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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-473: A Patient-Specific QC Paradigm Based On Trajectory Log Files and DICOM Plan Files

Purpose: To evaluate a remote QC tool for monitoring treatment machine parameters and treatment workflow. Methods: The Varian TrueBeamTM linear accelerator is a digital machine that records machine axis parameters and MLC leaf positions as a function of delivered monitor unit or control point. This information is saved to a binary trajectory log file for every treatment or imaging field in the patient treatment session. A MATLAB analysis routine was developed to parse the trajectory log files for a given patient, compare the expected versus actual machine and MLC positions as well as perform a cross-comparison with the DICOM-RT plan file exported from the treatment planning system. The parsing routine sorts the trajectory log files based on the time and date stamp and generates a sequential report file listing treatment parameters and provides a match relative to the DICOM-RT plan file. Results: The trajectory log parsing-routine was compared against a standard record and verify listing for patients undergoing initial IMRT dosimetry verification and weekly and final chart QC. The complete treatment course was independently verified for 10 patients of varying treatment site and a total of 1267 treatment fields were evaluated including pre-treatment imaging fields where applicable. In the context of IMRT plan verification, eight prostate SBRT plans with 4-arcs per plan were evaluated based on expected versus actual machine axis parameters. The average value for the maximum RMS MLC error was 0.067±0.001mm and 0.066±0.002mm for leaf bank A and B respectively. Conclusion: A real-time QC analysis program was tested using trajectory log files and DICOM-RT plan files. The parsing routine is efficient and able to evaluate all relevant machine axis parameters during a patient treatment course including MLC leaf positions and table positions at time of image acquisition and during treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG): Better Buildings Neighborhood Program Final Report

The Neighbor to Neighbor Energy Challenge (N2N) brought together a consortium of 14 leading clean energy rural, suburban, and low income communities throughout Connecticut. N2N was awarded $4.2 million from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) competitive BetterBuildings Neighborhood Program on August 10, 2010 to run a two-year pilot program (plus one year of transition and evaluation) (Award No. EMCBC- 00969-10). N2N tested innovative program models and hypotheses for improving Connecticut’s existing residential energy efficiency programs that are overseen by the ratepayer fund board and administered by CT utilities. N2N’s original goal was to engage 10 percent of households in participating communities to reduce their energy usage by 20 percent through energy upgrades and clean energy measures. N2N planned for customers to complete more comprehensive whole-home energy efficiency and clean energy measures and to achieve broader penetration than existing utility-administered regulated programs. Since this was an ARRA award, we report the following figures on job creation in Table 1. Since N2N is not continuing in its current form, we do not provide figures on job retention. Table 1 N2N Job Creation by Quarter Jobs Created 2010 Q4 6.65 2011 Q1 7.13 2011 Q2 4.98 2011 Q3 9.66 2011 Q4 5.43 2012 Q1 11.11 2012 Q2 6.85 2012 Q3 6.29 2012 Q4 6.77 2013 Q1 5.57 2013 Q2 8.35 2013 Q3 6.52 Total 85.31 The N2N team encountered several gaps in the existing efficiency program performance that hindered meeting N2N’s and DOE’s short-term program goals, as well as the State of Connecticut’s long-term energy, efficiency, and carbon reduction goals. However, despite the slow program start, N2N found evidence of increasing upgrade uptake rates over time, due to delayed customer action of one to two years from N2N introduction to completion of deeper household upgrades. Two main social/behavioral principles have contributed to driving deeper upgrades in CT: 1. Word of mouth, where people share their experience with others, which leads to others to take action; and 2. Self-herding, where people follow past behavior, which leads to deeper and deeper actions within individual households.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Warming, permafrost thaw and increased nitrogen availability as drivers for plant composition and growth across the Tibetan Plateau

