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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Smart Inverters, Dumb Risk: Taking Control of IBR Security in the Digital Age

This presentation addresses the security challenges posed by Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) in the modern energy landscape. The presentation highlights the vulnerabilities and risks associated with IBRs, including the potential for cyber-attacks, the impact of insecure defaults, and the systemic risks posed by supply chain dependencies. Key topics covered include: 1) The increasing digital transformation in energy systems and the associated security risks. 2) Specific vulnerabilities in IBRs, including weak passwords, hardcoded credentials, and insecure web application interfaces. 3) The implications of persistent connectivity and the strategic risks posed by foreign-manufactured components. 4) The role of regulatory frameworks, such as NERC CIP, in addressing these challenges and the limitations of current oversight. 5) Practical solutions for mitigating risks, including secure design practices, vendor risk assessments, and the importance of strong passwords and role-based access control. The presentation underscores the necessity of a comprehensive, system-of-systems approach to securing IBRs, emphasizing the need for collaboration across various stakeholders, including operators, developers, and regulators, to ensure the resilience and security of the energy grid.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Analyzing Insider Risk Threat to the Internet of Things (IoT)

Recent technological advancement has created a growing convergence of innovation. From machine learning to ubiquitous computing to wireless networks and automation, the world is seeing new technology increasingly capable of connecting with each other. Devices and systems use open communications networks to interact, process information, and react. This is called the Internet of Things (IoT) and is comprised of physical devices that exchange data over networks, creating revolutionary possibilities. The most common way most people interact with an IoT is through ‘smart home’ products like Amazon’s Alexa, which use microphones, speakers, and phones to control a variety of devices, from lights and thermostats, to cameras, to appliances and vacuum cleaners. But the open nature of IoT networks—necessary for their ability to communicate and operate—also introduces privacy and security concerns. At a personal level, this might mean a hack into a home to steal private information, but when applied in broader industries like healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, or the military, this vulnerability can have serious consequences. As IoT usage and interconnectivity increases, so too does the susceptibility to malicious actors. And the entire system is only as secure as its least secure member. This creates particular risk and vulnerability to radiological material industries, as a competent insider adversary could utilize the IoT to potentially steal or access classified or sensitive information about employees, sites, or systems; or simply sabotage security or maintenance from a more remote—and less secure—device. The IoT relies on a secure network across the entire system, especially in transport which may lack the security of more permanent locations; if one device fails, it can create a ripple effect and an insider threat may seek to exploit that connectivity. While IoT benefits drive increased innovation and usage, there are also vulnerabilities an insider threat could exploit; this risk of an IoT to radiological material must be addressed in any mitigation effort.

Kinney, Justin↗
DOE OSTI2026

Communications Reliability for Vehicle Grid Integration

Electric Vehicles (EVs) adoption rate has been steadily increasing in the US leading to a growing number of charging stations including faster DC (Direct Current) chargers and slower Level 1 and Level 2 AC (Alternating Current) chargers. This increase in demand for electricity is further exacerbated by recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, advanced manufacturing, and digitization. These factors will require electric utilities to upgrade their infrastructure to keep up with the increasing electrical demand (especially during peak hours). An easy way to counteract the need for these upgrades is to shift a major chunk of active charge sessions (durations where there is energy transfer from charger to EV's propulsion battery) to off-peak hours thereby flattening the load curve and making the infrastructure more resilient. This concept is known as Smart Charge Management (SCM). EV owners also benefit from SCM since it lowers their charging costs and consequently their transportation costs by prioritizing charging during off-peak hours. SCM takes advantage of EV's capability to act as a controllable load or DER (Distributed Energy Resource). This report summarizes the reliability analysis performed on the communication required for two of these SCM use-cases. This analysis only focuses on SCM strategies for unidirectional charging (energy transfer from EVSE to EV or V1G) and not bidirectional charging.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

