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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Particle field holography data reduction by Fourier transform analysis

The size distribution of a particle field hologram is obtained with a Fourier transformation of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the reconstructed hologram. Off-axis absorption holograms of particle fields with known characteristics were obtained and analyzed with a commercially available instrument. The mean particle size of the reconstructed hologram was measured with an error of + or - 5 percent, while the distribution broadening was estimated within + or - 15 percent. Small sections of a pulsed laser hologram of a synthetic fuel spray were analyzed with this method thus yielding a spatially resolved size distribution. The method yields fast and accurate automated analysis of particle field holograms.

Hess, Cecil F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Estimation of crystallinity in a model thermoplastic composite

Crystallinities as low as 16 percent have been estimated by determination of the interplanar spacing on PET/carbonaceous filament composites with resin content of aobut 25 percent w/w using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) in the angular range 2 theta = 16-18 deg. The diffraction pattern of the carbonaceous reinforcements masks the major reflections of the resin, and the resin content and the crystallinity are kept low to make the simulation reasonable.

Wakelyn, N. T.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Quantitative void characterization in structural ceramics by use of scanning laser acoustic microscopy

The ability of scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) to characterize artificially seeded voids in sintered silicon nitride structural ceramic specimens was investigated. Using trigonometric relationships and Airy's diffraction theory, predictions of internal void depth and size were obtained from acoustic diffraction patterns produced by the voids. Agreement was observed between actual and predicted void depths. However, predicted void diameters were generally much greater than actual diameters. Precise diameter predictions are difficult to obtain due to measurement uncertainty and the limitations of 100 MHz SLAM applied to typical ceramic specimens.

Roth, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Analytical caustic surfaces

This document discusses the determination of caustic surfaces in terms of rays, reflectors, and wavefronts. Analytical caustics are obtained as a family of lines, a set of points, and several types of equations for geometries encountered in optics and microwave applications. Standard methods of differential geometry are applied under different approaches: directly to reflector surfaces, and alternatively, to wavefronts, to obtain analytical caustics of two sheets or branches. Gauss/Seidel aberrations are introduced into the wavefront approach, forcing the retention of all three coefficients of both the first- and the second-fundamental forms of differential geometry. An existing method for obtaining caustic surfaces through exploitation of the singularities in flux density is examined, and several constant-intensity contour maps are developed using only the intrinsic Gaussian, mean, and normal curvatures of the reflector. Numerous references are provided for extending the material of the present document to the morphologies of caustics and their associated diffraction patterns.

Schmidt, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Electron Diffraction Evidence for the Ordering of Excess Nickel Atoms by Relation to Stoichiometry in Nickel-Rich Beta'-Nial Formation of a Nickel-Aluminum (Ni2al) Superlattices

In electron diffraction patterns of nickel-rich beta-NiAl alloys, many anomalies are observed. One of these is the appearance of diffuse intensity maxima between the reflexions of the B2 structure. This is explained by the short-range ordering of the excess nickel atoms on the simple cubic sublattice occupied only by aluminum atoms in the stoichiometric, perfectly ordered NiAl alloy. After annealing Ni 37.5 atomic percent Al and Ni 37.75 atomic percent Al for 1 week at 300 and 400 C, the diffuse intensity maxima transformed into sharp superstructure reflexions. These reflexions are explained by the formation of the four possible variants of an ordered hexagonal superstructure corresponding to the Ni2Al composition. This structure is closely related to the Ni2Al3 structure (same space group) formed by the ordering of vacancies on the nickel sublattice in aluminum-rich beta-NiAl alloys.

Reynaud, F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Flaw characterization in structural ceramics using scanning laser acoustic microscopy

The ability of scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) to characterize artifically seeded voids in sintered silicon nitride structural ceramic specimens was investigated. The voids ranged from 20 to 430 microns in diameter and were embedded up to 2 mm beneath the surface of the specimens. Probability of detection was determined as a function of void depth and size. Trigonometric relationships and Airy's diffraction theory were used to obtain predictions of void depth and size from acoustic diffraction patterns produced by the voids. Agreement was observed between actual and predicted void depths. However, predicted void diameters were generally much greater than actual diameters. Precise diameter predictions are difficult to obtain because of measurement uncertainty and the limitations of the 100 MHz SLAM applied to typical ceramic specimens.