Permafrost-affected ecosystems are subject to warming and thawing, which can increase the availability of subsurface nitrogen (N) with consequences in otherwise N-limited tundra and alpine vegetation. Here, we quantify the extent of warming and permafrost thawing and the corresponding effects on nitrogen availability and plant growth based on a 20-year survey across 14 sites on the Tibetan Plateau. The survey showed that most sites have been subject to warming and thawing and that the upper permafrost zone across all sites was rich in inorganic N, mainly as ammonium. We further explore the efficiency of plants to utilize 15 N-labelled inorganic N over five years following 15 N addition at the permafrost table far below the main root zone. The 15 N experiment showed that deep-rooted plant species were able to utilize the labelled N. A SEM model suggests that changes in vegetation can be explained by both active layer warming and permafrost thawing and the associated changes in inorganic nitrogen availability. Our results highlight a feedback mechanism of climate warming, in which released plant-available N may favour deep-rooted plants. This can explain important changes in plant composition and growth across the sites on the Tibetan Plateau.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the Adsorption of Rare-Earth Elements in Oligo-Grafted Mesoporous Carbon

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are 17 elements of the periodic table primarily consisting of lanthanides. In modern society, the usage of REEs is ubiquitous in almost all modern gadgets and therefore efficient recovery and separation of REEs are of high importance. Selective adsorption and chelation of REEs in solid sorbents is a unique and sustainable process for their recovery. In this work, single-stranded oligos with 100 units of thymine were grafted onto carboxylated mesoporous carbon to synthesize a sorbent with phosphorus and oxygen functionalities. Additionally, the sorbent was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Three different REEs with varying atomic radii and densities, Lu, Dy, and La, were adsorbed onto the carbon from aqueous solutions. It was observed that the adsorbed amounts increased with the increase in the atomic radius or decrease in the atomic density. Calculation of the distribution coefficients for all the equilibrium adsorption amounts suggested that adsorption is more effective in the lower concentration region. The L 3 -edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure confirmed a 3+ oxidation state of REEs in the adsorbed phase. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) confirmed the binding of REEs with oxygen functionalities in the adsorbed phase. The radial distribution functions calculated from the EXAFS data suggest a longer RE–O distance for La compared to those for Lu and Dy. The coordination numbers and Debye–Waller factors have typical values of about 8–9 atoms and 0.01–0.02 Å 2 , respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Scripts for Running Multiple Lines of Evidence Analysis

The software code titled “Scripts for Running Multiple Lunes of Evidence Analysis” enables high throughput network analysis; efficient analysis of large multi-omic networks in order to rank genes by connectivity. This code creates a set of scripts that take omic networks as input as well as list of known genes and calculates scores for all other genes in genome based on connectivity to those genes and does so accurately and efficiently. In addition, it aids the user in performing a validation check of observed data to random. The code outputs a table of all genes in the genome with LOE scores and scores observed data versus random.

Furches, AnnaK.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Sequence Polishing Library (SPL) v10.0

The Sequence Polishing Library (SPL) is a suite of software tools in order to automate "Design for Synthesis and Assembly" workflows. Specifically: The SPL "Converter" tool converts files among the following sequence data exchange formats: CSV, FASTA, GenBank, and Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL); The SPL "Juggler" tool optimizes the codon usages of DNA coding sequences according to an optimization strategy, a user-specific codon usage table and genetic code. In addition, the SPL "Juggler" can translate amino acid sequences into DNA sequences.:The SPL "Polisher" verifies NA sequences against DNA synthesis constraints, such as GC content, repeating k-mers, and restriction sites. In case of violations, the "Polisher" reports the violations in a comprehensive manner. The "Polisher" tool can also modify the violating regions according to an optimization strategy, a user-specific codon usage table and genetic code;The SPL "Partitioner" decomposes large DNA sequences into smaller building blocks with partial overlaps that enable an efficient assembly. The "Partitioner" enables the user to configure the characteristics of the overlaps, which are mostly determined by the utilized assembly protocol, such as length, GC content, or melting temperature.