EVs@Scale Next-Gen Profiles - EV Profile Capture 2023

As part of the U.S. DOE EVs@Scale consortium Next-Gen Profiles (NGP) project, the profile capture of production electric vehicles undergoing high power charging (HPC) is conducted over a wide range of conditions to explore variance and performance. Charge session parameters are collected from both the electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) at a rate of 10Hz and entered into a time-series database for analysis. These charge profiles are captured under nominal and off-nominal conditions, exploring the impact of battery state of charge (SOC), battery temperature, vehicle condition, smart charge management (SCM), and EVSE limitations. Nominal conditions are defined to be ideal conditions that should transfer the maximum allowable energy in the minimum possible amount of time. Nominal condition profiles are compared across EVs to characterize state-of-the-art EV charging performance against one another. Off-nominal condition profiles are compared against its nominal condition profile counterpart to highlight the variance across less desirable starting conditions within a single EV. Under nominal conditions, most EVs can achieve the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) rated peak-power and charge times. Peak power across EVs has variance due to the vehicle design, battery topology, charging strategy, etc. These 10-100% nominal preconditioned charge profiles across 13 EVs (11 light-duty (LD), 2 heavy-duty (HD)) were used for analysis in power curve analysis, power distribution, SOC and range comparison, thermal impacts of current draw, battery pack size and energy charged, and ramp rates. Power curve analysis show the uniqueness in power vs time curves across all EVs, breaking down the features of a typical profile and where variation is typically seen. Power distribution results showed that over 50% of charge time is spent below 50kW and only 12.1% is spent above 200kW. SOC and range performance yielded different top performing EVs when exploring goals of performance from SOC and range gained after 10-min (EV2) and 20-min (EV8), and time-to-achieve 80% SOC (EV8) and 200 miles of range (EV1). Current draw from 400-volt EVs had a higher thermal impact to cable/connector temperatures when compared to 800-volt EVs, due to a higher current requirement to achieve similar power levels. There was high variance in C rating, a useful metric when comparing the relationship between peak/average charge session power and relative battery pack size, across EVs under test. Ramp rates during initial power transfer were examined, fastest and slowest speeds ranging from 192.5kW/second to 2.6kW/second respectively. A similar analysis of ramp rates was also conducted for OCPP curtailment testing, where EVs underwent a 2-minute 65A curtailment request before returning to full-power charge. Under off-nominal conditions, most EVs experienced variation from the nominal condition profiles. EVs that underwent the full set of NGP defined testing conditions were compared, analysis of which was categorized by 800-volt and 400-volt EVs. It should be noted that the 800-volt EVs had significantly higher peak power ratings than the 400-volt EVs, and thus were more prone to variance. Initial state of charge, battery temperature, and vehicle condition had a considerable impact on peak power levels and charge time for the 800-volt vehicles under test. EVSE limited tests lowered achievable power down to 200kW, greatly impacted 800-volt charging power, and had little to no effect on 400-volt charging power. Adapter testing was performed on a single 400-volt EV, where power and current limitations were found but overall charge time was not significantly impacted. Adapter and boost converter testing was performed on a single 800-volt EV, where both charge power and charge time were greatly impacted. Charge profiles are unique, and comparing such requires analysis that examines starting conditions, vehicle and battery topologies,

Charging↗
DOE OSTI2023

In-field strain and temperature measurements in a (RE)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7–x coil via Rayleigh-backscattering interrogated optical fibers

(RE)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-x (REBCO) conductors have overcome technical challenges related to manufacturing quality, length homogeneity, scale-up of piece-length, and joints. There is one remaining technical challenge, however, which is common to all high temperature superconductors and lies in effective detection of failure to prevent material degradation. An innovative technique based on optical fibers interrogated by Rayleigh backscattering has been shown to have advantages over voltage taps at detecting incipient faults. Prior work has experimentally demonstrated the technique in several implementation scenarios, including direct integration of optical fibers into superconducting conductors and cables to create a class of ‘SMART’ conductors and cables that are able to monitor their own health. In this paper, the magnet monitoring technique based on Rayleigh backscattering interrogated optical fibers has been experimentally studied in a model coil subject to external magnetic field, where different fiber integration methods are used to increase selectivity of the fiber sensor to temperature. Results show that the spectral shift displays different features during strain and thermal transients. The implications of the results in terms of potential and limitations of each sensor as well as strain-temperature decoupling are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Lifelike metallic structures using origami and compliant mechanisms

