Results for “module temperature” — Page 9

DOE OSTI2022

Test and Evaluation of Solar Foil Directly Mounted on the Ground (Final Report)

HyET Solar (HyET), established in 2012, is a small business developing a thin-film silicon solar photovoltaic (PV) product called "Power Foil" that can be mounted directly on the constructed earthen dykes. HyET's goals are for low-cost, efficient, generation of PV electricity at utility scale. HyET has requested assistance from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the performance of the Power Foil product in several outdoor environments, with a particular focus on 1) heat effects on efficiency and 2) heat and UV effects on reliability and durability. NREL has been working on PV module testing at laboratory scale for more than 40 years, and has the equipment and facilities required to provide the PV material testing required.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1975

Scanning thermal plumes

Over a three-year period 800 thermal line scans of power plant plumes were made by an airborne scanner, with ground truth measured concurrently at the plants. Computations using centered finite differences in the thermal scanning imagery show a lower bound in the horizontal temperature gradient in excess of 1.6 C/m. Gradients persist to 3 m below the surface. Vector plots of the velocity of thermal fronts are constructed by tracing the front motion in successive thermal images. A procedure is outlined for the two-point ground calibration of a thermal scanner from an equation describing the scanner signal and the voltage for two known temperatures. The modulation transfer function is then calculated by input of a thermal step function and application of digital time analysis techniques using Fast Fourier Transforms to the voltage output. Field calibration tests are discussed. Data accuracy is limited by the level of ground truth effort chosen.

Scarpace, F. L.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Vapor-modulated heat pipe for improved temperature control

Dryout induced by vapor throttling makes control of equipment temperature less dependent on variations in sink environment. Mechanism controls flow of vapor in heat pipe by using valve in return path to build difference in pressure and also difference in saturation temperature of the vapor. In steady state, valve closes just enough to produce partial dryout that achieves required temperature drop.

Edwards, D. K.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Interface design considerations for terrestrial solar cell modules

The need for increased solar array electrical efficiency and reliability in the achievement of future large-scale system cost goals is discussed. The relative performance of various array module designs currently on the market is evaluated, and further design improvements are suggested. The subjects of module efficiency, temperature control, and series/parallel reliability are analyzed. Applications for various combinations of array characteristics are considered.

Ross, R. G., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Development of an electronically-scanned pressure module for operation at cryogenic temperatures

Pressure and temperature characteristics were measured for a number of multichannel electronically scanned pressure sensors. The tests were made on commercially available units designed to operate in a controlled temperature environment. Measurements of zero shift, sensitivity, and nonlinearity for each transducer were taken over a temperature range from 100 K to 340 K using a computer controlled data acquisition system. The units tested failed to meet accuracy specifications over the complete temperature range, which was expected. However, the sensors showed acceptable and predictable behavior over the temperature range from approximately -40 C (233 K) to 70 C (343 K). It was determined that a combination of local heating and accurate temperature monitoring can result in a device that can be compensated for temperature as well as its other physical properties. The design of a prototype for operation in a cryogenic environment is proposed, and a method for compensation is developed.

Johnson, Preston B.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Detecting the Recovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early Spring. Antarctic ozone values have been monitored since 1979 using satellite observations from the TOMS instrument. The severity of the hole has been assessed from TOMS using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole) and by calculating the average size during the September-October period. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations in the collar of the polar lower stratospheric vortex. In this presentation, we show the relationships of halogens and temperature to both the size and depth of the hole. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Using projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates, we find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. We will show estimates of both when the ozone hole will begin to show first signs of recovery, and when the hole will fully recover to pre-1980 levels.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2005

When Will the Antarctic Ozone Hole Recover?

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early Spring. Antarctic ozone values have been monitored since 1979 using satellite observations from the TOMS instrument. The severity of the hole has been assessed from TOMS using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole) and by calculating the average size during the September-October period. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations in the collar of the polar lower stratospheric vortex. In this presentation, we show the relationships of halogens and temperature to both the size and depth of the hole. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Using projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates, we find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. We will show estimates of both when the ozone hole will begin to show first signs of recovery, and when the hole will fully recover to pre-1980 levels.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Recovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early Spring. Antarctic ozone values have been monitored since 1979 using satellite observations from the TOMS and OMI instruments. The severity of the hole has been assessed using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole), the average size during the September-October period, and the ozone mass deficit. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations in the collar of the polar lower stratospheric vortex. In this presentation, we show the relationships of halogens and temperature to both the size and depth of the hole. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. We use two methods to estimate ozone hole recovery. First, we use projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates in a parametric model. Second, we use a coupled chemistry climate model to assess recovery. We find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. Furthermore, full recovery to 1980 levels will not occur until approximately 2068. We will also show some error estimates of these dates and the impact of climate change on the recovery.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2006

When will the Antarctic Ozone Hole Recover?