Oberortner, Ernst↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nitride and Oxynitride Based Phosphors for Solid State Lighting

The objective of the project is to advance the technology of the Lightscape Materials Inc. (Lightscape) proprietary nitride and oxynitride phosphors for solid state lighting (SSL) from the current level of maturity of applied research to advanced engineering development. This objective will be accomplished by optimizing the novel nitride and oxynitride phosphors, whose formulations are listed in Table 1, and establishing cost-effective preparation processes for the phosphors. The target performances of the phosphors are: (1) High luminescence efficiency: Quantum Yield = 90%. (2) Superior thermal stability of luminescence: Thermal Quenching Loss <10% at 150 °C. (3) Superior environmental stability: Luminescence Maintenance >90% after 5,000 hours at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity. (4) Scattering loss <10%. (5) Cost-effective preparation processes. The resulting phosphor materials and their preparation processes are anticipated to be a drop-in component for product development paths undertaken by LED lamp makers in the SSL industry. Upon program completion, Lightscape will target market insertion that enables high efficacy, high color rendering index (CRI), high thermal stability and long lifetime LED-based lighting products for general illumination that realizes substantial energy savings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

District Energy Corporation SW 40th Street Thermal Energy Plant

The overall deliverable from the project is the design, construction and commissioning of a detention facility heating and cooling system that minimizes ownership costs and maximizes efficiency (and therefore minimizes environmental impact). The primary deliverables were the proof of concept for the application of geothermal systems for an institutional facility and the ongoing, quarterly system operating data downloads to the Department of Energy . The primary advantage of geothermal based heat pump systems is the higher efficiency of the system compared to a conventional chiller, boiler, cooling tower based system. The higher efficiency results in a smaller environmental foot print and lower energy costs for the detention facility owner, Lancaster County. The higher efficiency for building cooling is primarily due to a more constant compressor condensing temperature with the geothermal well field acting as a thermal “sink” (in place of the conventional system’s cooling tower). In the heating mode, Ground Couple Heat Pump (GCHP) systems benefits from the advantage of a heat pump Coefficient of Performance (COP) of approximately 3.6, significantly better than a conventional gas boiler. The geothermal well field acting as a thermal “source” allows the heat pumps to operate efficiently in the heating mode regardless of ambient temperatures. The well field is partially located in a wetland with a high water table so, over time, the project will be able to identify the thermal loading characteristics of a well field located in a high water table location. The project demonstrated how a large geothermal well field can be installed in a wetland area in an economical and environmentally sound manner. Finally, the SW 40th Street Thermal Energy Plant project demonstrates the benefits of providing domestic hot water energy, as well as space heating, to help balance well filed thermal loading in a cooling dominated application. During the period of August 2012 thru March 2014, with the detention facility occupied for the final seven months, the well field supply water temperatures to the heat pumps dropped to a minimum of 39°F and reached a maximum temperature of 68 °F while providing 15,819 MMBtu of cooling energy and 27,467 MMBtu of heating energy. During this period the peak recorded system cooling load was 610 tons and the peak heating load was 8.4 MMBtu. The DEC is currently evaluating the most beneficial electric rate for plant operations. Total project cost of $16.9 million was approximately $3.2 million less than the estimate provided in the grant application. The reduction in project costs were primarily due to favorable construction material prices as well as strong competition in the local construction contractor market. The DEC plant reached the substantial completion milestone in December 2011 and began providing thermal service to the detention facility in January 2012 when the building’s HVAC system was ready to accept heating service. The plant reached commercial operating status on August 1, 2012. However, due to construction delays, the detention facility was not occupied until September of 2013. The detention facility construction delays also impacted the installation and commissioning of the project’s dedicated domestic hot water heat pump. Final coordination with the detention facility’s building management system vendor to establish network links for the exchange of date is currently being completed. This will allow the development of control sequences for the optimal operation of the domestic hot water system.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

