratically propagating and quadratically relaxing (ω ~ ± k 2 – ik 2 ). Furthermore, our work provides concrete predictions that may be tested in near-term cold atom experiments, and also lays out a general framework that may be applied to study systems with spontaneously broken multipolar symmetries.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Simulating dislocation loop internal dynamics and collective diffusion using stochastic differential equations

Nanoscale prismatic loops are modeled via a partial stochastic differential equation that describes an overdamped continuum elastic string, with a view to describing both the internal and collective dynamics of the loop as a function of temperature. Within the framework of the Langevin equation, expressions are derived that relate the empirical parameters of the model, the friction per unit length, and the elastic stiffness per unit length, to observables that can be obtained directly via molecular-dynamics simulations of interstitial or vacancy prismatic loop mobility. The resulting expressions naturally exhibit the properties that the collective diffusion coefficient of the loop (i) scales inversely with the square root of the number of interstitials, a feature that has been observed in both atomistic simulation and in situ TEM investigations of loop mobility, and (ii) the collective diffusion coefficient is not at all dependent on the internal interactions within the loop, thus qualitatively rationalizing past simulation results showing that the characteristic migration energy barrier is comparable to that of a single interstitial, and cluster migration is a result of individual (but correlated) interstitial activity.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Heavy-ion versus {sup 3}He/{sup 4}He fusion-fission reactions: Angular momentum dependence of dissipation in nuclear fission

The stochastic Langevin model is employed to study dissipation properties in fission in the {sup 16}O + {sup 181}Ta {yields}{sup 197}Tl system by analyzing prescission neutron yields measured in this reaction. It has been found that the {sup 197}Tl nuclei undergo fission that is not in accordance with the standard Bohr-Wheeler statistical theory. A detailed comparison with previously published work in which fission excitation functions measured in {sup 3,4}He + {sup 197}Au {yields}{sup 200,201}Tl are shown to be in excellent agreement with the fission width formula predicted by the traditional models of nuclear fission suggests that nuclear dissipation strength may have an angular momentum dependence in addition to the known deformation and temperature dependence. Implications for the basic understanding of the observed abnormal rise in prescission particles at high energy and the need for further experimental confirmations are discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling stochastic fluctuations in relativistic kinetic theory

Using the information current, we develop a Lorentz-covariant framework for modeling equilibrium fluctuations in relativistic kinetic theory in the grand-canonical ensemble. The resulting stochastic theory is proven to be causal and covariantly stable, and its predictions do not depend on the choice of spacetime foliation used to define the grand-canonical probabilities. As expected, in a box containing N > 5 particles, Boltzmann’s molecular chaos postulate is broken with (almost exact) probability N -1/2 , leading to a breakdown of the Boltzmann equation in small systems. Here, we also verify that, in ultrarelativistic gases, transient hydrodynamics already accounts for at least 80% of the equilibrium fluctuations of the stress-energy tensor at a given time. Finally, we compute the correlators at nonequal times for two selected collision kernels: that of a chemically active diluted solution, and that of ultrarelativistic scalar particles self-interacting via a quartic potential. For the former, we compute the density-density correlators analytically in real space, and dehydrodynamization of the stochastic theory is proven to occur whenever the mean free path diverges at high energy.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2011

Cross-correlation search for a hot spot of gravitational waves

The cross-correlation search has been previously applied to map the gravitational wave (GW) stochastic background in the sky and also to target GW from rotating neutron stars/pulsars. Here we investigate how the cross-correlation method can be used to target a small region in the sky spanning at most a few pixels, where a pixel in the sky is determined by the diffraction limit which depends on the (i) baseline joining a pair of detectors and (ii) detector bandwidth. Here as one of the promising targets, we consider the Virgo cluster--a ''hot spot'' spanning few pixels--which could contain, as estimates suggest {approx}10{sup 11} neutron stars, of which a small fraction would continuously emit GW in the bandwidth of the detectors. For the detector baselines, we consider advanced detector pairs among LCGT, LIGO, Virgo, ET, etc. Our results show that sufficient signal to noise can be accumulated with integration times of the order of a year if the ellipticity of neutron stars is larger than 10{sup -6}. The results improve for the multibaseline search. This analysis could as well be applied to other likely hot spots in the sky and other possible pairs of detectors.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Temporal enhancement of super-horizon curvature perturbations from decays of two curvatons and its cosmological consequences

