Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions analysis of catalysts for hydrotreating of fast pyrolysis bio-oil
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Snowden-Swan, L. J.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “gas analysis”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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In situ analysis of gas generation in lithium ion batteries with different carbonate-based electrolytes
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Teng, Xin↗
Effect of sucrose on foaming and melting behavior of a low-activity waste melter feed
Reductants, such as sucrose, are added to nuclear waste melter feeds containing high fractions of nitrates and nitrites to reduce excessive foaming during feed-to-glass conversion and to decrease sulfate segregation and increase technetium retention. The sucrose effect on foaming and melting reactions during the conversion was examined using the feed volume expansion, thermogravimetric analysis, evolved gas analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Different sucrose additions were used to vary the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the melter feed. As C/N ratio increased, the extent of foaming decreased and N2/NO ratio increased in the gas phase evolved. Significant foam suppression, rapid gas release at approximately 250°C, and reduction of transition metal oxides were observed at C/N > 1.1.
Appel, Connor J.↗
Gas Reliability Analysis Integrated Library (GRAIL)
The Gas Reliability Analysis Integrated Library (GRAIL) is a prototype computational tool for solving a class of intra-day model-predictive control problems for a simplified network model of midstream natural gas pipeline systems. The model accurately resolves dynamic gas flows through long pipes using a non-ideal gas equation of state. It can be used to provide optimal intra-day flow schedules as well as spatiotemporal economic values of natural gas while ensuring that pipeline hydraulic limitations, compressor station constraints, operational factors, and pre-existing shipping contracts are satisfied. The inputs to the code are a model of the pipeline system as well as time-series data that specify boundary conditions on the network and time-dependent constraints on the optimal control problem. The outputs are time-series data that provide an approximately optimal solution of flows, pressures, compressor settings, and sensitivities to the objective function.
Zlotnik, Anatoly↗
User's manual for the TRW gaspipe program. A vapor-gas front analysis program for heat pipes containing noncondensible gas
Digital computer program manual for design, analysis, and performance prediction of heat pipes with noncondensible gases including input/output routines and Runge-Kutta models
Edwards, D. K.↗
Considerations for the Extension of Gas Path Analysis to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Systems
Aircraft operators rely on gas path analysis techniques for monitoring the performance and health of their gas turbine engine assets. This is accomplished by analyzing discernable shifts in measurement parameters acquired from the engine. This paper reviews the founding mathematical principles of gas path analysis, including conventional approaches applied for estimating engine performance deterioration. Considerations for extending the application of gas path analysis techniques to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion (EAP) systems is also discussed, and simulated results from their application to an EAP concept comprised of turbomachinery and electrical system hardware is provided. Results are provided comparing the parameter estimation accuracy offered by taking a whole-system approach towards the problem setup versus that offered by analyzing each subsystem individually. For the latter, the importance of having accurate direct or inferred measurements of external mechanical torque loads placed upon turbomachinery shafts is emphasized.
Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗
Considerations for the Extension of Gas Path Analysis to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Systems
Aircraft operators rely on gas path analysis techniques for monitoring the performance and health of their gas turbine engine assets. This is accomplished by analyzing discernable shifts in measurement parameters acquired from the engine. This paper reviews the founding mathematical principles of gas path analysis, including conventional approaches applied for estimating engine performance deterioration. Considerations for extending the application of gas path analysis techniques to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion (EAP) systems is also discussed, and simulated results from their application to an EAP concept comprised of turbomachinery and electrical system hardware is provided. Results are provided comparing the parameter estimation accuracy offered by taking a whole-system approach towards the problem setup versus that offered by analyzing each subsystem individually. For the latter, the importance of having accurate direct or inferred measurements of external mechanical torque loads placed upon turbomachinery shafts is emphasized.
Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗
Considerations for the Extension of Gas Path Analysis to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion Systems
Aircraft operators rely on gas path analysis techniques for monitoring the performance and health of their gas turbine engine assets. This is accomplished by analyzing discernable shifts in measurement parameters acquired from the engine. This paper reviews the founding mathematical principles of gas path analysis, including conventional approaches applied for estimating engine performance deterioration. Considerations for extending the application of gas path analysis techniques to Electrified Aircraft Propulsion (EAP) systems is also discussed, and simulated results from their application to an EAP concept comprised of turbomachinery and electrical system hardware is provided. Results are provided comparing the parameter estimation accuracy offered by taking a whole-system approach towards the problem setup versus that offered by analyzing each subsystem individually. For the latter, the importance of having accurate direct or inferred measurements of external mechanical torque loads placed upon turbomachinery shafts is emphasized.