A computer aided treatment event recognition system in radiation therapy

Purpose: To develop an automated system to safeguard radiation therapy treatments by analyzing electronic treatment records and reporting treatment events. Methods: CATERS (Computer Aided Treatment Event Recognition System) was developed to detect treatment events by retrieving and analyzing electronic treatment records. CATERS is designed to make the treatment monitoring process more efficient by automating the search of the electronic record for possible deviations from physician's intention, such as logical inconsistencies as well as aberrant treatment parameters (e.g., beam energy, dose, table position, prescription change, treatment overrides, etc). Over a 5 month period (July 2012–November 2012), physicists were assisted by the CATERS software in conducting normal weekly chart checks with the aims of (a) determining the relative frequency of particular events in the authors’ clinic and (b) incorporating these checks into the CATERS. During this study period, 491 patients were treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics for a total of 7692 fractions. Results: All treatment records from the 5 month analysis period were evaluated using all the checks incorporated into CATERS after the training period. About 553 events were detected as being exceptions, although none of them had significant dosimetric impact on patient treatments. These events included every known event type that was discovered during the trial period. A frequency analysis of the events showed that the top three types of detected events were couch position override (3.2%), extra cone beam imaging (1.85%), and significant couch position deviation (1.31%). The significant couch deviation is defined as the number of treatments where couch vertical exceeded two times standard deviation of all couch verticals, or couch lateral/longitudinal exceeded three times standard deviation of all couch laterals and longitudinals. On average, the application takes about 1 s per patient when executed on either a desktop computer or a mobile device. Conclusions: CATERS offers an effective tool to detect and report treatment events. Automation and rapid processing enables electronic record interrogation daily, alerting the medical physicist of deviations potentially days prior to performing weekly check. The output of CATERS could also be utilized as an important input to failure mode and effects analysis.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Simple formalism for efficient derivatives and multi-determinant expansions in quantum Monte Carlo

We present a simple and general formalism to compute efficiently the derivatives of a multi-determinant Jastrow-Slater wave function, the local energy, the interatomic forces, and similar quantities needed in quantum Monte Carlo. Through a straightforward manipulation of matrices evaluated on the occupied and virtual orbitals, we obtain an efficiency equivalent to algorithmic differentiation in the computation of the interatomic forces and the optimization of the orbital parameters. Furthermore, for a large multi-determinant expansion, the significant computational gain afforded by a recently introduced table method is here extended to the local value of any one-body operator and to its derivatives, in both all-electron and pseudopotential calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

White Paper on Energy Efficiency Status of Energy-Using Products in China (2011)

This White Paper focuses on the areas and products involved in the above tasks, based on the White Paper - Energy Efficiency Status of Energy-Using Products in China (2010), here referred to as “White Paper 2010”, which analyzed the energy efficiency status of 21 typical energy-using products in five sectors: household appliances, office equipment, commercial equipment, industrial equipment, and lighting equipment. Table 1 illustrates the detailed product coverage for this year’s paper, noting the addition of three household appliance items (automatic electric rice cooker, AC electric fan, and household induction cooktop) and one industrial sector item (three-phase distribution transformer).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Erratum: Monoenergetic photon-induced fission cross-section ratio measurements for U 235 , U 238 , and Pu 239 from 9.0 to 17.0 MeV

In this erratum we report a correction to the previously published photofission cross-section ratio data. The actinide fission-chamber foils utilized in this work were extensively characterized during a new campaign using α- and γ-ray spectroscopy, and 2π alpha counting. These three techniques agreed, resulting in an improved accuracy of the fission-chamber foil masses used in the original experiment. The foil masses measured by α spectroscopy are detailed in Table I. All foils were counted on the same α spectrometer, using an identical geometry, which reduces the systematic uncertainty in the calculated mass ratios since the α spectrometer efficiency cancels out in the ratio. This results in a relative uncertainty on the mass ratio of 1.0% for 235 U/ 238 U, 0.62% for 239 Pu/ 235 U, and 1.1% for 239 Pu/ 238 U. The published cross-section ratio data are re-calculated to reflect the updated target masses and uncertainties. The new mass values cause a 2.40% decrease for the σ( 235 U(γ, f)/ 238 U(γ, f)) ratio, a 5.10% decrease for the σ( 235 U(γ, f)/ 239 Pu(γ, f)) ratio, and a 2.77% decrease for the σ( 238 U(γ, f)/ 239 Pu(γ, f)) ratio. The updated cross-section ratios are presented in Tables II, III, and IV, which are corrected versions of Tables III, IV, and V in Ref. [1]

