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Results for “hydrogen pathways”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Potential energy surfaces for the reactions of HO 2 radical with CH 2 O and HO 2 in CO 2 environment

Here, we report on potential energies for the transition state, reactant, and product complexes along the reaction pathways for hydrogen transfer reactions to hydroperoxyl radical from formaldehyde H 2 CO + HO 2 → HCO + H 2 O 2 and another hydroperoxyl radical 2HO 2 → H 2 O 2 + O 2 in the presence of one carbon dioxide molecule. Both covalently bonded intermediates and weak intermolecular complexes are identified and characterized. We found that reactions that involve covalent intermediates have substantially higher activation barriers and are not likely to play a role in hydrogen transfer kinetics. The van der Waals complexation with carbon dioxide does not affect hydrogen transfer from formaldehyde, but it lowers the barrier for hydroperoxyl self-reaction by nearly 3 kcal/mol. This indicates that CO 2 environment is likely to have catalytic effect on HO 2 self-reaction, which needs to be included in kinetic combustion mechanisms in supercritical CO 2 .

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ammonolysis Under NH 3 –Limiting Conditions as a Pathway to Improved LaTiO 2 N Water Splitting Photoanodes

LaTiO 2 N is a promising intermediate band gap semiconductor for the water splitting reaction, a pathway to hydrogen fuel from solar energy. However, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity of the material is hindered by defects, particularly Ti(III) species, which promote photocarrier recombination. These defects are formed during the high-temperature ammonolysis reaction. Here we show that improved LaTiO 2 N materials can be synthesized under NH 3 -limiting conditions by introducing N 2 to lower the NH 3 partial pressure to0.13atm.This reduces the Ti(III) defect density in the material from 6.06 × 10 16 to ∼4.61 × 10 15 cm −3 , by a factor of 13, based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Any remaining Ti(III) defects are localized at the LaTiO 2 N surface, according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), due to the formation of a depletion layer in the semico. Optical absorption spectra of the improved LaTiO 2 N reveal a blue-shifted band gap absorption edge and a suppressed sub-band gap absorption. Defect removal also reduces a sub-band gap surface photovoltage feature visible in the 1.0 atm reference material. The improved LaTiO 2 N supports a 1.57 mA cm −2 water oxidation photocurrent at 1.23 V RHE under simulated sunlight conditions, and an enhanced quantum efficiency of 4.5% (400 nm) for photocatalytic oxygen evolution from aqueous silver nitrate solution. Stable PEC operation is observed for over 55 min. This confirms that ammonolysis under NH 3 -limiting conditions improves the solar energy conversion properties of LaTiO 2 N. The ability to control metal ion defects in oxynitrides by varying the ammonia partial pressure during ammonolysis might be generally useful for the preparation of metal nitrides and oxynitrides.

defects↗
DOE OSTI2018

H2 roaming chemistry and the formation of H3+ from organic molecules in strong laser fields

Roaming mechanisms, involving the brief generation of a neutral atom or molecule that stays in the vicinity before reacting with the remaining atoms of the precursor, are providing valuable insights into previously unexplained chemical reactions. Here in this paper, the mechanistic details and femtosecond time-resolved dynamics of H 3 + formation from a series of alcohols with varying primary carbon chain lengths are obtained through a combination of strong-field laser excitation studies and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. For small alcohols, four distinct pathways involving hydrogen migration and H 2 roaming prior to H 3 + formation are uncovered. Despite the increased number of hydrogens and possible combinations leading to H 3 + formation, the yield decreases as the carbon chain length increases. The fundamental mechanistic findings presented here explore the formation of H 3 +, the most important ion in interstellar chemistry, through H 2 roaming occurring in ionic species.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Synthesis of biomass-derived feedstocks for the polymers and fuels industries from 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) and acetone