Electrified Aircraft Propulsion↗
Multiplex gas chromatography: an alternative concept for gas chromatographic analysis of planetary atmospheres
Gas chromatography (GC) is a powerful technique for analyzing gaseous mixtures. Applied to the earth's atmosphere, GC can be used to determine the permanent gases--such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen--and to analyze organic pollutants in air. The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used GC in spacecraft missions to Mars (the Viking Biology Gas Exchange Experiment [GEX] and the Viking Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer [GC-MS]) and to Venus (the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph [PVGC] on board the Pioneer Venus sounder probe) for determining the atmospheric constituents of these two planets. Even though conventional GC was very useful in the Viking and Pioneer missions, spacecraft constraints and limitations intrinsic to the technique prevented the collection of more samples. With the Venus probe, for instance, each measurement took a relatively long time to complete (10 min), and successive samples could not be introduced until the previous samples had left the column. Therefore, while the probe descended through the Venusian atmosphere, only three samples were acquired at widely separated altitudes. With the Viking mission, the sampling rate was not a serious problem because samples were acquired over a period of one year. However, the detection limit was a major disadvantage. The GC-MS could not detect simple hydrocarbons and simple alcohols below 0.1 ppm, and the GEX could not detect them below 1 ppm. For more complex molecules, the detection limits were at the parts-per-billion level for both instruments. Finally, in both the Viking and Pioneer missions, the relatively slow rate of data acquisition limited the number of analyses, and consequently, the amount of information returned. Similar constraints are expected in future NASA missions. For instance, gas chromatographic instrumentation is being developed to collect and analyze organic gases and aerosols in the atmosphere of Titan (one of Saturn's satellites). The Titan-Cassini entry probe, which is being jointly planned by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), might be launched as early as 1994. As in the Pioneer mission, limited time--perhaps only 3-4 h--will be available for the completion of all analyses while the probe descends through the atmosphere. A conventional GC or GC-MS system would be able to analyze no more than two aerosol and two gas samples during the probe's descent. Conventional GC also is limited by the sensitivity of the detector and by the sample volume. For the Titan mission, the sensitivity problems will be worse because the atmospheric pressure at the time of instrument deployment is expected to be < 3 torr. Consequently, the sample volume might not be large enough to satisfy the detector sensitivity requirements. Because of such limitations, alternative GC analysis techniques have been investigated for future NASA missions. Multiplex gas chromatography has been investigated as a possible candidate for chemical analysis within a spacecraft or other restricted environment, and chemical modulators have been developed and used when needed with this technique to reduce the size and weight of the instrumentation. Also, several new multiplex techniques have been developed for use in specific applications.
NASA Center ARC↗
Effects of outgassing of loader chamber walls on hydriding of thin films for commercial applications
An important aspect of understanding industrial processing is to know the characteristics of the materials used in such processes. A study was performed to determine the effects of hydriding chamber material on the degree of hydriding for the commercial production of thin film hydride targets for various research universities, commercial companies, and government national laboratories. The goal was to increase the degree of hydriding of various thin film hydrides and to study the vacuum environment during air-exposure hydriding. For this purpose, dynamic residual gas analysis during deuterium gas hydride processing was utilized with erbium thin films, employing a special set-up for direct dynamic hydride gas sampling during processing at elevated temperature and full loading gas pressure. Complete process data for (1) a copper–(1.83 wt. %)beryllium wet hydrogen fired passivated (600 °C–1 h) externally heated pipe hydriding chamber are reported. Dynamic residual gas analysis comparisons during hydriding are presented for hydriding chambers made from (2) alumina (99.8 wt. %), (3) copper (with an interior aluminum coating ∼10 k Å thick, and (4) for a stainless-steel air-fired passivated (900 °C–1 h) chamber. Dynamic data with deuterium gas in the chamber at the