If more than one curvaton dominate the Universe at different epochs from each other, curvature perturbations can be temporarily enhanced to a value much larger than the observed one 10{sup -5}. The traces of the enhancement may be left as higher order correlation functions, that is, as non-Gaussianity, the stochastic gravitational waves that are sourced by scalar-scalar mode couplings, as well as the primordial black holes that are formed by the gravitational collapse of the enhanced curvature perturbations. We first confirm that such a temporal enhancement indeed occurs by solving the linearized perturbation equations both numerically and analytically. We then derive an analytic expression of the full-order curvature perturbation which does not rely on the frequently used sudden decay approximation and is exact on superhorizon scales. By using this analytic formula, we provide expressions of the nonlinearity parameters f{sub NL}, {tau}{sub NL} and g{sub NL}. If both two curvatons contribute to the final curvature perturbations, the strong non-Gaussianity appears in the trispectrum rather than in the bispectrum. We also find a unique consistency relation between {tau}{sub NL} and g{sub NL} without f{sub NL}. By using the second-order perturbation theory, we numerically show that the spectrum of the induced gravitational waves has a plateau corresponding to duration of the enhancement and such gravitational waves can be probed by ultimate-DECIGO and space-based atomic interferometers. We finally calculate the abundance of the primordial black holes and put a constraint on the amplitude of the enhanced curvature perturbations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Gravitational wave background from binary systems

Basic aspects of the background of gravitational waves and its mathematical characterization are reviewed. The spectral energy density parameter {Omega}(f), commonly used as a quantifier of the background, is derived for an ensemble of many identical sources emitting at different times and locations. For such an ensemble, {Omega}(f) is generalized to account for the duration of the signals and of the observation, so that one can distinguish the resolvable and unresolvable parts of the background. The unresolvable part, often called confusion noise or stochastic background, is made by signals that cannot be either individually identified or subtracted out of the data. To account for the resolvability of the background, the overlap function is introduced. This function is a generalization of the duty cycle, which has been commonly used in the literature, in some cases leading to incorrect results. The spectra produced by binary systems (stellar binaries and massive black hole binaries) are presented over the frequencies of all existing and planned detectors. A semi-analytical formula for {Omega}(f) is derived in the case of stellar binaries (containing white dwarfs, neutron stars or stellar-mass black holes). Besides a realistic expectation of the level of background, upper and lower limits are given, to account for the uncertainties in some astrophysical parameters such as binary coalescence rates. One interesting result concerns all current and planned ground-based detectors (including the Einstein Telescope). In their frequency range, the background of binaries is resolvable and only sporadically present. In other words, there is no stochastic background of binaries for ground-based detectors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Charmonium spectroscopy and mixing with light quark and open charm states from n{sub F}=2 lattice QCD

We study the charmonium spectrum including higher spin and gluonic excitations. We determine an upper limit on the mixing of the {eta}{sub c} ground state with light pseudoscalar flavor-singlet mesons and investigate the mixing of charmonia near open charm thresholds with pairs of (excited) D and D mesons. For charm and light valence quarks and n{sub F}=2 sea quarks, we employ the nonperturbatively improved Sheikholeslami-Wohlert (clover) action. Excited states are accessed using the variational technique, starting from a basis of suitably optimized operators. For some aspects of this study, the use of improved stochastic all-to-all propagators was essential.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Microemulsions in the driven Widom-Rowlinson lattice gas

An investigation of the two-dimensional Widom-Rowlinson lattice gas under an applied drive uncovered a remarkable nonequilibrium steady state in which uniform stripes (reminiscent of an equilibrium lamellar phase) form perpendicular to the drive direction [R. Dickman and R. K. P. Zia, Phys. Rev. E 97, 062126 (2018)]. Here we study this model at low particle densities in two and three dimensions, where we find a disordered phase with a characteristic length scale (a “microemulsion”) along the drive direction. Further we develop a continuum theory of this disordered phase to derive a coarse-grained field-theoretic action for the nonequilibrium dynamics. The action has the form of two coupled driven diffusive systems with different characteristic velocities, generated by an interplay between the particle repulsion and the drive. We then show how fluctuation corrections in the field theory may generate the characteristic features of the microemulsion phase, including a peak in the static structure factor corresponding to the characteristic length scale. This work lays the foundation for understanding the stripe phenomenon more generally.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Protein drift-diffusion dynamics and phase separation in curved cell membranes and dendritic spines: Hybrid discrete-continuum methods

