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At least 163 records · Page 9

Controllable vortex shedding from dissipative exchange flows in ferromagnetic channels

Ferromagnetic channels subject to spin injection at one extremum sustain long-range coherent textures that carry spin currents known as dissipative exchange flows (DEFs). In the weak injection regime, spin currents carried by DEFs decay algebraically and extend through the length of the channel, a regime known as spin superfluidity. Similar to fluids, these structures are prone to phase slips that manifest as vortex-antivortex pairs. In this work, we numerically study vortex shedding from DEFs excited in a magnetic nanowire with a physical obstacle. Using micromagnetic simulations, we find regimes of laminar flow and vortex shedding as a function of obstacle position tunable by the spin injection sign and magnitude. Vortex-antivortex pairs translate forward (VF regime) or backward (VB regime) with respect to the detector's extremum, resulting in well-defined spectral features. Qualitatively similar results are obtained when temperature, anisotropy, and weak nonlocal dipole fields are included in the simulations. These results provide clear features associated with DEFs that may be detected experimentally in devices with nominally identical boundary conditions. Furthermore, our results suggest that obstacles can be considered as DEF control gates, opening an avenue to manipulate DEFs via physical defects.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Competing magnetic phases and fluctuation-driven scalar spin chirality in the kagome metal YMn 6 Sn 6

Identification, understanding, and manipulation of novel magnetic textures are essential for the discovery of new quantum materials for future spin-based electronic devices. In particular, materials that manifest a large response to external stimuli such as a magnetic field are subject to intense investigation. Here, we study the kagome-net magnet YMn 6 Sn 6 by magnetometry, transport, and neutron diffraction measurements combined with first-principles calculations. We identify a number of nontrivial magnetic phases, explain their microscopic nature, and demonstrate that one of them hosts a large topological Hall effect (THE). We propose a previously unidentified fluctuation-driven mechanism, which leads to the THE at elevated temperatures. This interesting physics comes from parametrically frustrated interplanar exchange interactions that trigger strong magnetic fluctuations. Our results pave a path to chiral spin textures, promising for novel spintronics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

In Situ High Energy X-ray Diffraction Characterization of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Behaviors in Rapidly Solidified Titanium and Stainless Steel Alloys [Thesis]

Advanced manufacturing techniques like additive manufacturing (AM) have poised themselves to revolutionize metal manufacturing. A wide range of AM techniques are capable of manufacturing metal components with unique, complex geometries and hastening the scientific-engineering-development cycle. Metal AM relies on a layer-by-layer rapid manufacturing process to build components from the substrate up. Rapid solidification is a large departure from traditional metal manufacturing due to its complex physics. Characterization of rapid solidification is difficult, stemming from the small volumes used in AM and the fast dynamics of the process. High energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) is a solution to the characterization problems of rapidly solidified alloys and AM. HEXRD can probe small volumes at fast rates and provides a wide range of thermomechanical and kinetic information. This thesis presents the application of HEXRD to rapidly solidified titanium and stainless steel alloys through a series of case studies. In the first two studies, HEXRD is applied to rapidly solidified titanium and stainless steel welds. The materials are characterized for their temperature history, phase changes, kinetics, and microstructural evolution. In the next case study, HEXRD is applied to characterize phase changes in elastocaloric NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) under thermomechanical load. HEXRD, in conjunction with other tools, is used to explain the superior performance of the additively manufactured SMAs. In the final two case studies, HEXRD is used to measure the mechanical response of AM parts with complex geometries; namely, the octet truss lattice. Diffraction reveals a wide range of materials information about the AM microstructure including unexpected phases, texture, and mechanical response to loading. The mechanical results from HEXRD and then compared with theoretical predictions about the performance of octet truss lattices. Summarily, HEXRD is a diverse tool that is poised to address the complex characterization problems of many aspects of the additive manufacturing process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Tuning the Curie temperature of a two-dimensional magnet/topological insulator heterostructure to above room temperature by epitaxial growth

Heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) magnets and topological insulators (TI) are of substantial interest as candidate materials for efficient spin-torque switching, quantum anomalous Hall effect, and chiral spin textures. However, since many of the vdW magnets have Curie temperatures below room temperature, we want to understand how materials can be modified to stabilize their magnetic ordering to higher temperatures. In this work, we utilize molecular beam epitaxy to systematically tune the Curie temperature (T C ) in thin film Fe 3 GeTe 2 /Bi 2 Te 3 from bulklike values (~220 K) to above room temperature by increasing the growth temperature from 300°C to 375°C. For samples grown at 375°C, cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals the spontaneous formation of different Fe m Ge n Te 2 compositions (e.g., Fe 5 Ge 2 Te 2 and Fe 7 Ge 6 Te 2 ) as well as intercalation in the vdW gaps, which are possible origins of the enhanced Curie temperature. Furthermore, this observation paves the way for developing various Fe m Ge n Te 2 /TI heterostructures with novel properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

On the hydrogenation of Poly-Si passivating contacts by Al 2 O 3 and SiN x thin films

Doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), when coupled with a thin SiO 2 interlayer, is of large interest for crystalline silicon ( c -Si) solar cells due to its outstanding passivating contact properties. To reach high levels of surface passivation, it is pivotal to hydrogenate the poly-Si and the underlying c -Si/SiO 2 interface. This can be done by capping the poly-Si with a hydrogen-containing dielectric layer such as Al 2 O 3 or SiN x , followed by a thermal anneal. On the basis of recent research, this work addresses several aspects of such hydrogenation by dielectric materials, including the effect of the annealing ambient, the thermal stability and reversibility of hydrogenation, the poly-Si doping level and c -Si surface texture. Additionally, the implementation of hydrogenation of poly-Si by dielectric materials in solar cells is discussed.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Photon energy and polarization-dependent electronic structure of Cr-doped Bi 2 Se 3

In this article, we report a comparative study of the electronic structure of Cr-doped and pristine Bi 2 Se 3 . Circular dichroism and photon-energy-dependent angle-resolved photoemission experiments were performed. Even though the surface states seen on the Cr-doped samples are gapped, they exhibit strong circular dichroism, for which we provide its origin in accordance with the nontrivial band structure of the bulk. We note the surface electronic structure measurements with linear and circular polarized light show signatures that the orbital composition of the surface states is changed with Cr doping. Our observations not only provide further spectroscopic information about topological materials, but also promotes an alternative experimental tool to control their spin-orbital texture.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnetic Texture in Insulating Single Crystal High Entropy Oxide Spinel Films

Magnetic insulators are important materials for a range of next-generation memory and spintronic applications. Structural constraints in this class of devices generally require a clean heterointerface that allows effective magnetic coupling between the insulating layer and the conducting layer. However, there are relatively few examples of magnetic insulators that can be synthesized with surface qualities that would allow these smooth interfaces and precisely tuned interfacial magnetic exchange coupling, which might be applicable at room temperature. In this work, we demonstrate an example of how the configurational complexity in the magnetic insulator layer can be used to realize these properties. The entropy-assisted synthesis is used to create single-crystal (Mg 0.2 Ni 0.2 Fe 0.2 Co 0.2 Cu 0.2 )Fe 2 O 4 films on substrates spanning a range of strain states. These films show smooth surfaces, high resistivity, and strong magnetic responses at room temperature. Furthermore, local and global magnetic measurements further demonstrate how strain can be used to manipulate the magnetic texture and anisotropy. These findings provide insight into how precise magnetic responses can be designed using compositionally complex materials that may find application in next-generation magnetic devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Simulation-trained machine learning models for Lorentz transmission electron microscopy