hydriding temperature (450 °C) showed the presence and growth of water vapor (D{sub 2}O) and related mixed ion species(H{sub 2}O{sup +}, HDO{sup +}, D{sub 2}O{sup +}, and OD{sup +}) from hydrogen isotope exchange reactions during the 1 h process time. Peaks at mass-to-charge ratios (i.e., m/e) of 12(C{sup +}), 16(CD{sub 2}{sup +}), 17(CHD{sub 2}{sup +}), and 18(CD{sub 3}{sup +}, OD{sup +}) increased for approximately the first half hour of a 1 h hydriding process and then approach steady state. Mass-to-charge peaks at 19(HDO{sup +}) and 20(D{sub 2}O{sup +}) continue to increase throughout the process cycle. Using the m/e = 20 (D{sub 2}O{sup +}) peak intensity from chamber (1)–Cu(1.83 wt. %)Be as a standard, the peak intensity from chamber (4)—stainless-steel (air-fired) was 7.1× higher, indicating that the surface of stainless-steel had a larger concentration of reactive oxygen and/or water than hydrogen. The (D{sub 2}O{sup +}) peak intensity from chamber (3)—Cu (interior Al coating) was 1.55× larger and chamber (2)—alumina(99.8%) was 1.33× higher than Cu(1.83 wt. %)Be. Thus copper–(1.83 wt. %)beryllium was the best hydriding chamber material studied followed closely by the alumina (99.8 wt. %) chamber. Gas take-up by Er occluder targets processed in Cu(1.83 wt. %)Be hydriding chambers (i.e., gas/metal atomic ratios) correlate with the dynamic RGA data.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
System Would Detect Foreign-Object Damage in Turbofan Engine
A proposed data-fusion system, to be implemented mostly in software, would further process the digitized and preprocessed outputs of sensors in a turbofan engine to detect foreign-object damage (FOD) [more precisely, damage caused by impingement of such foreign objects as birds, pieces of ice, and runway debris]. The proposed system could help a flight crew to decide what, if any, response is necessary to complete a flight safely, and could aid mechanics in deciding what post-flight maintenance action might be needed. The sensory information to be utilized by the proposed system would consist of (1) the output of an accelerometer in an engine-vibration-monitoring subsystem and (2) features extracted from a gas path analysis. ["Gas path analysis" (GPA) is a term of art that denotes comprehensive analysis of engine performance derived from readings of fuel-flow meters, shaft-speed sensors, temperature sensors, and the like.] The acceleration signal would first be processed by a wavelet-transform-based algorithm, using a wavelet created for the specific purpose of finding abrupt FOD-induced changes in noisy accelerometer signals. Two additional features extracted would be the amplitude of vibration (determined via a single- frequency Fourier transform calculated at the rotational speed of the engine), and the rate of change in amplitude due to an FOD-induced rotor imbalance. This system would utilize two GPA features: the fan efficiency and the rate of change of fan efficiency with time. The selected GPA and vibrational features would be assessed by two fuzzy-logic inference engines, denoted the "Gas Path Expert" and the "Vibration Expert," respectively (see Figure 1). Each of these inference engines would generate a "possibility" distribution for occurrence of an FOD event: Each inference engine would assign, to its input information, degrees of membership, which would subsequently be transformed into basic probability assignments for the gas path and vibration components. The outputs of the inference engines would be fused by use of Dempster s combination algorithm (more precisely, an algorithm, based on the Dempster-Shafer-Yager theory of evidence, for fusing uncertain or imprecise information) to provide a reduced body of information to a human or computer decision maker. Figure 2 depicts some outputs generated in response to simulated accelerometer and GPA signals
Torso, James A.↗
Qualitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures by Microwave Spectroscopy
Qualitative analysis of gas mixtures by microwave spectroscopy
White, W. F.↗
Cooling of Gas Turbines: Analysis of Rotor and Blade Temperatures in Liquid-Cooled Gas Turbines - 3
A theoretical analysis of the radial temperature distribution through the rotor and constant cross sectional area blades near the coolant passages of liquid cooled gas turbines was made. The analysis was applied to obtain the rotor and blade temperatures of a specific turbine using a gas flow of 55 pounds per second, a coolant flow of 6.42 pounds per second, and an average coolant temperature of 200 degrees F. The effect of using kerosene, water, and ethylene glycol was determined. The effect of varying blade length and coolant passage lengths with water as the coolant was also determined. The effective gas temperature was varied from 2000 degrees to 5000 degrees F in each investigation.
