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NASA NTRS1976

Ecology and thermal inactivation of microbes in and on interplanetary space vehicle components

The heat resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger was measured from 85 to 125 C using moisture levels of % RH or = 0.001 to 100. Curves are presented which characterize thermal destruction using thermal death times defined as F values at a given combination of three moisture and temperature conditions. The times required at 100 C for reductions of 99.99% of the initial population were estimated for the three moisture conditions. The linear model (from which estimates of D are obtained) was satisfactory for estimating thermal death times (% RH or = 0.07) in the plate count range. Estimates based on observed thermal death times and D values for % RH = 100 diverged so that D values generally gave a more conservative estimate over the temperature range 90 to 125 C. Estimates of Z sub F and Z sub L ranged from 32.1 to 58.3 C for % RH of or = 0.07 and 100. A Z sub D = 30.0 was obtained for data observed at % RH or = 0.07.

Reyes, A. L.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Moisture interaction and stability of ZOT (Zinc Orthotitanate) thermal control spacecraft coating

Two of the many performance requirements of the zinc orthotitanate (ZOT) ceramic thermal control paint covering parts of the Jupiter-bound Galileo spacecraft are that it be sufficiently electrically conductive so as to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage to onboard electronics and that it adhere to and protect the substrate from corrosion in terrestrial environments. The bulk electrical resistivity of ZOT on an aluminum substrate was measured over the ranges 22 C to 90 C and 0 percent RH to 100 percent RH, and also in soft (10 (minus 2) Torr) and hard (10 (minus 7) Torr) vacuums. No significant temperature dependence was evident, but measured resistivity values ranged over 9 orders of magnitude: 10 to the 5th power ohm-cm at 100 percent RH greater than 10 to the 12th power ohm-cm in a hard vacuum. The latter value violates the ESD criterion for a typical 0.019 cm thick coating. The corrosion study involved exposing typical ZOT substrate combinations to two moisture environments - 30 C/85 percent RH and 85 C/85 percent RH - for 2000 hours, during which time the samples were periodically removed for front-to-back electrical resistance and scratch/peel test measurements. It was determined that the ZOT/Al and ZOT/Mg systems are stable (no ZOT delamination), although some corrosion (oxide formation) and resistivity increases observed among the ZOT/Mg samples warrant that exposure of some parts to humid environments be minimized.

Mon, Gordon R.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Radiation hardened microprocessor for small payloads

The RH-3000 program is developing a rad-hard space qualified 32-bit MIPS R-3000 RISC processor under the Naval Research Lab sponsorship. In addition, under IR&D Harris is developing RHC-3000 for embedded control applications where low cost and radiation tolerance are primary concerns. The development program leverages heavily from commercial development of the MIPS R-3000. The commercial R-3000 has a large installed user base and several foundry partners are currently producing a wide variety of R-3000 derivative products. One of the MIPS derivative products, the LR33000 from LSI Logic, was used as the basis for the design of the RH-3000 chipset. The RH-3000 chipset consists of three core chips and two support chips. The core chips include the CPU, which is the R-3000 integer unit and the FPA/MD chip pair, which performs the R-3010 floating point functions. The two support whips contain all the support functions required for fault tolerance support, real-time support, memory management, timers, and other functions. The Harris development effort had first passed silicon success in June, 1992 with the first rad-hard 32-bit RH-3000 CPU chip. The CPU device is 30 kgates, has a 508 mil by 503 mil die size and is fabricated at Harris Semiconductor on the rad-hard CMOS Silicon on Sapphire (SOS) process. The CPU device successfully passed tesing against 600,000 test vectors derived directly on the LSI/MIPS test suite and has been operational as a single board computer running C code for the past year. In addition, the RH-3000 program has developed the methodology for converting commercially developed designs utilizing logic synthesis techniques based on a combination of VHDK and schematic data bases.

Shah, Ravi↗

NASA NTRS2000

Influence of Humidity on the Aerosol Scattering Coefficient and Its Effect on the Upwelling Radiance During ACE-2

