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At least 1,621 records · Page 90
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DOE OSTI2012

SUZAKU X-RAY FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS OF SEVEN UNASSOCIATED FERMI-LAT GAMMA-RAY SOURCES AT HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDES

We report on our second-year campaign of X-ray follow-up observations of unidentified Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) {gamma}-ray sources at high Galactic latitudes (|b| > 10 Degree-Sign ) using the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer on board the Suzaku X-ray Observatory. In this second year of the project, seven new targets were selected from the First Fermi-LAT Catalog, and studied with 20-40 ks effective Suzaku exposures. We detected an X-ray point source coincident with the position of the recently discovered millisecond pulsar (MSP) PSR J2302+4442 within the 95% confidence error circle of 1FGL J2302.8+4443. The X-ray spectrum of the detected counterpart was well fit by a blackbody model with temperature of kT {approx_equal} 0.3 keV, consistent with an origin of the observed X-ray photons from the surface of a rotating magnetized neutron star. For four other targets that were also recently identified with a normal pulsar (1FGL J0106.7+4853) and MSPs (1FGL J1312.6+0048, J1902.0-5110, and J2043.2+1709), only upper limits in the 0.5-10 keV band were obtained at the flux levels of {approx_equal} 10{sup -14} erg cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}. A weak X-ray source was found in the field of 1FGL J1739.4+8717, but its association with the variable {gamma}-ray emitter could not be confirmed with the available Suzaku data alone. For the remaining Fermi-LAT object 1FGL J1743.8-7620 no X-ray source was detected within the LAT 95% error ellipse. We briefly discuss the general properties of the observed high Galactic-latitude Fermi-LAT objects by comparing their multiwavelength properties with those of known blazars and MSPs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

PHOTOMETRIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF MASSIVE BINARIES IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD. I. INTRODUCTION AND ORBITS FOR TWO DETACHED SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE FOR A MASS DISCREPANCY?

The stellar mass-luminosity relation is poorly constrained by observations for high-mass stars. We describe our program to find eclipsing massive binaries in the Magellanic Clouds using photometry of regions rich in massive stars, and our spectroscopic follow-up to obtain radial velocities and orbits. Our photometric campaign identified 48 early-type periodic variables, of which only 15 (31%) were found as part of the microlensing surveys. Spectroscopy is now complete for 17 of these systems, and in this paper we present analysis of the first two, LMC 172231 and ST2-28, simple detached systems of late-type O dwarfs of relatively modest masses. Our orbit analysis yields very precise masses ({approx}2%), and we use tomography to separate the components and determine effective temperatures by model fitting, necessary for determining accurate (0.05-0.07 dex) bolometric luminosities in combination with the light-curve analysis. Our approach allows more precise comparisons with evolutionary theory than previously possible. To our considerable surprise, we find a small, but significant, systematic discrepancy: all of the stars are slightly undermassive, by typically 11% (or overluminous by 0.2 dex) compared with that predicted by the evolutionary models. We examine our approach for systematic problems, but find no satisfactory explanation. The discrepancy is in the same sense as the long-discussed and elusive discrepancy between the masses measured from stellar atmosphere analysis with the stellar evolutionary models, and might suggest that either increased rotation or convective overshooting is needed in the models. Additional systems will be discussed in future papers of this series, and will hopefully confirm or refute this trend.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Chemical abundances in the extremely carbon-rich and xenon-rich halo planetary nebula H4-1

We performed detailed chemical abundance analysis of the extremely metal-poor ([Ar/H] ∼ –2) halo planetary nebula (PN) H4-1 based on the multi-wavelength spectra from Subaru/HDS, GALEX, SDSS, and Spitzer/IRS and determined the abundances of 10 elements. The C and O abundances were derived from collisionally excited lines (CELs) and are almost consistent with abundances from recombination lines (RLs). We demonstrated that the large discrepancy in the C abundance between CEL and RL in H4-1 can be solved using the temperature fluctuation model. We reported the first detection of the [Xe III] λ5846 line in H4-1 and determination of its elemental abundance ([Xe/H] > +0.48). H4-1 is the most Xe-rich PN among the Xe-detected PNe. The observed abundances are close to the theoretical prediction by a 2.0 M {sub ☉} single star model with an initially element rich ([r/Fe] = +2.0 dex) rapid neutron-capture process (r-process). The observed Xe abundance would be a product of the r-process in primordial supernovae. The [C/O]-[Ba/(Eu or Xe)] diagram suggests that the progenitor of H4-1 shares the evolution with carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP)-r/s and CEMP-no stars. The progenitor of H4-1 is presumably a binary formed in an r-process-rich environment.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