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

THz and Sub-THz Capabilities of a Table-Top Radiation Source Driven by an RF Thermionic Electron Gun

Design features and experimental results are presented for a sub-mm wave source [1] based on APS RF thermionic electron gun. The setup includes compact alpha-magnet, quadrupoles, sub-mm-wave radiators, and THz optics. The sub-THz radiator is a planar, oversized structure with gratings. Source upgrade for generation frequencies above 1 THz is discussed. The THz radiator will use a short-period undulator having 1 T field amplitude, ~20 cm length, and integrated with a low-loss oversized waveguide. Both radiators are integrated with a miniature horn antenna and a small ~90°-degree in-vacuum bending magnet. The electron beamline is designed to operate different modes including conversion to a flat beam interacting efficiently with the radiator. The source can be used for cancer diagnostics, surface defectoscopy, and non-destructive testing. Sub-THz experiment demonstrated a good potential of a robust, table-top system for generation of a narrow bandwidth THz radiation. This setup can be considered as a prototype of a compact, laser-free, flexible source capable of generation of long trains of Sub-THz and THz pulses with repetition rates not available with laser-driven sources.

Smirnov, Alexei V.↗
DOE OSTI2013

A Next-Generation Hard X-Ray Nanoprobe Beamline for In Situ Studies of Energy Materials and Devices

The Advanced Photon Source is developing a suite of new X-ray beamlines to study materials and devices across many length scales and under real conditions. One of the flagship beamlines of the APS upgrade is the In Situ Nanoprobe (ISN) beamline, which will provide in situ and operando characterization of advanced energy materials and devices under varying temperatures, gas ambients, and applied fields, at previously unavailable spatial resolution and throughput. Examples of materials systems include inorganic and organic photovoltaic systems, advanced battery systems, fuel cell components, nanoelectronic devices, advanced building materials and other scientifically and technologically relevant systems. To characterize these systems at very high spatial resolution and trace sensitivity, the ISN will use both nanofocusing mirrors and diffractive optics to achieve spots sizes as small as 20 nm. Nanofocusing mirrors in Kirkpatrick–Baez geometry will provide several orders of magnitude increase in photon flux at a spatial resolution of 50 nm. Diffractive optics such as zone plates and/or multilayer Laue lenses will provide a highest spatial resolution of 20 nm. Coherent diffraction methods will be used to study even small specimen features with sub-10 nm relevant length scale. A high-throughput data acquisition system will be employed to significantly increase operations efficiency and usability of the instrument. The ISN will provide full spectroscopy capabilities to study the chemical state of most materials in the periodic table, and enable X-ray fluorescence tomography. In situ electrical characterization will enable operando studies of energy and electronic devices such as photovoltaic systems and batteries. We also describe the optical concept for the ISN beamline, the technical design, and the approach for enabling a broad variety of in situ studies. Furthermore, we discuss the application of hard X-ray microscopy to study defects in multi-crystalline solar cells, one of the lines of inquiries for which the ISN is being developed.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Improving Predictive Capability in REHEDS Simulations with Fast, Accurate, and Consistent Non-Equilibrium Material Properties