Aerosol scattering coefficients (sigma(sub sp)) have been measured over the ocean at different relative humidities (RH) as a function of attitude in the region surrounding the Canary Islands during the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) in June and July 1997. The data were collected by the University of Washington passive humidigraph (UWPH) mounted on the Pelican research aircraft. Concurrently, particle size distributions absorption coefficients and aerosol optical depth were measured throughout 17 flights. A parameterization of sigma(sub sp) as a function of RH was utilized to assess the impact of aerosol hydration on the upwelling radiance (normalized to the solar constant and cosine of zenith angle). The top of the atmosphere radiance signal was simulated at wavelengths corresponding to visible and near-infrared bands or the EOS-AM ("Terra") detectors, MODIS and MISR. The UWPH measured (sigma(sub sp)) at 2 RHs, one below and the other above ambient conditions. Ambient (sigma(sub sp)) was obtained by interpolation of these 2 measurements. The data were stratified in terms of 3 types of aerosols: Saharan dust, clean marine (marine boundary layer background) and polluted marine aerosols (i.e., 2- or 1-day old polluted aerosols advected from Europe). An empirical relation for the dependence of (sigma(sub sp)) on RH, defined by (sigma(sub sp))(RH) = k. ((1 - RH/100)(exp -gamma), was used with the hygroscopic exponent gamma derived from the data. The following gamma values were obtained for the 3 aerosol types: gamma(dust) = 0.23 +/- 0.05, gamma(clean marine) = 0.69 +/- 0.06 and gamma(polluted marine) = 0.57 + 0.06. Based on the measured (gamma)(s), the above equation was utilized to derive aerosol models with different hygroscopicities. The satellite simulation signal code 6S was used to compute the upwelling radiance corresponding to each of those aerosol models at several ambient humidities. For the pre-launch estimated precision of the sensors and the assumed viewing geometry of the instrument, the simulations suggest that the spectral and angular dependence of the reflectance measured by MISR is not sufficient to distinguish aerosol models with various different combinations of values ror dry composition. y and ambient RH. A similar behavior is observed for MODIS at visible wavelengths. However, the 2100 nm band of MODIS appears to be able to differentiate between at least some aerosol models with different aerosol hygroscopicity given the MODIS calibration error requirements. This result suggests the possibility of retrieval of aerosol hygroscopicity by MODIS.

Gasso, B. S.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Effects of Humidity On the Flow Characteristics of PS304 Plasma Spray Feedstock Powder Blend

The effects of environmental humidity on the flow characteristics of PS304 feedstock have been investigated. Angular and spherical BaF2-CaF2 powder was fabricated by comminution and by atomization, respectively. The fluorides were added incrementally to the nichrome, chromia, and silver powders to produce PS304 feedstock. The powders were dried in a vacuum oven and cooled to a Tom temperature under dry nitrogen. The flow of the powder was studied from 2 to 100 percent relative humidity (RH) The results suggest that the feedstock flow is slightly degraded with increasing humidity below 66 percent RH and is more affected above 66 percent RH. There was no flow above 88 percent RH. Narrower particle size distributions of the angular fluorides allowed flow up to 95 percent RH. These results offer guidance that enhances the commercial potential for this material system.

Stanford, Malcolm K.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Influence of Humidity On the Aerosol Scattering Coefficient and Its Effect on the Upwelling Radiance During ACE-2

Aerosol scattering coefficients (sigma(sub sp)) have been measured over the ocean at different relative humidities (RH) as a function of altitude in the region surrounding the Canary Islands during the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) in June and July 1997. The data were collected by the University of Washington passive humidigraph (UWPH) mounted on the Pelican research aircraft. Concurrently, particle size distributions, absorption coefficients and aerosol optical depth were measured throughout 17 flights. A parameterization of sigma(sub sp) as a function of RH was utilized to assess the impact of aerosol hydration on the upwelling radiance (normalized to the solar constant and cosine of zenith angle). The top of the atmosphere radiance signal was simulated at wavelengths corresponding to visible and near-infrared bands of the EOS (Earth Observing System) AM-1 (Terra) detectors, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer). The UWPH measured sigma(sub sp) at two RHs, one below and the other above ambient conditions. Ambient sigma(sub sp) was obtained by interpolation of these two measurements. The data were stratified in terms of three types of aerosols: Saharan dust, clean marine (marine boundary layer background) and polluted marine aerosols (i.e., two- or one-day old polluted aerosols advected from Europe). An empirical relation for the dependence of sigma(sub sp) on RH, defined by sigma(sub sp)(RH) = k.(1 - RH/100)(sup gamma), was used with the hygroscopic exponent gamma derived from the data. The following gamma values were obtained for the 3 aerosol types: gamma(dust) = 0.23 +/- 0.05, gamma(clean marine) = 0.69 +/- 0.06 and gamma(polluted marine) = 0.57 +/- 0.06. Based on the measured gammas, the above equation was utilized to derive aerosol models with different hygroscopicities. The satellite simulation signal code 6S was used to compute the upwelling radiance corresponding to each of those aerosol models at several ambient humidities. For the prelaunch estimated precision of the sensors and the assumed viewing geometry of the instrument, the simulations suggest that the spectral and angular dependence of the reflectance measured by MISR is not sufficient to distinguish aerosol models with various different combinations of values for dry composition, gamma and ambient RH. A similar behavior is observed for MODIS at visible wavelengths. However, the 2100 nm band of MODIS appears to be able to differentiate between at least same aerosol models with different aerosol hygroscopicity given the MODIS calibration error requirements. This result suggests the possibility of retrieval of aerosol hygroscopicity by MODIS.