We show that 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF) and acetone can be selectively converted into a range of biomass-derived high molecular weight chemicals in high yield (>90%). HMF was condensed with acetone and purified to produce HMF-Acetone-HMF dimer (HAH). We then selectively synthesized various compounds from HAH by the sequential catalytic reaction pathway of hydrogenation, ring-opening, and hydrodeoxygenation. These synthesized HMF-derived chemicals were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The HMF-derived molecules described in this paper can be feedstocks for the polymer, pigment, and petroleum industries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Facets control charge separation during photoelectrochemical water oxidation with strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) single crystals

The photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction provides a pathway to hydrogen fuel from sunlight. Photocatalysts must achieve the reaction without the application of an external bias, which requires an effective charge separation mechanism. Photolabeling studies and electrostatic simulations for the well-known CoOOH/Al:SrTiO 3 /Rh/Cr 2 O 3 photocatalyst suggest that charge separation is driven by work function differences at the (100) and (110) facets of SrTiO 3 , which are electron and hole selective, respectively. Here we use hydrogen annealed SrTiO 3–x single crystals to obtain the first quantitative assessment of the charge separation ability of the (100), or (110), or (111) facets during oxygen evolution. Under UV illumination (60 mW cm –2 ), the crystals exhibit variable water oxidation photocurrents (0.34, 0.82, 1.36 mA cm –2 at 1.23 V versus RHE) and photovoltage values of 1.40, 1.52 and 1.52 V for (100), (110), and (111) SrTiO 3–x , respectively. A surface photovoltage increase in that same order (0.31 V < 0.57 V < 0.67 V) is confirmed independently with vibrating Kelvin probe surface photovoltage spectroscopy (VKP-SPV) under 375 nm (1.91 mW cm –2 ) illumination. Mott Schottky measurements in aqueous K 3/4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] reveal facet-dependent flatband positions of –0.58, –0.71, and –0.74 V RHE for the (100), (110), and (111) crystals respectively. This confirms that the photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of SrTiO 3–x crystals is controlled by the work function of each facet, which determines the electron transfer barrier height of the respective solid–liquid junctions. After correcting for differences in electron donor concentrations, barriers are found to increase in the order (100) < (111) < (110) and differ by as much as 0.16 eV, similar to an earlier prediction. Altogehter, these results explain the charge separation mechanism in SrTiO 3 photocatalysts and highlight the need for faceted semiconductor crystals as light absorbers in particle-based photocatalysts.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Influence of Supporting Electrolyte on Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Performance: Anolyte

Hydroxide-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (HEMWE) is an emerging hydrogen-production pathway that combines many advantages of incumbent alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Advancement in HEMWE has been accelerated with the development of stable and conductive hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs) and a more comprehensive understanding of alkaline gas-evolving kinetics. However, performance and durability without supporting electrolytes (SELs) remain inferior to PEMWE and AWE and little is known about the role and impact of the SELs. This study investigates the effects of SELs used as anolyte solutions in HEMWEs including cation-type, anion-type, SEL conductivity and pH, presence of carbonates and increased cation/OH- ratios on cell voltage and stability. We report our findings that (i) cell potential and high-frequency resistance did not correlate with anolyte SEL conductivity, (ii) cation-type influences cell voltage at low current densities (<50 mA cm -2 ) as predicted by half-cell measurements, (iii) increased cation/OH- ratio causes increased overpotentials, and (iv) carbonates are exchanged in the HEM but removed via self-purging at high current density. Overall, this study concludes that concentrated KOH is still the best SEL.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Fuel Pathway Integration Technical Team Roadmap

The Fuel Pathway Integration Technical Team (FPITT) supports the U.S. DRIVE Partnership (the Partnership) in the identification and evaluation of implementation scenarios for fuel cell technology pathways, including hydrogen and fuel cell electric vehicles in the transportation sector, both during a transition period and in the long term.

fuel cell↗
NASA NTRS2007

Quantum Chemical Evaluation of the Astrochemical Significance of Reactions between S Atom and Acetylene or Ethylene