Understanding the collective behavior of complex spin textures, such as lattices of magnetic skyrmions, is of fundamental importance for exploring and controlling the emergent ordering of these spin textures and inducing phase transitions. It is also critical to understand the skyrmion–skyrmion interactions for applications such as magnetic skyrmion-enabled reservoir or neuromorphic computing. Magnetic skyrmion lattices can be studied using in situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM), but quantitative and statistically robust analysis of the skyrmion lattices from LTEM images can be difficult. In this work, we show that a convolutional neural network, trained on simulated data, can be applied to perform segmentation of spin textures and to extract quantitative data, such as spin texture size and location, from experimental LTEM images, which cannot be obtained manually. This includes quantitative information about skyrmion size, position, and shape, which can, in turn, be used to calculate skyrmion–skyrmion interactions and lattice ordering. We apply this approach to segmenting images of Néel skyrmion lattices so that we can accurately identify skyrmion size and deformation in both dense and sparse lattices. The model is trained using a large set of micromagnetic simulations as well as simulated LTEM images. This entirely open-source training pipeline can be applied to a wide variety of magnetic features and materials, enabling large-scale statistical studies of spin textures using LTEM.

McCray, Arthur R. C. (ORCID:0000000160774698)↗

Nickel-based superalloy single crystals fabricated via electron beam melting

Additive manufacturing technologies have emerged as potential disruptive processes whose possible impacts range from supply chain logistics, prototyping, and novel materials synthesis. Numerous works illustrate the ability to control mi- crostructure in fusion based processes and a few recent authors have even produced single crystals. However, a number of open questions remain regarding the process window which enables printing of single crystals. Furthermore, it has been observed that these additively manufactured single crystals exhibit a preferred $\langle$011$\rangle$ secondary orientation. In this work we investigate fabrication conditions which enable printing of single crystals via electron beam melting. A space filling design of experiments is utilized to efficiently explore the fabrication space. Single crystals were success- fully obtained using both commercially available powders and custom melt alloys. Microstructures obtained via these exploratory experiments exhibited a continuum of columnar structures ranging from weakly textured polycrystals, near single crystal, and fully single crystalline material. Complex geometry experiments are performed to study the grain selection mechanism. We find that the grain selection mechanism is independent of the bulk scale geometry and must therefore by driven by local heat transfer and solidification dynamics. Furthermore, grain selection is shown to be driven by competing driving forces; one which prefers epitaxial growth and another which is driven by the imposed scan pattern geometry. Finally, a mechanism is proposed for the anomalous secondary orientation preference.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Creep anisotropy modeling and uncertainty quantification of an additively manufactured Ni-based superalloy

The advantages offered by additive manufacturing over traditional processes has driven a great deal of industrial and academic interest in recent years. However, the process is relatively new and requires additional investigation to become sufficiently mature for wide scale industrial adoption. Electron beam melting powder bed fusion is one technology that has shown promise for fabricating high temperature resistant materials such as nickel based superalloys. The resulting microstructures typically exhibit a strong fiber texture in the build direction giving rise to anisotropic time-dependent deformation behavior. In order to accelerate the qualification of these materials for industrial adoption accurate numerical models are needed for simulating their behavior. In this work a crystal plasticity model including non-Schmid effects is presented for capturing creep anisotropy observed in additively manufactured IN738LC. The model is calibrated via a probabilistic framework where model parameters are treated as random variables. An iterative sequential design strategy is utilized to efficiently identify the probability density of the unknown model parameters. As a case study the model is utilized to investigate the behavior of randomly oriented equiaxed grain clusters sometimes observed embedded in the additively manufactured columnar structure. A synthetic realization is simulated and uncertainty is propagated through to the full-field response. Results indicate that these features are the source of significant creep relaxation and strain accumulation which partially explains observed grain boundary decohesion at these locations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Critical impact of experimentally-driven strut level anisotropic material models in advanced stress analysis of additively manufactured lattice structures

The rapid acceleration in materials discovery may overshadow the importance of thoroughly understanding the mechanical performance of newly developed materials in demanding environments. The recent interest in combining parametric studies with machine learning techniques to explore how changes in specific processing parameters or model inputs affect the overall behavior of a material system can only be truly beneficial if the governing constitutive relations describing material behavior are accurately established. In this study, we demonstrate the critical impact of accurately representing strut-level anisotropic material behavior in advanced stress analysis of additively manufactured lattice structures (AMLS). We introduce a systematic experimental and modeling approach for developing strut-level anisotropic elastoplastic material models that account for the influence of microstructural features such as porosity, texture, and surface roughness on the development of local anisotropic mechanical properties, which vary with strut orientation relative to the build direction (BD). As a result the presented material model captures and relates the statistics of spatially varying struts’ microstructural features to the local stress distribution. Our findings suggest that incorporating strut-level anisotropic material behavior into unit cell analysis significantly influences the load distribution and evolution of local stresses within the structure. Therefore, accounting for this anisotropy is critical for developing an understanding of unit cell behavior and performance, including subsequent topology/component design optimization based on this analysis.