Roth, Don J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Corrosion-resistant amorphous metallic films of Mo49Cr33B18 alloy

Corrosion-resistant amorphous metallic alloy films of Mo49Cr33B18 with a crystallization temperature of 590 C were deposited onto glass and quartz substrates by magnetron sputter-quench technique. The amorphous nature of the films was confirmed by their diffuse X-ray diffraction patterns. The deposited films are densely packed (zone T) and exhibit low stress and good adhesion to the substrate. Corrosion current of as-deposited coating of MoCrB amorphous metallic alloy is approximately three orders of magnitude less than the corrosion current of 304 stainless steel in 1N H2SO4 solution.

Ramesham, R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Field-induced orientation of nonlevitated microcrystals of superconducting YBa2Cu3O(7-x)

X-ray diffraction patterns of superconducting YBa2Cu3O(7-x) particles which have typical dimensions D of less than 5 microns and do not levitate in an inhomogeneous magnetic field at T less than Tc show marked evidence of particle alignment when powder specimens are subjected to a 0.5-T field at T less than Tc, but reveal random orientation for T greater than Tc. A majority of the particles align preferentially with their antiphase twin boundary planes and a-b planes along the applied field, but a minority align with their b axes along the field.

Solin, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Laser induced OMCVD growth of AlGaAs on GaAs

A major factor limiting the efficiency of the GaAs-GaAlAs solar cell is the rate of recombination at the GaAs-AlGaAs interface. Evidence has been previously reported which indicates that recombination at this interface can be greatly reduced if the AlGaAs layer is grown at lower than normal temperatures. The authors examine the epitaxial growth of AlGaAs on GaAs using a horizontal OMCVD reactor and an excimer laser operating in the UV (lambda = 193 nm) region. The growth temperatures were 450 and 500 C. The laser beam was utilized in two orientations: 75 deg angle of incidence and parallel to the substrate. Film composition and structure were determined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Auger analysis of epilayers grown at 500 C with the laser impinging show no carbon or oxygen contamination of the epitaxial layers or interfaces. TEM diffraction patterns of these same epilayers exhibit single crystal (100) zone axis patterns.

Wilt, David M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

High-pressure phase diagram and equation of state of solid helium from single-crystal X-ray diffraction to 23.3 GPa

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements have been performed on solid He-4 from 15.6 to 23.3 GPa at 300 K with synchrotron radiation. The diffraction patterns demonstrate that the structure of the solid is hexagonal close packed over this pressure-temperature range, contrary to both the interpretation of high-pressure optical studies and to theoretical predictions. The solid is more compressible than is indicated by equations of state calculated with recently determined helium pair potentials. The results suggest that a significant revision of current views of the phase diagram and energetics of dense solid helium is in order.

Mao, H. K.↗
NASA NTRS1990

An in situ X ray diffraction study of the kinetics of the Ni2SiO4 olivine-spinel transformation

The kinetics of the olivine-spinel transformation in Ni2SiO4 were investigated in an in situ X-ray diffraction experiments in which synchrotron radiation was used as an X-ray source. The starting material was Ni2SO4 olivine which was hot-pressed in situ at 980 C and 2.5 GPa; during the transformation, X-ray diffraction patterns were collected at intervals of 30 or 120 sec. The kinetic data were analyzed using Cahn's (1956) model. The activation energy for growth at 3.6-3.7 GPa was estimated as 438 + or - 199 kJ/mol. It is shown that, in order to make significant extrapolations of the kinetic data to a geological scale, the dependence of the rates of both nucleation and growth on temperature and pressure must be evaluated separately.

Rubie, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Verifying X-Radiographs With Computed Tomographs

Nondestructive technique gives added confidence in inspection. Ambiguous indications in radiographic inspections of metal castings checked by computed tomography. Fast and inexpensive conventional x-ray inspection used to make film image of overall casting, and slower, more costly computed tomography used to reinspect relatively few parts of casting presenting possible diffraction patterns or other difficult-to-interpret features. Method effective in resolving ambiguities in radiographs of turbine blades. Provides same information as metallurgical sectioning.