Addition-elimination reactions of S atom in its P-3 ground state with acetylene (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) were characterized with both molecular orbital and density functional theory calculations employing correlation consistent basis sets in order to assess the likelihood either reaction might play a general role in astrochemistry or a specific role in the formation of S2 (X (sup 3 SIGMA (sub g) (sup -)) via a mechanism proposed by Saxena and Misra (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1995, 272, 89). The acetylene and ethylene reactions proceed through C2H2S ((sup 3)A")) and C2H4S ((sup 3)A")) intermediates, respectively, to yield HCCS ((sup 2)II)) and C2H3S ((sup 2)A')). Substantial barriers were found in the exit channels for every combination of method and basis set considered in this work, which effectively precludes hydrogen elimination pathways for both S + C2H2 and S + C2H4 in the ultracold interstellar medium where only very modest barriers can be surmounted and processes without barriers tend to predominate. However, if one or both intermediates is formed and stabilized efficiently under cometary or dense interstellar cloud conditions, they could serve as temporary reservoirs for S atom and participate in reactions such as S + C2H2S (right arrow) S2 = C2H2 or S + C2H4S (right arrow) S2 + C2H4. For formation and stabilization to be efficient, the reaction must possess a barrier height small enough to be surmountable at low temperatures yet large enough to prevent redissociation to reactants. Barrier heights computed with B3LYP and large basis sets are very low, but more rigorous QCISD(T) and RCCSD(T) results indicate that the barrier heights are closer to 3-4 kcal/mol. The calculations therefore indicate that S + C2H2 or S + C2H4 could contribute to the formation of S2 in comets and may serve as a means to gauge coma temperature. The energetics of the ethylene reaction are more favorable.

Woon, David E.↗
DOE OSTI2010

Fundamental Studies of Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation on Cu(111), Cu Clusters, and Cu/ZnO(000ī)

A combination of experimental and theoretical methods were employed to investigate the synthesis of methanolvia CO{sub 2}hydrogenation (CO{sub 2} + 3H{sub 2} {yields} CH{sub 3}OH + H{sub 2}O) on Cu(111) and Cunanoparticle surfaces. High pressure reactivity studies show that Cunanoparticles supported on a ZnO(000{bar 1}) single crystal exhibit a higher catalytic activity than the Cu(111) planar surface. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations of methanol synthesis were also performed for a Cu(111) surface and unsupported Cu{sub 29} nanoparticles, and the results support a higher activity for Cu nanoparticles. The DFT calculations show that methanol synthesis on Cu surfaces proceeds through a formate intermediate and the overall reaction rate is limited by both formate and dioxomethylene hydrogenation. Moreover, the superior activity of the nanoparticle is associated with its fluxionality and the presence of low-coordinated Cu sites, which stabilize the key intermediates, e.g. formate and dioxomethylene, and lower the barrier for the rate-limiting hydrogenation process. The reverse water-gas-shift (RWGS) reaction (CO{sub 2} + H{sub 2} {yields} CO + H{sub 2}O) was experimentally observed to compete with methanol synthesis and was also considered in our DFT calculations. In agreement with experiment, the rate of the RWGS reaction on Cu nanoparticles is estimated to be 2 orders of magnitude faster than methanol synthesis at T = 573 K. The experiments and calculations also indicate that CO produced by the fast RWGS reaction does not undergo subsequent hydrogenation to methanol, but instead simply accumulates as a product. Methanol production from CO hydrogenation via the RWGS pathway is hindered by the first hydrogenation of CO to formyl, which is not stable and prefers to dissociate into CO and H atoms on Cu. Our calculated results suggest that the methanol yield over Cu-based catalysts could be improved by adding dopants or promoters which are able to stabilize formyl species or facilitate the hydrogenation of formate and dioxomethylene. the RWGS pathway is hindered by the first hydrogenation of CO to formyl, which is not stable and prefers to dissociate into CO and H atoms on Cu. Our calculated results suggest that the methanol yield over Cu-based catalysts could be improved by adding dopants or promoters which are able to stabilize formyl species or facilitate the hydrogenation of formate and dioxomethylene.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Novel candidate taxa contribute to key metabolic processes in Fennoscandian Shield deep groundwaters