In nature, materials and designs are smart i.e., they achieve the desired shape or size to optimize different processes without needing external devices. However, in the design of mechanical metallic structures, gaining such behavior without using special materials or external sources is still a visionary thought. Here the concept of lifelike metallic structures is introduced. Further, the vision is to produce designs where the metallic walls can behave like human muscles. To create such structures, origami-inspired designs in combination with compliant mechanisms are proposed. For fabricating such designs with desired mechanical properties, it is also proposed to leverage additive manufacturing techniques.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unlocking nighttime mobility: Land use and accessibility in public transit for night commuters

Night commuters are integral to urban transportation systems. Essential services such as healthcare and manufacturing rely on workers who travel at night, and reliable mobility options are crucial for them. A gap exists in understanding how land use and accessibility influence public transportation use among night commuters. This study addresses this gap by using public data to explore land use and accessibility factors that affect night commuters' public transportation use in New York State. We investigated (1) the demographic characteristics of night commuters; (2) the influence of land use and accessibility on nighttime public transportation use; and (3) potential improvements to increase public transportation use and their impact. We combined data from the National Household Travel Survey with the Smart Location Database to link home locations with land use characteristics. Using logistic regression, we found that although females are generally less likely to be night commuters, they are more likely to use public transportation. Longer commute distances are associated with higher use of public transportation. Increasing job density along fixed-guideway transit routes and improving overall job accessibility via public transportation significantly enhances public transportation use among night commuters. In conclusion, this research provides actionable insights for public transportation agencies and urban planners to support night commuters, improving access and encouraging nighttime employment.

Job accessibility↗
DOE OSTI2023

Additive Manufacturing of Self‐Sensing Carbon Fiber Composites

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have gained substantial attention across various industries owing to their exceptional mechanical properties and lightweight nature. The emergence of additive manufacturing technologies brings new opportunities to the industry, offering advantages such as design freedom, rapid prototyping, and customization. However, the fabrication of CFRP composites through 3D printing techniques poses challenges pertaining to low resolution and limitations in complex geometry realization. This work introduces digital light processing printing as a versatile, high-resolution method ideal for CFRP composite fabrication. Furthermore, the development and characterization of CFRP are focused on and the manipulation of mechanical properties through variations in matrix resins and fiber loadings is investigated, showcasing the versatility of CFRP composites for tailored applications. Additionally, the integration of self-sensing capabilities in CFRP structures is explored, which opens up opportunities for applications in smart components for automotive and structural health monitoring.

carbon fiber composites↗
DOE OSTI2021

HVAC Duct Pressure Optimization System

The US Department of Energy, the California Energy Commission, and other public and private entities including the venture capital community are seeking technical solutions that include “smart, grid-interactive, efficient buildings - to best serve the needs of building occupants and the grid while reducing energy consumption overall.” In this paper, a systems engineering approach is used to examine elements of a prior proof-of-concept project along with new ideas seeking to justify additional research funding to further advance the technology. With additional research and development funding, the technology described here has the potential to achieve success toward development of a commercially viable product. These types of projects provide financial and environmental benefit to American taxpayers and investors. Cost effectiveness and return on investment are key criteria for energy efficiency projects. By evaluating the end-to-end processes including manufacturing, installation, commissioning and comparing various options, we arrived at a proposed implementation concept of a HVAC Duct Pressure Optimization System that saves energy in commercial buildings and improves the return on investment by a factor of 6X compared to previous research projects.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bio-Based Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for Thermal Energy Storage (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