The ultraluminous X-ray sources NGC 1313 X-1 and X-2: A broadband study with NuSTAR and XMM-Newton

We present the results of NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations of the two ultraluminous X-ray sources: NGC 1313 X-1 and X-2. The combined spectral bandpass of the two satellites enables us to produce the first spectrum of X-1 between 0.3 and 30 keV, while X-2 is not significantly detected by NuSTAR above 10 keV. The NuSTAR data demonstrate that X-1 has a clear cutoff above 10 keV, whose presence was only marginally detectable with previous X-ray observations. This cutoff rules out the interpretation of X-1 as a black hole in a standard low/hard state, and it is deeper than predicted for the downturn of a broadened iron line in a reflection-dominated regime. The cutoff differs from the prediction of a single-temperature Comptonization model. Further, a cold disk-like blackbody component at ∼0.3 keV is required by the data, confirming previous measurements by XMM-Newton only. We observe a spectral transition in X-2, from a state with high luminosity and strong variability to a lower-luminosity state with no detectable variability, and we link this behavior to a transition from a super-Eddington to a sub-Eddington regime.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Discovery of a wide planetary-mass companion to the young M3 star GU PSC

We present the discovery of a comoving planetary-mass companion ∼42'' (∼2000 AU) from a young M3 star, GU Psc, a likely member of the young AB Doradus Moving Group (ABDMG). The companion was first identified via its distinctively red i – z color (>3.5) through a survey made with Gemini-S/GMOS. Follow-up Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/WIRCam near-infrared (NIR) imaging, Gemini-N/GNIRS NIR spectroscopy and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer photometry indicate a spectral type of T3.5 ± 1 and reveal signs of low gravity which we attribute to youth. Keck/Adaptive Optics NIR observations did not resolve the companion as a binary. A comparison with atmosphere models indicates T {sub eff} = 1000-1100 K and log g = 4.5-5.0. Based on evolution models, this temperature corresponds to a mass of 9-13 M {sub Jup} for the age of ABDMG (70-130 Myr). The relatively well-constrained age of this companion and its very large angular separation to its host star will allow its thorough characterization and will make it a valuable comparison for planetary-mass companions that will be uncovered by forthcoming planet-finder instruments such as Gemini Planet Imager and SPHERE 9.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Thermal properties of the middle-aged pulsar J1741–2054

We present results of the spectral analysis of the X-ray emission from the middle-aged Fermi pulsar J1741–2054 using all Chandra archival data collected in 2010 and 2013. We confirm early findings by Romani et al. in 2010 that the pulsar spectrum contains a thermal emission component. The component is best described by the blackbody model with temperature ≈60 eV and emitting area radius ≈17 D{sub kpc} km. The thermal emission likely originates from the entire surface of the cooling neutron star if the distance to the pulsar is ≈0.8 kpc. The latter is supported by a large absorbing column density inferred from the X-ray fit and empirical optical extinction-distance relations along the pulsar line of sight. The neutron star surface temperature and characteristic age make it similar to the well studied middle-aged pulsar B1055–52. Like this pulsar, PSR J1741–2054 is hotter than predicted by the standard cooling scenario.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Radio–far-infrared correlation in “blue cloud” galaxies with 0 < z < 1.2