The continental deep biosphere contains a vast reservoir of microorganisms, although a large proportion of its diversity remains both uncultured and undescribed. In this study, the metabolic potential (metagenomes) and activity (metatranscriptomes) of the microbial communities in Fennoscandian Shield deep subsurface groundwaters were characterized with a focus on novel taxa. DNA sequencing generated 1270 de-replicated metagenome-assembled genomes and single-amplified genomes, containing 7 novel classes, 34 orders, and 72 families. The majority of novel taxa were affiliated with Patescibacteria, whereas among novel archaea taxa, Thermoproteota and Nanoarchaeota representatives dominated. Metatranscriptomes revealed that 30 of the 112 novel taxa at the class, order, and family levels were active in at least one investigated groundwater sample, implying that novel taxa represent a partially active but hitherto uncharacterized deep biosphere component. The novel taxa genomes coded for carbon fixation predominantly via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, nitrogen fixation, sulfur plus hydrogen oxidation, and fermentative pathways, including acetogenesis. These metabolic processes contributed significantly to the total community’s capacity, with up to 9.9% of fermentation, 6.4% of the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, 6.8% of sulfur plus 8.6% of hydrogen oxidation, and energy conservation via nitrate (4.4%) and sulfate (6.0%) reduction. Key novel taxa included the UBA9089 phylum, with representatives having a prominent role in carbon fixation, nitrate and sulfate reduction, and organic and inorganic electron donor oxidation. These data provided insights into deep biosphere microbial diversity and their contribution to nutrient and energy cycling in this ecosystem.

Candidatus↗
DOE OSTI2013

Hydrogen Production Technical Team Roadmap

The Hydrogen Production Technical Team Roadmap identifies research pathways leading to hydrogen production technologies that produce near-zero net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from highly efficient and diverse renewable energy sources. This roadmap focuses on initial development of the technologies, identifies their gaps and barriers, and describes activities by various U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) offices to address the key issues and challenges.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

One-pot catalytic conversion of biomass and alkanes: Kinetically coupling deoxygenation and dehydrogenation pathways

The stoichiometric hydrogen deficiency of carbohydrate feedstock implies that all conversion processes must remove oxygen and concurrently increase hydrogen content to form liquid hydrocarbon products. With support from the DOE Early Career program (DE-SC0008418) we have investigated the use of transition metal carbides for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) chemistries using CH 4 and H 2 as co-reactants. We report that concurrently processing CH 4 and C 1 -C 3 oxygenates (oxygenate/CH 4 = 0.01-0.1) at 950 K on molybdenum carbide clusters encapsulated in zeolite micropores results in a staged bed with upstream CH 4 reforming and downstream CH 4 dehydroaromatization. Forward rates of CH 4 pyrolysis limited by CH 4 activation are unperturbed by the introduction of oxygenates with a (C/H) eff <0.25 after rigorously accounting for the thermodynamic reversibility caused by the H 2 produced in oxygenate reforming reactions and the fraction of the active catalyst bed deemed unavailable for CH 4 dehydroaromatization. A binomial distribution of 12 C/ 13 C isotopologues of CO is observed upon introduction of CH 3 13 COOH/CH 4 reactants suggesting that the introduction of oxygenates with a (C/H) eff <0.25 results in complete fragmentation of the oxygenate at these temperatures which in turn results in the invariance of forward rates of CH 4 pyrolysis when using CO 2 , HCOOH, or CH 3 COOH co-feeds. The stoichiometric loss of oxygen as CO when co-processing C 1 -C 3 oxygenates and CH 4 at these temperatures demonstrates that (C/H) eff =(C-O)/H is a single valued descriptor for oxygen removal on Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. Separately, we have demonstrated the utility of transition metal carbides for vapor phase catalytic hydrodeoxygenation using molecular hydrogen with high selectivity for C-O cleavage and near absence of sequential hydrogenation reactions at atmospheric hydrogen pressure and illustrated that the faculty of transition metal carbides for selective hydrodeoxygenation arises due to oxygen-modification of the catalyst in situ. The oxophilic characteristics of these materials engender both the observed acid-metal catalytic bifunctionality and selectivity for hydrodeoxygenation. The evolution of catalyst surface composition and catalytic function under oxidative reaction environments proffers unique challenges in structural characterization of these materials and in this context, we developed and demonstrated the use of chemical titration and chemical transient studies to assess catalytic site identity and densities.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ammonia synthesis on BaTiO 2.5 H 0.5 : computational insights into the role of hydrides