The goal of this project is to develop a novel bio-based phase change material (PCM) derived from squid ring teeth (SRT) proteins, and design a prototype heat exchanger based on these bio-based PCMs for energy storage and dynamic heat exchange for building thermal energy storage systems. The PCMs, derived from SRT proteins, will demonstrate room temperature energy storage capacities and switchable thermal conductivities that redefine the current state-of-the-art (SOA) for building thermal energy storage. Further, in a single material and with a single manufacturing processes, our proposed thermal battery will be developed with “on demand” thermal conductivity for rapid charging/discharging but superior insulation during energy storage periods. More specifically, our bio-based PCMs have demonstrated: 1) the potential for increased energy storage capacity (i.e., greater than paraffines at room temperature); 2) tunability in thermal conductivity with the largest thermal conductivity switching ratios for an intrinsic material reported to date, and 3) a 100% recyclable and biodegradable PCM with low volatility and toxicity and scalability in its manufacture for both residential and commercial applications. The already established ability for roll-to-roll processing of these non-toxic, non-flammable SRT composites along with their carbon-neutral manufacturing processes that has been pioneered by our team make this solution a disruptive and impactful technology to redefine the current SOA of energy storage technologies. The outcomes of this effort have been: 1) the identification of new bio-based PCM that establishes a new SOA for thermal conductivity and energy storage density at room temperature and 2) the development of a new experimental technique to measure the energy storage density via latent heat measurements during melting of thin films. This new technique can be applied to thin films (as thin as < 1 micrometer), and represents a novel approach for thin film energy storage density measurements. Dynamic thermal energy storage is the missing technology that will enable a grid- interactive efficient building (GEB). For a “smart” building capable of connecting with the power grid, the media must be inexpensive and possess thermal switching capabilities to control the time-dependent heat flow into (and out of) the PCM on demand. Unique to the material system in this program, programmable SRT-based PCM show improvements as compared to traditionally used PCMs, and thus its technical performance will represent a leap forward for the future GEB concept.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Synthetic Biology of Plants and Microbes for Agriculture, Environment, and Future Applications

Agriculture is under pressure to provide food for a growing population and the feedstock required to drive the bioeconomy. Methods to breed and genetically modify plants are inadequate to keep pace. When engineering crops, traits are painstakingly introduced into plants one-at-a-time, combine unpredictably, and are continuously expressed. Synthetic biology is changing these paradigms with new genome construction tools, computer aided design (CAD), and artificial intelligence (AI). “Smart plants” contain circuits that respond to environmental change, alter morphology, or respond to threats. Further, the plant and associated microbes (fungi, bacteria, archaea) are now being viewed by genetic engineers as a holistic system. Historically, plant health has been enhanced by many natural and laboratory-evolved soil microbes marketed to enhance growth, provide nutrients, or confer pest/stress resistance. Synthetic biology has expanded the number of species that can be engineered, increased the complexity of engineered functions, controlled environmental release, and assembled stable consortia. New CAD tools will manage genetic engineering projects spanning multiple plant genomes (nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion) and the thousands of genomes of associated bacteria/fungi. Here, this review covers advanced genetic engineering techniques to drive the next agricultural revolution, as well as push plant engineering into new realms for manufacturing, infrastructure, sensing, and remediation.

Clauer, Phillip [Massachusetts Inst. of Technology↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of Connected Communities

Buildings account for 35% of CO 2 emissions and almost 40% of the United States’ energy use. High-performance homes and neighborhoods play an important role in supporting efforts to decarbonize the US power system by 2035. Significant reductions in CO 2 emissions within the residential sector can be realized through electrification of loads paired with the flexibility created by leveraging smart Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities to shift energy use based on grid signals, thus improving generation/distribution efficiency and maximizing the use of renewable generation capacity. All of this can be achieved while allowing smart home appliances and equipment to meet homeowner needs – including reducing power bills - while optimizing operation in conjunction with the grid using novel control techniques. The Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings Roadmap by the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Building Technologies Office (BTO) notes that implementing grid-interactive efficient building (GEB) technology has the potential to reduce CO 2 emissions by 80 million tons/year—roughly equivalent to 17 million cars. To achieve this vision, the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)—in collaboration with Southern Company Research & Development, Alabama Power, Georgia Power, BTO and the US DOE’s Office of Electricity (OE) —is developing and demonstrating novel connected communities at two locations. Southern Company in turn engaged with industry partners, including design firms, residential developers, and residential HVAC and appliance manufacturers because their participation would be critical to the success of the initial research project, as well as the future scaling to the Southern Company service territory and beyond. Impacts of the Connected Communities projects in Alabama and Georgia are outlined including: energy, grid services and data management learnings; homeowner feedback; vendor engagement; adoption by utilities; technical, policy and business model challenges.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Strategies for achieving circular economy goals in the lighting industry through design for disassembly- based methodologies