Gasso, S.↗

NASA NTRS2000

High relative humidity increases yield, harvest index, flowering, and gynophore growth of hydroponically grown peanut plants

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to study the physiological and growth response of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to 50% and 85% relative humidity (RH). The objective was to determine the effects of RH on pod and seed yield, harvest index, and flowering of peanut grown by the nutrient film technique (NFT). 'Georgia Red' peanut plants (14 days old) were planted into growth channels (0.15 x 0.15 x 1.2 m). Plants were spaced 25 cm apart with 15 cm between channels. A modified half-Hoagland solution with an additional 2 mM Ca was used. Solution pH was maintained between 6.4 and 6.7, and electrical conductivity (EC) ranged between 1100 and 1200 microS cm-1. Temperature regimes of 28/22 degrees C were maintained during the light/dark periods (12 hours each) with photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) at canopy level of 500 micromoles-m-2s-1. Foliage and pod fresh and dry weights, total seed yield, harvest index (HI), and seed maturity were greater at high than at low RH. Plants grown at 85% RH had greater total and individual leaflet area and stomatal conductance, flowered 3 days earlier and had a greater number of flowers reaching anthesis. Gynophores grew more rapidly at 85% than at 50% RH.

NASA Discipline Life Support Systems↗

NASA NTRS2003

Effects of Humidity on Aerosols in Southern Africa during the Biomass Burning Season

Measurements of the aerosol total light scattering coefficient, asp, and the aerosol hemispheric backscatter ratio, p(1), as functions of relative humidity (RH in %) (so-called humidographs) at three wavelengths (450,550, and 700 nm) were obtained in the dry season in southern Africa (1) in ambient air in South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia, (2) at various distances downwind in identifiable smoke plumes from biomass fires, and (3) along the southwest coast of Africa. The ratio of sigma(sub sp) at an RH of 80% to that at 30% provides a measure of the effects of RH on sigma(sub sp), and similarly for Beta(1). For the three broad sampling categories given above, and at a wavelength of 550 nm, these ratios varied from 1.42 +/- 0.05 to 2.07 +/- 0.03 for sigma(sub sp), and from 0.69 +/- 0.05 to 0.99 +/- 0.14 for Beta(1). In general, humidographs for the ambient air samples showed a greater dependence on RH than those for smoke from identifiable biomass fires. During a period when dense, aged smoke was transported to the region from the north, the humidographs for sigma(sub sp) for ambient air samples were similar to those for identifiable smoke plume samples just approximately 10- to 50-min old. This suggests that as far as the effects of RH on sigma(sub sp) are concerned the effects of aging of smoke and its mixing with ambient air are realized within less than about an hour.

Magi, Brian I.↗

NASA NTRS2016

En Route to Destruction: the Evolution in Composition of Ices in Comet D 2012 S1 (ISON) Between 1.2 and 0.34 Au from the Sun as Revealed at Infrared Wavelengths

We report production rates for H2O and eight trace molecules (CO, C2H6, CH4, CH3OH, NH3, H2CO, HCN, C2H2) in the dynamically new, Sun-grazing Comet C2012 S1 (ISON), using high-resolution spectroscopy at Keck II and the NASA IRTF on 10pre-perihelion dates encompassing heliocentric distances Rh1.210.34 AU. Measured water production rates spanned two orders of magnitude, consistent with a long-term heliocentric power law Q(H2O) Rh-3.10.1). Abundance ratios for CO, C2H6, and CH4 with respect to H2O remained constant with Rh and below their corresponding mean values measured among a dominant sample of Oort Cloud comets. CH3OH was also depleted for Rh 0.5 AU, but was closer to its mean value for Rh0.5 AU. The remaining four molecules exhibited higher abundance ratios within 0.5 AU: for Rh 0.8 AU, NH3 and C2H2 were consistent with their mean values while H2CO and HCN were depleted. For Rh 0.5 AU, all four were enriched, with NH3, H2CO, and HCN increasing most. Spatial profiles of gas emission in ISON consistently peaked sunward of the dust continuum, which was asymmetric antisunward and remained singly peaked for all observations. NH3 within 0.5 AU showed a broad spatial distribution, possibly indicating its release in the coma provided that optical depth effects were unimportant. The column abundance ratio NH2H2O at 0.83 AU was close to the typical NHOH from optical wavelengths, but was higher within 0.5 AU. Establishing its production rate and testing its parentage (e.g., NH3) require modeling of coma outflow.