Perovskite oxyhydrides such as BaTiO 2.5 H 0.5 have been found to be able to catalyze NH3 synthesis, but the mechanism and the role of the catalyst's lattice hydrides in the catalytic reaction remain unknown. Here we employ first principles density functional theory to investigate the mechanism of ammonia synthesis and the role of lattice hydrides on a prototypical perovskite oxyhydride, BaTiO 2.5 H 0.5 (BTOH). Two mechanistic hypotheses, the distal and alternating pathways, have been tested on the Ti2O 2 termination of the BTOH (210) surface, previously determined to be the most stable surface termination under the reaction conditions considered. In the distal pathway, H atoms hydrogenate N 2 to form the *N–NH x key intermediates, followed by N–N bond breaking. In the alternating pathway, H atoms hydrogenate N 2 in an alternating fashion to form the *NH x –NH y intermediates before N–N bond breaking and formation of co-adsorbed *NH x /*NH y on the surface. We find that the subsurface hydride vacancy formed after reaction of *N 2 with the lattice hydride is key to the distal pathway, leading to surface nitride formation after breaking the *N–NH 3 bond, while the neighboring surface Ti sites are key to bridging and stabilizing the *NNH intermediate in the alternating pathway. In both pathways, desorption of NH 3 is the most uphill in energy. Our results provide important insights into the role of hydrides and surface vacancies in hydrogenation reactions over BTOH, which will be useful to guide future spectroscopic experiments such as operando IR and inelastic neutron scattering to verify the key intermediates.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Operating Strategies for Dispatchable PEM Electrolyzers that Enable Low-Cost Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen is a pathway to enabling decarbonization across multiple economic sectors that cannot be directly decarbonized with electricity including heat for industrial operations, medium- and heavy-duty transportation applications, long-duration energy storage, and as a feedstock for chemical synthesis. Producing hydrogen at low costs and carbon footprint is likely essential to economically decarbonize these otherwise "hard to decarbonize" sectors. Low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis produces hydrogen from water and electricity and is a rapidly developing pathway towards making hydrogen at the scales required for decarbonization applications. The levelized cost of electrolytic hydrogen is dependent on the capital cost, efficiency, and durability of the electrolyzer system as well as the price of electricity supplied to the electrolyzer and the annual utilization of the electrolyzer (capacity factor). Electricity price and capacity factor depend on the source of energy that the system uses and impact other economic factors. Electricity price and capacity factor and the connections between other aspects of hydrogen production via PEM electrolyzers are the focus of this work. PEM electrolyzers have conventionally been operated at high capacity factors using electricity purchased from utilities with a constant price throughout the year. To achieve lower effective electricity prices, recent work has investigated opportunities for electrolyzers to purchase electricity in wholesale markets, where the cost of electricity varies hourly. This option can lead to lower electricity costs when the electrolyzer is a controllable load that ramps up and down rapidly and turns on and off frequently. This configuration and operating strategy capitalizes on times of low wholesale electricity prices and results in lower hydrogen levelized costs than constant operation due to reduced electricity costs even though the reduced capacity factor increases the cost of recovering the capital investment. Cycling on and off frequently also has implications for electrolyzer durability. An electrolyzer configuration where it is directly connected to renewable generation such as wind or solar, only running when the generator is producing energy, has similar implications on operating strategy, hydrogen levelized cost, capacity factor, and durability. This work provides insight into the relationships between dispatchable electrolyzer operating strategies and the cost of producing hydrogen from these systems, outlining strategies and opportunities to minimize production costs while minimizing operations that are likely to negatively impact system durability and efficiency. We find strategies that minimize electrolyzer cycling and the resulting durability impacts while increasing the hydrogen levelized cost only slightly above the minimum. We also find opportunities for batteries to minimize the number of cycles in systems directly connected to renewable generation. These findings outline key opportunities for future electrolyzer deployments and the synergistic benefits between electrolyzers and increased deployment of renewable energy generation like wind and solar. They also inform research and development that is reducing electrolyzer capital cost while managing durability impacts.