Predictive design of REHEDS experiments with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations requires knowledge of material properties (e.g. equations of state (EOS), transport coefficients, and radiation physics). Interpreting experimental results requires accurate models of diagnostic observables (e.g. detailed emission, absorption, and scattering spectra). In conditions of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE), these material properties and observables can be pre-computed with relatively high accuracy and subsequently tabulated on simple temperature-density grids for fast look-up by simulations. When radiation and electron temperatures fall out of equilibrium, however, non-LTE effects can profoundly change material properties and diagnostic signatures. Accurately and efficiently incorporating these non-LTE effects has been a longstanding challenge for simulations. At present, most simulations include non-LTE effects by invoking highly simplified inline models. These inline non-LTE models are both much slower than table look-up and significantly less accurate than the detailed models used to populate LTE tables and diagnose experimental data through post-processing or inversion. Because inline non-LTE models are slow, designers avoid them whenever possible, which leads to known inaccuracies from using tabular LTE. Because inline models are simple, they are inconsistent with tabular data from detailed models, leading to ill-known inaccuracies, and they cannot generate detailed synthetic diagnostics suitable for direct comparisons with experimental data. This project addresses the challenge of generating and utilizing efficient, accurate, and consistent non-equilibrium material data along three complementary but relatively independent research lines. First, we have developed a relatively fast and accurate non-LTE average-atom model based on density functional theory (DFT) that provides a complete set of EOS, transport, and radiative data, and have rigorously tested it against more sophisticated first-principles multi-atom DFT models, including time-dependent DFT. Next, we have developed a tabular scheme and interpolation methods that compactly capture non-LTE effects for use in simulations and have implemented these tables in the GORGON magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) code. Finally, we have developed post-processing tools that use detailed tabulated non-LTE data to directly predict experimental observables from simulation output.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Seismic inversion of the solar entropy: setting a cat among the pigeons

The Sun is the most constrained and well-studied of all stars. As a consequence, the physical ingredients entering solar models are used as a reference to study all other stars observed in the Universe. However, our understanding of the solar structure is still imperfect, as illustrated by the current debate on the heavy element abundances in the Sun. Aims. We wish to provide additional information on the solar structure by carrying out structural inversions of a new physical quantity, a proxy of the entropy of the solar plasma which properties are very sensitive to the temperature gradient below the convective zone. Methods. We use new structural kernels to carry out direct inversions of an entropy proxy of the solar plasma and compare the solar structure to various standard solar models built using various opacity tables and chemical abundances. We also link our results to classical tests commonly found in the literature. Results. Our analysis allows us to probe more efficiently the uncertain regions of the solar models, just below the convective zone, paving the way for new in-depth analyses of the Sun taking into account additional physical uncertainties of solar models beyond the specific question of chemical abundances.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Evaluation of Sampling Inlets for Continuous Air Monitors in Calm Air Conditions

The Canberra NetCAM (networked continuous air monitor) can be operated with a radial inlet attachment from the manufacturer. Sampled aerosol can be transported through large diameter tubing from a desired location to the NetCAM sampler. In this assessment, the effect of the addition of the radial inlet was investigated. Also, a sampling system consisting of a vertical sample tube and a 90-degree elbow (to the horizontal plane) was evaluated by empirical calculations with the DEPO software. Generalized aspiration ratio calculations were done with the empirical model from Vincent. Three different sample probe types were also experimentally tested. In summary: (1) For typical room air conditions, the addition of the Canberra inline adapter to the NetCAM has no discernible effect on system performance. This was determined by literature search with a previously published study. (2) The DEPO software (US NRC / Texas A&M University) was used to show the effect of adding a 2-meter high vertical tube and a ninety-degree tube bend to a sampling inlet. In this example, there was a total penetration of 97.7% of 10-micron diameter aerosol particles for an air flowrate of 2.0 ACFM (actual cubic feet per minute). (3) Calculations of nozzle aspiration ratio (for general, non-specific situations) were performed using the Vincent empirical model. For example, in typical room air, where the average velocity is less than 0.5 m/sec, an aerosol inlet probe has a calculated aspiration ratio (or penetration efficiency) value between 98 and 100%, depending on the angle of the probe inlet compared to the direction of the incoming air velocity vector. A table of nozzle aspiration ratios was generated for a range of different room air velocities and probe inlet angles. (4) Three different candidate probe geometries were tested, (A) a probe with a vertical entry and vertical transport tube, (B) a probe with a horizontal entry and vertical transport tube, and (C) a ‘widemouth’ probe with a vertical entry and vertical transport tube. The experimentally determined values were 98%, 102%, and 100%, respectively, for the aerosol penetration into these inlets. In conclusion, the addition of a complete sampling system with probe inlet, a short length of sampling lines and the radial inlet would still be able to deliver about 95% of the sampled aerosol from the sampling location to the Canberra NetCAM.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