The significance of circular economy and its integration into core strategies for smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth, is increasingly being recognized by individuals, organisations, and nations in recent times. The term Design for Disassembly (DfD) may conjure up images about the end-of-life of a product or its disposal. However, DfD connects to numerous circularity and sustainability goals over the lifetime of a product or project and can have a large impact on the carbon footprint of the product. The DfD is a product development methodology which is in line with the vision of a circular economy, and supports increase in material efficiency, extends product lifetimes and improves recycling efficiency. Reduction of the imposed environmental risks and impact on the climate, by utilising circularity approaches such as remanufacturing, are tied to lowering of carbon footprint. This paper describes specific and actionable approaches that can be applied by luminaire manufacturers, specifiers, and other players in the lighting industry. The readers will learn about current tools and methodologies that can be used to improve iterative design, as well as measure, assess, and compare products or materials.

design for disassembly, dfd, circularity↗
DOE OSTI2021

Model-based Design Optimization to Achieve the Performance Goals (16.0 SEER/9.5 HSPF), Developing Heat Pump by Using Low-GWP Refrigerants and 5 mm Diameter Tubes

Usage of low-GWP refrigerants can reduce the Green House Gas (GHG) emission of HVAC systems. Our research in previous milestone report has shown that using heat exchangers with 5 mm diameter tubes instead of 9 mm diameter tubes is a promising solution to meet the performance goals of heat pump using low-GWP refrigerants. In addition, the 5mm tube heat exchangers can lead to lower system refrigerant charge and as a result, reduce environmental impact further. However, shifting to small tube diameters requires in-depth heat exchanger design optimization to adapt to the transition to low-GWP refrigerants. In the 2nd quarter of FY21, we conducted multi-objective optimizations using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm on a residential 5-ton air source heat pump to investigate the potential system performance improvements and material savings. 4 low-GWP refrigerants, ARM20A, ARM20B, R454A and R454C are investigated in this study. The objectives of the optimization are to minimize the heat pump material cost and to maximize the system performance simultaneously. As a result, the HXs material cost is reduced by up to 77% according to the copper and aluminum material price in current market. Under heating mode operation, the smart 4-way valve guarantees that the optimal low-GWP systems maintain or outperform the heating performance of the R410A baseline system. The model-based design optimization yields 18.3-18.9 SEER and 10.6-11.9 HSPF for optimal systems using different low-GWP refrigerants. The initial performance goals (16.0 SEER/9.5 HSPF) are achieved. Furthermore, up to 50% system refrigerant charge reduction is possible in the optimized low-GWP heat pump system using ARM20B. And 91%-95% predicted life-time direct CO 2 emission reduction is achieved by using the optimal 5mm tube low-GWP heat pumps. The significant material saving, charge reduction and direct CO 2 emission reduction help in reducing the environmental impacts of heat pump systems. The optimal heat exchangers resulting from this research can fit into the original baseline indoor and outdoor fan-coil unit. This can reduce the retrofitting effort by minimizing the change in manufacturing and installation of the heat pumps and guarantee the compatibility with end-users’ house structure. Finally, the new products can be easily accepted by manufacturers and end-users.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Materials for Energy Management across the Electromagnetic Spectrum (MEMES) (LDRD Report)