Brown, W. Byron↗
The Interstellar Gas Experiment: Analysis in progress
The Interstellar Gas Experiment (IGE) exposed thin metallic foils aboard the LDEF spacecraft in low Earth orbit in order to collect neutral interstellar particles which penetrate the solar system due to their motion relative to the sun. By mechanical penetration these atoms were imbedded in the collecting foils along with precipitating magnetospheric ions and, possibly, with ambient atmospheric atoms. During the entire LDEF mission, seven of these foils collected particles arriving from seven different directions as seen from the spacecraft. After the foils were returned to Earth, a mass spectrometric analysis of the noble gas component of the trapped particles was begun. The isotopes of He-3, He-4, Ne-20, and Ne-22 were detected. We have given a first account of the experiment. In order to infer the isotopic ratios in the interstellar medium from the concentrations found in the foils, several lines of investigation had to be initiated. The flux of ambient atmospheric noble gas atoms moving toward the foils due to the orbital motion of LDEF was estimated by detailed calculations. Any of these particles which evaded the baffles in the IGE collector could be entrapped in the foils as a background flux. However, the calculations have shown that this flux is negligible, which was the intent of the experiment hardware design. This conclusion is supported by the measurements. However, both the concentration of trapped helium and its impact energy indicate that the flux of magnetospheric ions which was captured was larger than had been expected. In fact, it appears that the magnetospheric particles constitute the largest fraction of the particles in the foils. Since little is known about this particle flux, their presence in the IGE foils appears fortunate. The analysis of these particles provides information about their isotropic composition and average flux.
Buehler, F.↗
Gas Effluent Analysis of the Heat Melt Compactor
The Heat Melt Compactor (HMC) reduces volume, heat sterilizes, stabilizes, and manages gas and water effluent of the International Space Station (ISS) trash. Processing the trash at high temperatures produces volatile gas compounds that need to be treated before venting to cabin and/or the Vacuum Exhaust System (VES) in the ISS. The release of gases may not meet the Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMAC) requirement, if vented directly into cabin, and/or gases are incompatible for venting to the VES. In order to assess the HMC gas release and venting parameters, effluent gas analysis is conducted to determine contaminant load. This paper will analyze different collection and analytical methods of the effluent gas, and report corresponding data, such that these results can be used for process design and effluent management.
Heat Melt Compactor↗
The interstellar gas experiment: Analysis in progress
The interstellar gas experiment (IGE) exposed thin metallic foils in order to collect neutral interstellar particles which penetrate the solar system due to their motion relative to the sun. These atoms were entrapped in the collecting foils along with precipitating magnetospheric ions and with ambient atmospheric atoms. For the entire duration of the LDEF mission, seven of the foils collected particles arriving from seven different directions as seen from the spacecraft. In the mass spectrometric analysis of the trapped noble gas component, we detected the He-3, He-4, Ne-20, and Ne-22 isotopes. In order to infer the isotopic ratios in the interstellar medium from the measured concentrations found in the foil piece, several lines of investigation had to be initiated. The flux of incident noble gas atoms from the ambient atmosphere was estimated by detailed calculations. The contributions proved to be negligible, supporting the experimental evidence. Foil and machine backgrounds for the four isotopes which were measured had to be assessed individually. While this was easy for He-4, spurious foil background of He-3 had to be monitored carefully by analyzing unflown foil pieces. Trapped Ne concentrations are not far above the background. During the flight, a stuck electrical relay precluded the foil-trays from sequencing as designed. Therefore, we could not use the seasonal variation of the direction of the incoming interstellar atoms to make the distinction between interstellar and magnetospheric components of the trapped particles. Instead, we had to try the method of stepwise heating to extract the interstellar component at lower temperatures than we use to extract the magnetospheric component (the interstellars hit the foil with lower energies than most of the magnetospherics). New limiting values for the isotopic composition of the interstellar medium, unavailable yet from any other method of measurement, are emerging from this analysis.
Buehler, F.↗
Impurity Levels in Cerium Oxide Microspheres Prepared by Internal Gelation Sol-Gel Methods
Impurity levels were measured in cerium oxide microspheres fabricated by modified internal gelation sol-gel methods. A combination of glow discharge mass spectrometry, electron impact mass spectrometry, combustion gas analysis and instrumental gas analysis were used to assess a wide range of potential elemental impurities. Low concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen impurities in microspheres showed a dependence on how microspheres were washed. Silicon impurities are believed to derive from silicone oil used during sol-gel processing. Spheres washed by the preferred approach had impurity levels below 100 ppm for all elements tested. For applications such as nuclear fuels, sol-gel methods could meet purity specifications as long as metal nitrate feed solutions of sufficient purity are used and microspheres are washed appropriately. In this study, cerium was used as a surrogate for plutonium-238, which is used in radioisotope power systems as a heat source, to determine whether carbon or other impurities were concentrated during internal gelation processing and remained after heat treatments. Analyses indicated low concentrations of impurities in cerium oxide microspheres after sintering steps that were well below documented limits for plutonium-238 oxide fuels. Modified washing methods, combined with a pressurized water treatment, resulted in sintered cerium oxide sol-gel microspheres with low impurity levels.
cerium oxide, sol-gel, internal gelation, microsph↗