electricity markets↗
DOE OSTI2022

Appalachian Hydrogen Infrastructure Analysis

As large-scale efforts to decarbonize the global economy ramp up in earnest, hydrogen is being positioned as a critical solution for numerous sectors. Hydrogen produced from fossil energy resources with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is viewed as a bridge in the clean energy transition, enabling the development of midstream infrastructure and downstream demand. This report highlights the potential for the Appalachian region to develop a hydrogen economy with fossil-derived hydrogen with CCS production (hydrogen from natural gas with carbon capture and storage). Specifically, the report provides hydrogen transport and storage infrastructure pathways in support of a broader hydrogen economy. These pathways are consistent with existing and potential technologies and regulations and provide valuable guidance for the investment and research and development potential for transportation and storage of hydrogen in Appalachia.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2012

Quantitative Tools for Dissection of Hydrogen-Producing Metabolic Networks (Final Report)

During this project we have pioneered the development of integrated experimental-computational technologies for the quantitative dissection of metabolism in hydrogen and biofuel producing microorganisms (i.e. C. acetobutylicum and various cyanobacteria species). The application of these new methodologies resulted in many significant advances in the understanding of the metabolic networks and metabolism of these organisms, and has provided new strategies to enhance their hydrogen or biofuel producing capabilities. As an example, using mass spectrometry, isotope tracers, and quantitative flux-modeling we mapped the metabolic network structure in C. acetobutylicum. This resulted in a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of central carbon metabolism that could not have been obtained using genomic data alone. We discovered that biofuel production in this bacterium, which only occurs during stationary phase, requires a global remodeling of central metabolism (involving large changes in metabolite concentrations and fluxes) that has the effect of redirecting resources (carbon and reducing power) from biomass production into solvent production. This new holistic, quantitative understanding of metabolism is now being used as the basis for metabolic engineering strategies to improve solvent production in this bacterium. In another example, making use of newly developed technologies for monitoring hydrogen and NAD(P)H levels in vivo, we dissected the metabolic pathways for photobiological hydrogen production by cyanobacteria Cyanothece sp. This investigation led to the identification of multiple targets for improving hydrogen production. Importantly, the quantitative tools and approaches that we have developed are broadly applicable and we are now using them to investigate other important biofuel producers, such as cellulolytic bacteria.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2010

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Analysis: Lessons Learned from Stationary Power Generation Final Report

This study considered opportunities for hydrogen in stationary applications in order to make recommendations related to RD&D strategies that incorporate lessons learned and best practices from relevant national and international stationary power efforts, as well as cost and environmental modeling of pathways. The study analyzed the different strategies utilized in power generation systems and identified the different challenges and opportunities for producing and using hydrogen as an energy carrier. Specific objectives included both a synopsis/critical analysis of lessons learned from previous stationary power programs and recommendations for a strategy for hydrogen infrastructure deployment. This strategy incorporates all hydrogen pathways and a combination of distributed power generating stations, and provides an overview of stationary power markets, benefits of hydrogen-based stationary power systems, and competitive and technological challenges. The motivation for this project was to identify the lessons learned from prior stationary power programs, including the most significant obstacles, how these obstacles have been approached, outcomes of the programs, and how this information can be used by the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program to meet program objectives primarily related to hydrogen pathway technologies (production, storage, and delivery) and implementation of fuel cell technologies for distributed stationary power. In addition, the lessons learned address environmental and safety concerns, including codes and standards, and education of key stakeholders.

08 HYDROGEN↗