We study the radio–far-infrared (FIR) correlation in “blue cloud” galaxies chosen from the PRism MUltiobject Survey up to redshift (z) of 1.2 in the XMM-LSS field. We use rest-frame emission at 1.4 GHz in the radio and both monochromatic (at 70 μm) and bolometric (between 8 and 1000 μm) emission in the FIR. To probe the nature of the correlation up to z ∼1.2, where direct detection of blue star-forming galaxies is impossible with current technology, we employ the technique of image stacking at 0.325 and 1.4 GHz in the radio and in six infrared bands, 24, 70, 160, 250, 350, and 500 μm. For comparison, we also study the correlation for more luminous galaxies that are directly detected. The stacking analysis allows us to probe the radio–FIR correlation for galaxies that are up to two orders of magnitude fainter than the ones detected directly. The k correction in the infrared wavebands is obtained by fitting the observed spectral energy distribution with a composite mid-IR power law and a single temperature graybody model. We find that the radio luminosity at 1.4 GHz (L{sub 1.4 GHz}) is strongly correlated with monochromatic FIR luminosity at 70 μm (L{sub 70 μm}) having slope 1.09 ± 0.05 and with bolometric luminosity (L{sub TIR}) having slope 1.11 ± 0.04. The quantity q{sub TIR}(=log{sub 10}[L{sub TIR}/(3.75×10{sup 12}L{sub 1.4 GHz})]) is observed to decrease with redshift as q{sub TIR}∝(1+z){sup −0.16±0.03} probably caused due to the nonlinear slope of the radio–FIR correlation. Within the uncertainties of our measurement and the limitations of our flux-limited and color-selected sample, we do not find any evolution of the radio–FIR correlation with redshift.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Starspot distributions on fully convective M dwarfs: Implications for radial velocity planet searches

Since M4.5–M9 dwarfs exhibit equatorial rotation velocities of the order of 10 km s{sup −1} on average, radial velocity surveys targeting this stellar population will likely need to find methods to effectively remove starspot jitter. We present the first high resolution Doppler images of the M4.5 dwarf, GJ 791.2A, and the M9 dwarf, LP 944-20. The time series spectra of both objects reveal numerous line profile distortions over the rotation period of each star, which we interpret as starspots. The transient distortions are modeled with spot/photosphere contrast ratios that correspond to model atmosphere temperature differences of T{sub phot}−T{sub spot} = 300 and 200 K. GJ 791.2A is a fully convective star with v sin i = 35.1 km s{sup −1}. Although we find more starspot structure at high latitudes, we reconstruct spots at a range of phases and latitudes with a mean spot filling of ∼3%. LP 944-20 is one of the brightest known late-M dwarfs, with spectral type M9V and v sin i = 30.8 km s{sup −1}. Its spectral time series exhibits two dominant transient line distortions that are reconstructed as high latitude spots, while a mean spot filling factor of only 1.5% is found. The occurrence of low-contrast spots at predominantly high latitudes, which we see in both targets here, is, in general, likely to be responsible for the low amplitude photometric variability seen in late-M dwarfs. For GJ 791.2A, the radial velocities induced by the starspot features yield an rms velocity variability of 138 m s{sup −1}, which can be reduced by a factor of 1.9 using our reconstructed surface brightness distributions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Opacity calculations for solar mixtures

The OPAS opacity model has been used to calculate the radiative opacity of stellar plasmas in local thermodynamic equilibrium. According to the recent chemical composition revision of the solar photosphere, opacities have been computed for various hydrogen and metallic element mass fractions. Calculations have been performed toward solar interior modeling for temperatures between log[T(K)]=6 and log[T(K)]=7.2, and for electron densities between 10{sup 20} and 10{sup 26} cm{sup −3}. We discuss possible sources of uncertainty in the calculations. We also compare Rosseland opacities to OPAL and OP data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Thermal axion production

We reconsider thermal production of axions in the early universe, including axion couplings to all Standard Model (SM>) particles. Concerning the axion coupling to gluons, we find that thermal effects enhance the axion production rate by a factor of few with respect to previous computations performed in the limit of small strong gauge coupling. Furthermore, we find that the top Yukawa coupling induces a much larger axion production rate, unless the axion couples to SM particles only via anomalies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