We develop methods for investigating protein drift-diffusion dynamics in heterogeneous cell membranes and the roles played by geometry, diffusion, chemical kinetics, and phase separation. Our hybrid stochastic numerical methods combine discrete particle descriptions with continuum-level models for tracking the individual protein drift-diffusion dynamics when coupled to continuum fields. We show how our approaches can be used to investigate phenomena motivated by protein kinetics within dendritic spines. The spine geometry is hypothesized to play an important biological role regulating synaptic strength, protein kinetics, and self-assembly of clusters. We perform simulation studies for model spine geometries varying the neck size to investigate how phase-separation and protein organization is influenced by different shapes. We also show how our methods can be used to study the roles of geometry in reaction-diffusion systems including Turing instabilities. Furthermore, our methods provide general approaches for investigating protein kinetics and drift-diffusion dynamics within curved membrane structures.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Model averaging approaches to data subset selection

Model averaging is a useful and robust method for dealing with model uncertainty in statistical analysis. Often, it is useful to consider data subset selection at the same time, in which model selection criteria are used to compare models across different subsets of the data. Two different criteria have been proposed in the literature for how the data subsets should be weighted. We compare the two criteria closely in a unified treatment based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence and conclude that one of them is subtly flawed and will tend to yield larger uncertainties due to loss of information. Here, analytical and numerical examples are provided.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Appearance of bound states in random potentials with applications to soliton theory

We analyze the stochastic creation of a single bound state (BS) in a random potential with a compact support. We study both the Hermitian Schroedinger equation and non-Hermitian Zakharov-Shabat systems. These problems are of special interest in the inverse scattering method for Korteveg-de-Vries and the nonlinear Schroedinger equations since soliton solutions of these two equations correspond to the BSs of the two aforementioned linear eigenvalue problems. Analytical expressions for the average width of the potential required for the creation of the first BS are given in the approximation of delta-correlated Gaussian potential and additionally different scenarios of eigenvalue creation are discussed for the non-Hermitian case.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2011

Two regimes of self-consistent heating of charged particles

An experimental illustration of the transition between two basic transport regimes for wave-particle interaction is reported. A striking feature is that chaos, although present in both regimes, does not need to be invoked to explain the observed behavior. This experimental realization for a theoretical paradigm opens the possibility to check the validity of basic models, as is normally required in physics. Indeed, among seemingly simple problems exhibiting complex behavior is the classical interaction of an electron with electrostatic waves. Launching a low-intensity electron beam in a Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) recently allowed observing the real-world consequences of the richness of the electron trajectory. Here we show that self-consistent effects are nevertheless acting on a modulated test electron beam through the collective excitation of beam modes. The transition between two different particle transport regimes (stochastic diffusion in a set of waves and slow chaos associated to a pulsating separatrix) is directly measured by increasing the amplitude of the excitation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transition between inverse and direct energy cascades in multiscale optical turbulence

Transition between inverse and direct energy cascades in multiscale optical turbulence. Multiscale turbulence naturally develops and plays an important role in many fluid, gas, and plasma phenomena. Statistical models of multiscale turbulence usually employ Kolmogorov hypotheses of spectral locality of interactions (meaning that interactions primarily occur between pulsations of comparable scales) and scale-invariance of turbulent pulsations. However, optical turbulence described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation exhibits breaking of both the Kolmogorov locality and scale-invariance. A weaker form of spectral locality that holds for multi-scale optical turbulence enables a derivation of simplified evolution equations that reduce the problem to a single scale modeling. We present the derivation of these equations for Kerr media with random inhomogeneities. Then, we find the analytical solution that exhibits a transition between inverse and direct energy cascades in optical turbulence.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