Disanti, M. A.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Influence of Cloud, Fog, and High Relative Humidity during Pollution Transport Events in South Korea: Aerosol Properties and PM2.5 Variability

This investigation examines aerosol dynamics during major fine mode aerosol transboundary pollution events in South Korea primarily during the KORUS-AQ campaign from May 1 – June 10, 2016, particularly when cloud fraction was high and/or fog was present to quantify the change in aerosol characteristics due to near-cloud or fog interaction. We analyze the new AERONET Version 3 data that have significant changes to cloud screening algorithms, allowing many more fine-mode observations in the near vicinity of clouds or fog. Case studies for detailed investigation include May 25–26, 2016 when cloud fraction was high over much of the peninsula, associated with a weak frontal passage and advection of pollution from China. These cloud-influenced Chinese transport dates also had the highest aerosol optical depth (AOD), surface PM2.5 concentrations and fine mode particle sizes of the entire campaign. Another likewise cloud/high relative humidity (RH) case is June 9 and 10, 2016 when fog was present over the Yellow Sea that appears to have affected aerosol properties well downwind over the Korean peninsula. In comparison we also investigated aerosol properties on air stagnation days with very low cloud cover and relatively low RH (May 17 & 18, 2016), when local Korean emissions dominated. Aerosol volume size distributions show marked differences between the transport days (with high RH and cloud influences) and the local pollution stagnation days, with total column-integrated particle fine mode volume being an order of magnitude greater on the pollution transport dates. The PM2.5 over central Seoul were significantly greater than for coastal sites on the transboundary transport days yet not on stagnation days, suggesting addi-tional particle formation from gaseous urban emissions in cloud/fog droplets and/or in the high RH humidified aerosol environment. Many days had KORUS-AQ research aircraft flights that provided observations of aerosol absorption, particle chemistry and vertical profiles of extinction. AERONET retrievals and aircraft in situ mea-surements both showed high single scattering albedo (weak absorption) on the cloudy or cloud influenced days, plus aircraft profile in situ measurements showed large AOD enhancements (versus dried aerosol) at ambient relative humidity (RH) on the pollution transport days, consistent with the significantly larger fine mode particle radii and weak absorption.

Aerosol↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Rh3Se8 by Materials Project

Rh3Se8 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh+3.33+ is bonded to six Se+1.25- atoms to form corner-sharing RhSe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 63–65°. There are a spread of Rh–Se bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.54 Å. There are two inequivalent Se+1.25- sites. In the first Se+1.25- site, Se+1.25- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh+3.33+ and one Se+1.25- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.44 Å. In the second Se+1.25- site, Se+1.25- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh+3.33+ and one Se+1.25- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.51 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on In3Rh by Materials Project

RhIn3 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/mnm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight In atoms. There are four shorter (2.69 Å) and four longer (2.81 Å) Rh–In bond lengths. There are two inequivalent In sites. In the first In site, In is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms. In the second In site, In is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Bi2Rh by Materials Project

RhBi2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh is bonded to six Bi atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing RhBi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–57°. There are a spread of Rh–Bi bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.81 Å. There are two inequivalent Bi sites. In the first Bi site, Bi is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh atoms. In the second Bi site, Bi is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sr2H5Rh by Materials Project

Sr2RhH5 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4mm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sr is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to ten H atoms. There are a spread of Sr–H bond distances ranging from 2.68–2.75 Å. Rh is bonded in a square pyramidal geometry to five H atoms. There is four shorter (1.69 Å) and one longer (1.80 Å) Rh–H bond length. There are two inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded to four equivalent Sr and one Rh atom to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing HSr4Rh square pyramids. In the second H site, H is bonded to four equivalent Sr and one Rh atom to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing HSr4Rh square pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on H14RhC6NClO4 by Materials Project