MARS-Q modeling of kink-peeling instabilities in DIII-D QH-mode plasma

In quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) regime, edge harmonic oscillations (EHOs) are believed to provide necessary radial transport to prevent occurrence of large edge localized modes. A systematic modeling study is performed here on the low- n EHOs in a DIII-D QH-mode plasma (Chen et al 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56 076011), by utilizing the MARS-Q code (Liu et al 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 042503). Both the n = 1 and n = 2 instabilities are found to be strongly localized near the plasma edge, exhibiting the edge-peeling characteristics. The DIII-D resistive wall is found to have minor effects on these instabilities. The plasma resistivity is found to strongly modify the mode growth rate. Assuming the Spitzer model for the plasma resistivity, the computed mode growth rate scales as S sup>-1/3 with S being the Lundquist number. Toroidal flow of the plasma slightly stabilizes these edge localized kink-peeling modes. Drift kinetic effects all have a destabilization effect on these modes. Non-perturbative magneto-hydrodynamic-kinetic hybrid computations find that the drift kinetic effects associated with thermal particle species push the peak location of the eigenmode radially inward but still in the pedestal region. The modeled plasma temperature and density fluctuations in the plasma edge region, as well as the poloidal magnetic field perturbations along both the low and high field sides of the plasma surface, are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Finally, the quasi-linear initial value simulations find a strong non-linear interplay between the kink-peeling instability and the toroidal flow near the plasma edge. The combined effect of the damping of the flow amplitude and change of the edge flow shear is found to be the stabilizing factor for the kink-peeling mode, leading to the mode saturation and thus EHOs.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thermal Analysis of a Superconducting Undulator Cryostat for the APS Upgrade

The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade includes four 4.8-m-long superconducting undulator (SCU) cryostats, each containing two planar undulator NbTi magnets up to 1.9 m long. The cooling is provided by six cryocoolers arranged in three thermal circuits. The magnets are indirectly cooled with LHe penetrating through channels in the magnet cores. This 4 K circuit, which also includes a LHe tank, is cooled by five 4 K cryocooler 2nd stages. A beam vacuum, which is thermally isolated from the magnets, is cooled by one 10 K cryocooler 2nd stage. A thermal shield and warm parts of current leads are cooled by the 1st stages of all six cryocoolers. This paper presents an ANSYS-based thermal analysis of the new SCU cryostat including all thermal circuits. The benchmarked thermal conductance between the cryocooler cold heads and the LHe tank are used in the calculations as well as the measured cryocooler load lines. The model predicts temperatures in the system, total 4 K heat loads, and excess cooling power for various operational modes of the undulator.

Shiroyanagi, Y.↗
DOE OSTI2013

NuSTAR DISCOVERY OF A 3.76 s TRANSIENT MAGNETAR NEAR SAGITTARIUS A*

We report the discovery of 3.76 s pulsations from a new burst source near Sgr A* observed by the NuSTAR observatory. The strong signal from SGR J1745-29 presents a complex pulse profile modulated with pulsed fraction 27% {+-} 3% in the 3-10 keV band. Two observations spaced nine days apart yield a spin-down rate of P-dot =(6.5 {+-} 1.4) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -12}. This implies a magnetic field B = 1.6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 14} G, spin-down power E-dot =5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 33} erg s{sup -1}, and characteristic age P/2 P-dot =9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 3} yr for the rotating dipole model. However, the current P-dot may be erratic, especially during outburst. The flux and modulation remained steady during the observations and the 3-79 keV spectrum is well fitted by a combined blackbody plus power-law model with temperature kT{sub BB} = 0.96 {+-} 0.02 keV and photon index {Gamma} = 1.5 {+-} 0.4. The neutral hydrogen column density (N{sub H} {approx} 1.4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 23} cm{sup -2}) measured by NuSTAR and Swift suggests that SGR J1745-29 is located at or near the Galactic center. The lack of an X-ray counterpart in the published Chandra survey catalog sets a quiescent 2-8 keV luminosity limit of L{sub x} {approx}< 10{sup 32} erg s{sup -1}. The bursting, timing, and spectral properties indicate a transient magnetar undergoing an outburst with 2-79 keV luminosity up to 3.5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 35} erg s{sup -1} for a distance of 8 kpc. SGR J1745-29 joins a growing subclass of transient magnetars, indicating that many magnetars in quiescence remain undetected in the X-ray band or have been detected as high-B radio pulsars. The peculiar location of SGR J1745-29 has important implications for the formation and dynamics of neutron stars in the Galactic center region.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Stomata in-sight: Integrating live confocal microscopy with leaf gas exchange and environmental control