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early Spring. Antarctic ozone values have been monitored since 1979 using satellite observations from the .TOMS instrument. The severity of the hole has been assessed from TOMS using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole) and by calculating the average size during the September-October period. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations in the collar of the polar lower stratospheric vortex. In this presentation, we show the relationships of halogens and temperature to, both the size and depth of the hole. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Using projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates, we find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. The ozone hole will begin to show first signs of recovery in about 2023, and the hole will fully recover to pre-1980 levels in approximately 2070. This 2070 recovery is 20 years later than recent projections.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2006

When Will the Antarctic Ozone Hole Recover?

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early spring (late September - early October). Antarctic ozone values have been monitored since 1979 using satellite observations from the TOMS instrument. The severity of the hole has been assessed from TOMS using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole) and by calculating the average area coverage during this September-October period. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen (chlorine and bromine) catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations in the collar of the polar lower stratospheric vortex. In this talk, I will show the relationships of halogens and temperature to both the size and depth of the hole. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Using projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates, we find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. The ozone hole will begin to show first signs of recovery in about 2023, and the hole will fully recover to pre-1980 levels in approximately 2070. This 2070 recovery is 20 years later than recent projections. I will also discuss current assessments of mid-latitude ozone recovery.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Estimating When the Antarctic Ozone Hole Will Recover

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early spring (late September - early October). The severity of the hole has been assessed from satellites using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole) and by calculating the average area coverage during this September-October period. Profile information shows that ozone is completely destroyed in the 14-21 km layer by early October. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen (chlorine and bromine) catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Using projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates, we find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. We estimate that the ozone hole will begin to show first signs of size decrease in about 2023, and the hole will fully recover to pre-1980 levels in approximately 2070. Estimates of the ozone hole's recovery from models reveal important differences that will be discussed.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Estimating when the Antarctic Ozone Hole will Recover

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early spring (late September - early October). The severity of the hole has been assessed from satellites using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole) and by calculating the average area coverage during this September-October period. Profile information shows that ozone is completely destroyed in the 14-2 1 km layer by early October. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen (chlorine and bromine) catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international a'greements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Using projections of halogen levels combined with age-of-air estimates, we find that the ozone hole is recovering at an extremely slow rate and that large ozone holes will regularly recur over the next 2 decades. We estimate that the ozone hole will begin to show first signs of size decrease in about 2023, and the hole will fully recover to pre-1980 levels in approximately 2070. Estimates of the ozone hole's recovery from models reveal important differences that will be discussed.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Detection and Attribution of the Recovery of Polar Ozone

The Antarctic ozone hole develops each year and culminates by early spring (late September - early October). The severity of the hole has been assessed from satellites using the minimum total ozone value from the October monthly mean (depth of the hole), calculating the average area coverage during this September-October period, and by estimating ozone mass deficit. Profile information shows that ozone is completely destroyed in the 14-2 1 km layer by early October. Ozone is mainly destroyed by halogen (chlorine and bromine) catalytic cycles, and these losses are modulated by temperature variations. Because atmospheric halogen levels are responding to international agreements that limit or phase out production, the amount of halogens in the stratosphere should decrease over the next few decades. Both models and projections of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) into the 21St century reveal that polar ozone levels should recover in the 2060- 2070 period. In this talk, we will review current projections of polar ozone recovery. Using models and ODs projections, we explore both the past, near future (2008-2025), and far future (> 2025) levels of polar ozone. Finally, we will discuss various factors that complicate recovery such as greenhouse gas changes (e.g., cooling in the upper stratosphere) and the acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation.

Newman, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS2014

Feasibility Study of Cargo Airship Transportation Systems Powered by New Green Energy Technologies

The development of transportation systems that use new and sustainable energy technologies is of utmost importance due to the possible future shortfalls that current transportation modes will encounter because of increased volume and costs. The introduction and further research and development of new transportation and energy systems by materials researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) and the Department of Transportation are discussed in this Technical Memorandum. In this preliminary study, airship concepts were assessed for cargo transportation using various green energy technologies capable of 24-hour operation (i.e., night and day). Two prototype airships were successfully constructed and tested at LaRC to demonstrate their feasibility: one with commercially available solar cells for operation during the daytime and one with microwave rectennas (i.e., rectifying antennas) developed in-house for night-time operation. The test results indicate the feasibility of a cargo transportation airship powered by new green energy sources and wireless power technology. Future applications will exploit new green energy sources that use materials and devices recently developed or are in the process of being developed at LaRC. These include quantum well SiGe solar cells; low, mid-, and high temperature thermoelectric modules; and wireless microwave and optical rectenna devices. This study examines the need and development of new energy sources for transportation, including the current status of research, materials, and potential applications.