RhC4NH8O4Cl(CH3)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight methane molecules and two RhC4NH8O4Cl clusters. In one of the RhC4NH8O4Cl clusters, Rh4+ is bonded in a distorted square pyramidal geometry to four O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are two shorter (2.07 Å) and two longer (2.08 Å) Rh–O bond lengths. The Rh–Cl bond length is 2.61 Å. There are four inequivalent C1- sites. In the first C1- site, C1- is bonded to one N3- and three H1+ atoms to form corner-sharing CH3N tetrahedra. The C–N bond length is 1.48 Å. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. In the second C1- site, C1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both C–O bond lengths are 1.28 Å. In the third C1- site, C1- is bonded to one N3- and three H1+ atoms to form corner-sharing CH3N tetrahedra. The C–N bond length is 1.48 Å. All C–H bond lengths are 1.09 Å. In the fourth C1- site, C1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.28 Å) and one longer (1.29 Å) C–O bond length. N3- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to two C1- and two H1+ atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.05 Å. There are eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- and one Cl1- atom. The H–Cl bond length is 2.10 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Rh4+ and one H1+ atom. In one of the RhC4NH8O4Cl clusters, Rh4+ is bonded in a distorted square pyramidal geometry to four O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Rh–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.08 Å. The Rh–Cl bond length is 2.65 Å. There are four inequivalent C1- sites. In the first C1- site, C1- is bonded to one N3- and three H1+ atoms to form corner-sharing CH3N tetrahedra. The C–N bond length is 1.49 Å. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. In the second C1- site, C1- is bonded to one N3- and three H1+ atoms to form corner-sharing CH3N tetrahedra. The C–N bond length is 1.49 Å. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. In the third C1- site, C1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.28 Å) and one longer (1.29 Å) C–O bond length. In the fourth C1- site, C1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both C–O bond lengths are 1.28 Å. N3- is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to two C1- and two H1+ atoms. There is one shorter (1.04 Å) and one longer (1.06 Å) N–H bond length. There are eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- and one Cl1- atom. The H–Cl bond length is 2.05 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1- atom. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one C1- atom. Cl1- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one Rh4+ and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on RhC2ClO2 by Materials Project

RhC2O2Cl is Theoretical Carbon Structure structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight RhC2O2Cl clusters. there are two inequivalent Rh3+ sites. In the first Rh3+ site, Rh3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two C1+ and two Cl1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.84 Å) and one longer (1.85 Å) Rh–C bond length. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.44 Å) Rh–Cl bond lengths. In the second Rh3+ site, Rh3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two C1+ and two Cl1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.84 Å) and one longer (1.85 Å) Rh–C bond length. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.44 Å) Rh–Cl bond lengths. There are four inequivalent C1+ sites. In the first C1+ site, C1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Rh3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C1+ site, C1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Rh3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C1+ site, C1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Rh3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C1+ site, C1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Rh3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C1+ atom. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Rh3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Rh3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Si5Rh4 by Materials Project

Rh4Si5 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Rh3+ sites. In the first Rh3+ site, Rh3+ is bonded to six Si+2.40- atoms to form distorted RhSi6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, corners with six equivalent RhSi6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with six equivalent RhSi6 octahedra, a faceface with one RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramid, and a faceface with one RhSi6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of Rh–Si bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.52 Å. In the second Rh3+ site, Rh3+ is bonded to six Si+2.40- atoms to form distorted RhSi6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with six equivalent RhSi6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, edges with four equivalent RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, edges with two equivalent RhSi6 pentagonal pyramids, a faceface with one RhSi6 octahedra, and a faceface with one RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–49°. There are a spread of Rh–Si bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.48 Å. In the third Rh3+ site, Rh3+ is bonded to seven Si+2.40- atoms to form distorted RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with six equivalent RhSi6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, edges with five RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, edges with four equivalent RhSi6 pentagonal pyramids, and a faceface with one RhSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–59°. There are a spread of Rh–Si bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.68 Å. In the fourth Rh3+ site, Rh3+ is bonded to seven Si+2.40- atoms to form distorted RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, corners with four equivalent RhSi6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with nine RhSi7 pentagonal bipyramids, and a faceface with one RhSi6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of Rh–Si bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.61 Å. There are five inequivalent Si+2.40- sites. In the first Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded to four Rh3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing SiRh4 tetrahedra. In the second Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Rh3+ atoms. In the third Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six Rh3+ atoms. In the fourth Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Rh3+ atoms. In the fifth Si+2.40- site, Si+2.40- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Rh3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy(Zn10Rh)2 by Materials Project

Dy(RhZn10)2 crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to sixteen Zn atoms. There are four shorter (3.14 Å) and twelve longer (3.17 Å) Dy–Zn bond lengths. Rh is bonded to twelve Zn atoms to form corner-sharing RhZn12 cuboctahedra. There are six shorter (2.57 Å) and six longer (2.83 Å) Rh–Zn bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Zn sites. In the first Zn site, Zn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to one Dy, one Rh, and ten Zn atoms. There are a spread of Zn–Zn bond distances ranging from 2.67–3.08 Å. In the second Zn site, Zn is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Dy and twelve equivalent Zn atoms. In the third Zn site, Zn is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Rh and six equivalent Zn atoms.

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