Stomatal anatomy (aperture area, length, and width) influences leaf-level physiology traits including conductance to water vapor. Stomatal anatomy can be visualized in situ by microscopy, but the difficulty of regulating the atmospheric environment of a microscope stage means that the conditions under which imaging is done are rarely physiologically relevant. Alternatively, leaf gas exchange instruments that measure gas fluxes reflect stomatal anatomical characteristics in aggregate, but the relative strengths of anatomical traits to control water use (e.g. size vs density) cannot be firmly established. To reconcile the microscopic stomatal characteristics with leaf-level gas exchange, we describe a tool that combines laser scanning confocal microscopy, gas exchange instruments, and machine-learning image analysis to simultaneously observe anatomical characteristics of many (>40) stomata alongside leaf-level traits like photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance. We demonstrate how the tool has the resolution capable of quantifying aperture sizes and variability in maize (Zea mays) leaves under 5 steady-state light/pCO 2 treatments while tightly controlling other environmental variables like relative humidity and temperature. A model used to calculate stomatal conductance from measured apertures and stomatal density accurately matched stomatal conductance measured by gas exchange. This technical advancement will provide insight on how stomatal anatomy and function trade off to influence stomatal conductance and leaf-level water use efficiency.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Entropy of Strongly Correlated Electrons in a Partially Filled Landau Level

We use high-resolution chemical potential measurements to extract the entropy of monolayer and bilayer graphene in the quantum Hall regime via the Maxwell relation [(𝑑⁢𝜇)/(𝑑⁢𝑇)]| 𝑁 =−[(𝑑⁢𝑆)/(𝑑⁢𝑁)]| 𝑇 . Measuring the entropy from 𝑇 = 300 K down to 𝑇 = 200 mK, we identify the sequential emergence of quantum Hall ferromagnetism, fractional quantum Hall states, and various charge orders by comparing the measured entropy in different temperature regimes with theoretical models. At the lowest temperature of 𝑇 ≈ 200 mK we perform a detailed study of the entropy near even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states in bilayer graphene, and comment on the possible topological origin of the observed excess entropy.

Assouline, Alexandre [University of California, Sa↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reevaluation of the 22 Ne(α,γ) 26 Mg and 22 Ne(α,n) 25 Mg reaction rates

The competing 22 Ne(α, γ) 26 Mg and 22 Ne(α,n) 25 Mg reactions control the production of neutrons for the weak s process in massive and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. In both systems, the ratio between the corresponding reaction rates strongly impacts the total neutron budget and strongly influences the final nucleosynthesis. A number of experimental studies have been performed over recent years which necessitate the reevaluation of the 26 Mg and 22 Ne(α, γ) 25 Mg reactions control the production 26 Mg and 22 Ne(α, n) 25 Mg reaction rates. Evaluations of the reaction rates following the collection of new nuclear data presently show differences of up to a factor of 500, resulting in considerable uncertainty in the resulting nucleosynthesis. To reevaluate the 22 Ne(α, γ) 26 Mg and 22 Ne(α,n) 25 Mg reaction rates using updated nuclear data from a number of sources including updating spin and parity assignments. With updated spin and parity assignments, the levels which can contribute to the reaction rates are identified. The reaction rates are computed using a Monte Carlo method which has been used for previous evaluations of the reaction rates in order to focus solely on the changes due to modified nuclear data. The evaluated 22 Ne(α, γ) 26 Mg reaction rate remains substantially similar to that of Longland et al. but, including recent results from Texas A&M, the 22 Ne(α, n) 25 Mg reaction rate is lower at a range of astrophysically important temperatures. Stellar models computed with newton and mesa predict decreased production of the weak branch s process due to the decreased efficiency of 22 Ne as a neutron source. Using the new reaction rates in the mesa model results in 96 Zr / 94 Zr and 135 Ba / 136 Ba ratios in much better agreement with the measured ratios from presolar SiC grains. The 22 Ne + α reaction rates 22 Ne(α, γ) 26 Mg and 22 Ne(α, n) 25 Mg have been recalculated based on more recent nuclear data. The 22 Ne(α, γ) 26 Mg reaction rate remains substantially unchanged since the previous evaluation but the 22 Ne(α, γ) 25 Mg reaction rate is substantially decreased due to updated nuclear data. This results in significant changes to the nucleosynthesis in the weak branch of the s process.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