Sahoo, Subhadip [University of Arizona]↗

Magnetic vortex control with current-induced axial magnetization in centrosymmetric Weyl materials

We consider magnetic Weyl metals as a platform to achieve current control of magnetization textures with transport currents utilizing their underlying band geometry. We show that the transport current in a Weyl semimetal produces an axial magnetization due to orbital magnetic moments of the Weyl electrons. The associated axial magnetization can generate a torque acting on the localized magnetic moments. For the case of a magnetic vortex in a nanodisk of Weyl materials, this current-induced torque can be used to reverse its circulation and polarity. We discuss the axial magnetization torques in Weyl metals on general symmetry grounds and compare their strength to current-induced torques in more conventional materials.

Physics↗

Shock Hugoniot of Forged and Additively Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel

The purpose of this research was to measure the equation of state for additively manufactured (AM) and forged 304L stainless steel using a novel experimental technique. An understanding of the dynamic behavior of AM metals is integral to their timely adoption into various applications. The Hugoniot of the AM 304L was compared to that of the forged 304L at particle velocities where the material retains a two-wave structure. This comparison enabled us to determine the sensitivity of the equation of state to microstructure as varied due to processing. Our results showed that there was a measurable difference in the measured shock velocity between the AM and forged 304L. The shock wave velocities for the AM 304L were found to be ~3% slower than those for the forged 304L at similar particle velocities. To understand these differences, properties such as densities, sound speeds, and texture were measured and compared between the forged and AM materials. Our results showed that no measurable difference was found in these properties. Additionally, it is possible that differing elastic wave amplitudes may influence shock velocity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Shock Hugoniot of forged and additively manufactured 304L stainless steel

The purpose of this research was to measure the equation of state for additively manufactured (AM) and forged 304L stainless steel using a novel experimental technique. An understanding of the dynamic behavior of AM metals is integral to their timely adoption into various applications. The Hugoniot of the AM 304L was compared to that of the forged 304L at particle velocities where the material retains a two-wave structure. This comparison enabled us to determine the sensitivity of the equation of state to microstructure as varied due to processing. Our results showed that there was a measurable difference in the measured shock velocity between the AM and forged 304L. The shock wave velocities for the AM 304L were found to be ~3% slower than those for the forged 304L at similar particle velocities. To understand these differences, properties such as densities, sound speeds, and texture were measured and compared between the forged and AM materials. Our results showed that no measurable difference was found in these properties. Additionally, it is possible that differing elastic wave amplitudes may have an effect on shock velocity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Texture measurements on quartz single crystals to validate coordinate systems for neutron time-of-flight texture analysis

In crystallographic texture analysis, ensuring that sample directions are preserved from experiment to the resulting orientation distribution is crucial to obtain physical meaning from diffraction data. This work details a procedure to ensure instrument and sample coordinates are consistent when analyzing diffraction data with a Rietveld refinement using the texture analysis software MAUD . A quartz crystal is measured on the HIPPO diffractometer at Los Alamos National Laboratory for this purpose. The methods described here can be applied to any diffraction instrument measuring orientation distributions in polycrystalline materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Preparing Magnesium Alloys for Electron Backscatter Diffraction

Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) is a powerful characterization tool that is commonly employed to study grain size, grain morphology, crystallographic texture and other important microstructure parameters. However, its relatively low atomic number and propensity to corrode can make it difficult to get high quality EBSD patterns from magnesium specimens. This work will cover some common issues encountered during sample prep and suggestions for avoiding them. Microscope and EBSD detector settings will also be covered, as well as methods for optimizing instrument time. Lastly, comments will be made on how to “clean” and present EBSD data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