Skuza, Jonathan R.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Cold Survivable Current Sense Multi-Chip Module

This paper will present the design of a Current Sense Module (CSM) used to measure motor phase currents that is capable of surviving the harsh ambient environment of ocean worlds, such as Europa and Enceladus. The CSM module is fabricated by i3 Electronics using their Multi-Chip Module (MCM) technology with techniques developed by JPL to allow this module to survive temperatures down to -184°C. This module greatly improves the ability to measure phase and bridge current which can be problematic in extreme environments. In addition, by packaging these electronics at the die level, we achieve significant weight and size savings. This module is one of several modules that employ similar techniques that are integrated into a distributed or centralized motor controller. This paper will discuss the module’s design along with a summary of our test results.

Cheng, Ben↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Observationally-Based Determination of the Arctic Sea Ice-Cloud Feedback Since 2000: Isolating the Arctic Cloud Response to Sea Ice Loss

Arctic sea ice responds to and drives Arctic climate change. The interactions between Arctic sea ice and clouds represent a mechanism through which sea ice can drive climate change. We composite active remote sensing satellite cloud properties for ice-free, marginal ice zone (MIZ), and ice-covered surfaces during MIZ crossing events to investigate the influence of the transition from an ice-covered to an ice-free surface on low-level clouds. We demonstrate that the event-based methodology controls for large-scale meteorological factors and isolates the sea ice effect on clouds. We find larger cloud fraction and total water content below ~1.5 km over ice-free relative to ice-covered surfaces during non-summer months, indicating a low-level cloud sensitivity to Arctic sea ice decline. During summer, results show larger cloud fraction and water content over ice-free surfaces, however the differences are statistically indistinguishable. Evidence is provided that atmospheric thermodynamic profile differences cause the cloud property differences, namely that ice-free footprints are warmer, moister, have more positive surface turbulent fluxes and are less stable than their ice-covered counterparts. Ice-free and ice-covered surface cloud property differences scale with surface temperature differences such that cloud property differences are only found in the presence of a surface temperature difference. We conclude that surface temperature differences modulate the cloud response to sea ice loss through influences on surface turbulent fluxes and lower tropospheric stability. The results imply a positive non-summer sea ice-cloud feedback and that up to a 0.02 cloud fraction and 0.05 g m 3 total water content increase in fall are due to the observed sea ice decline.

Patrick C Taylor↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Estimating the Arctic Cloud-Sea Ice Feedback With Observations during the EOS Period

Arctic sea ice responds to and drives Arctic climate change. The interactions between Arctic sea ice and clouds represent a mechanism through which sea ice can drive climate change. We composite active remote sensing satellite cloud properties for ice-free, marginal ice zone (MIZ), and ice-covered surfaces during MIZ crossing events to investigate the influence of the transition from an ice-covered to an ice-free surface on low-level clouds. We demonstrate that the event-based methodology controls for large-scale meteorological factors and isolates the sea ice effect on clouds. We find larger cloud fraction and total water content below ~1.5 km over ice-free relative to ice-covered surfaces during non-summer months, indicating a low-level cloud sensitivity to Arctic sea ice decline. During summer, results show larger cloud fraction and water content over ice-free surfaces, however the differences are statistically indistinguishable. Evidence is provided that atmospheric thermodynamic profile differences cause the cloud property differences, namely that ice-free footprints are warmer, moister, have more positive surface turbulent fluxes and are less stable than their ice-covered counterparts. Ice-free and ice-covered surface cloud property differences scale with surface temperature differences such that cloud property differences are only found in the presence of a surface temperature difference. We conclude that surface temperature differences modulate the cloud response to sea ice loss through influences on surface turbulent fluxes and lower tropospheric stability. The results imply a positive non-summer sea ice-cloud feedback and that up to a 0.02 cloud fraction and 0.05 g m 3 total water content increase in fall are due to the observed sea ice decline.

Patrick C. Taylor↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Simplified Model of VIPER Thermal Management System. Part I: Loop Heat Pipe

NASA’s Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) uses a combination of loop heat pipes (LHPs) and heaters as the primary hardware to modulate the temperature of the electronic boxes and payloads instruments. LHPs have been designed and instrumented to be capable of passive and active shutdown. The goal of the passive shutdown, using a thermal control valve (TCV) to limit the flow of the working fluid, is to preserve thermal energy and avoid unnecessary heat leaks during lunar night. The goal of the active shutdown on the other hand, is to forcefully increase the vehicle internal temperature to bakeout the payload instruments. Several numerical modeling tools are available to analyze LHP performance under the complex set of operational requirements and environments levied on the VIPER Thermal Management System (TMS). Yet, while those numerical modeling tools are capable of detailed performance analysis, they tend to take large computational resources and long computational time. In this paper, a model of a single LHP developed based on control volume approach is presented. By using the control volume approach, the complex geometry of the LHP, and the components attached to it, are reduced to thermal lump capacitances, thus reducing the computation effort. This paper also describes the effort to correlate the proposed LHP model using thermal vacuum (TVAC) test data.

Loop Heat Pipe↗