Electrification of the United States has been a major driver of economic growth, powering industrialization, modern manufacturing, and the digital economy. Today, further economic and environmental benefits can be realized by improving the energy efficiency of the technologies we have come to rely on. This project focused on enhancing the energy efficiency of two cornerstone technologies of modern society: electronic displays and building climatization. While these two technologies operate in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (the visible and infrared, respectively), they share a common potential technological solution: electrically-driven displays that change reflectivity. In this work, we developed the first multipixel multicolor reflective display that achieves multi-colorization with fast-changing structural color. In the course of this demonstration, we quantified the structural changes that occur across different time and length scales and resolved device sealing issues, enabling operation of these devices over months (as opposed to days previously). We furthermore developed two reflectivity changing devices in the infrared and demonstrated how these technologies can be used to reduce climatization demands for both smart window and smart wall technologies. Implementing such a device in a scaled down mock room resulted in 10 degree Celsius change.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Coaxial Direct Ink Writing of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomers in 3D Architectures

Abstract Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) hold great promise for mechanochromic applications in anti‐counterfeiting, smart textiles, and soft robotics, thanks to the structural color and elasticity. While CLCEs are printed via direct ink writing (DIW) to fabricate free‐standing films, complex 3D structures are not fabricated due to the opposing rheological properties necessary for cholesteric alignment and multilayer stacking. Here, 3D CLCE structures are realized by utilizing coaxial DIW to print a CLC ink within a silicone ink. By tailoring the ink compositions, and thus, the rheological properties, the cholesteric phase rapidly forms without an annealing step, while the silicone shell provides encapsulation and support to the CLCE core, allowing for layer‐by‐layer printing of self‐supported 3D structures. As a demonstration, free‐standing bistable thin‐shell domes are printed. Color changes due to compressive and tensile stresses can be witnessed from the top and bottom of the inverted domes, respectively. When the domes are arranged in an array and inverted, they can snap back to their base state by uniaxial stretching, thereby functioning as mechanical sensors with memory. The additive manufacturing platform enables the rapid fabrication of 3D mechanochromic sensors thereby expanding the realm of potential applications for CLCEs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Regional Approach to Offshore Wind Energy Manufacturing in the Central Atlantic: Workforce

Meeting the additional job requirements spurred by potential growth in the offshore wind industry is likely to involve intentional and effective recruitment practices and training program development across all occupations (e.g., skilled trades, engineers, professionals) at state, regional, and local levels. The workforce development ecosystem is complex, especially for an industry like offshore wind, so assessing the readiness of an area to support the workforce needs of new manufacturing facilities involves evaluating numerous economic and training factors at an occupational level. Funded by the National Offshore Wind Research and Development Consortium and led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, this report represents one part of a two-part study that explores the challenges and opportunities for Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina in fostering regional collaboration to build a domestic supply chain for the U.S. offshore wind energy sector.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Innovating the next generation of commercial smart building software

Nearly 30% of commercial building energy use is wasted due to equipment faults and HVAC controls problems. The result is increased emissions, compromised comfort and productivity, and less reliable coordination of building power needs with a clean grid. The energy impact alone represents $17 billion in potential savings. Today’s smart building software provides a robust solution to address these operational deficiencies. Energy management and information systems (EMIS) are saving up to 9% on average, with two-year paybacks. They are being incorporated into energy management processes, commissioning services, and utility programs. As effective as they are, two barriers prevent even deeper benefits; limited personnel to fix problems once they are identified, and the expense and time to manually implement changes in control systems. In partnership with the research community, the EMIS industry is developing new capabilities to overcome these barriers. Moving beyond siloed products for either fault detection and diagnostics, or optimal control, these new capabilities empower users to not only automatically identify faults, but also to push corrective action, and control improvements to their buildings. In this paper, several areas for enhancements are documented: ‘one-time’ correction of faults such as setpoints, schedules, and economizer lockouts; short-term active testing for automated proportional integral derivative (PID) loop tuning and functional testing; and continuous supervisory control for demand flexibility and year-round efficiency. Results are presented from a pair of partner implementations out of a dozen providers integrating these enhancements into their products, including field tests from across the country, and insights into operator acceptance and integration into operations and maintenance practices.

Casillas, Armando↗