Roy, Jagatjit↗
NASA NTRS1989

Structures of cyano-biphenyl liquid crystals

The structures of p-alkyl- p'-cyano- bicyclohexanes, C(n)H(2n+1) (C6H10)(C6H10) CN (n-CCH), and p-alkyl- p'-cyano- biphenyls, C(n)H(2n+1) (C6H4)(C6H4) CN (n-CBP), were studied. It is convenient to use an x ray image intensification device to search for symmetric x ray diffraction patterns. Despite the similarities in molecular structures of these compounds, very different crystal structures were found. For the smectic phase of 2CCH, the structure is close to rhombohedral with threefold symmetry. In contrast, the structure is close to hexagonal close-packed with two molecules per unit cell for 4CCH. Since intermolecular forces may be quite weak for these liquid crystals systems, it appears that crystal structures change considerably when the alkyl chain length is slightly altered. Different structures were also found in the crystalline phase of n-CBP for n = 6 to 9. For n = 7 to 9, the structures are close to monclinic. The structures are reminiscent of the smectic-A liquid crystal structures with the linear molecules slightly tilted away from the c-axis. In contrast, the structure is quite different for n = 6 with the molecules nearly perpendicular to the c-axis.

Chu, Yuan-Chao↗
NASA NTRS1990

Static compression of iron to 300 GPa and Fe(0.8)Ni(0.2) alloy to 260 GPa - Implications for composition of the core

Results are reported on a room temperature static compression study of iron and the Fe(0.8)Ni(0.2) alloy to above 260 GPa, which provide direct pressure-volume measurements on geophysically important materials at the conditions close to those at the inner core boundary. The diffraction patterns obtained by XRD indicate that pure iron remains in the hcp structure to 304 GPa and that Fe(0.8)Ni(0.2) is stable to at least 255 GPa. The results of this study, in conjunction with work at higher temperatures, will make it possible to address directly the question of the composition of the inner core with a level of certainty that were previously applicable only to the mantle.

Mao, H. K.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The structure of carbon in chemically vapor deposited SiC monofilaments

Electron diffraction and high resolution TEM have been used to study the microstructures of C-rich regions in CVD SCS-6 SiC fibers. The reciprocal lattice of such structures, and their diffraction patterns, have been ascertained on the basis of geometrical considerations. While the C microstructures in the substrate filament and the outer coating layers of the fabric are consistent with different distributions of Oberlin's (1989) 'basic structural units', the microstructure of the inner substrate coating is consistent with turbostratic C.

Ning, X. J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Analysis of spatial pseudodepolarizers in imaging systems

The objective of a number of optical instruments is to measure the intensity accurately without bias as to the incident polarization state. One method to overcome polarization bias in optical systems is the insertion of a spatial pseudodepolarizer. Both the degree of depolarization and image degradation (from the polarization aberrations of the pseudodepolarizer) are analyzed for two depolarizer designs: (1) the Cornu pseudodepolarizer, effective for linearly polarized light, and (2) the dual Babinet compensator pseudodepolarizer, effective for all incident polarization states. The image analysis uses a matrix formalism to describe the polarization dependence of the diffraction patterns and optical transfer function.

Mcguire, James P., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Substrate effects on the epitaxial growth of ZnGeP2 thin films by open tube organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Epitaxial ZnGeP2-Ge films have been grown on (111)GaP substrates using MOCVD. The films grown with dimethylzinc to germane flow rate ratio R greater than 10 show mirror-smooth surface morphology. Films grown with R less than 10 show a high density of twinning, including both double position and growth twins. Compared to films grown on (001) GaP substrates, the layers on (111) GaP generally show a higher density of microstructural defects. TEM electron diffraction patterns show that the films grown on (111) GaP substrates are more disordered than films grown on (001) GaP under comparable conditions. The growth rate on (111) GaP substrates is about 2.5 times slower than that on (001) GaP, and films grown on Si substrates show extensive twinning formation. Both TEM and SEM examinations indicate that smooth epitaxial overgrowth may be easier on (111) Si substrates than on (001) Si.

Xing, G. C.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Hydride structures in Ti-aluminides subjected to high temperature and hydrogen pressure charging conditions

The distribution and chemistry of hydrides produced in single and dual phase alloys with a composition near TiAl have been investigated by using a combination of TEM and X-ray diffraction techniques. The alloys were exposed at 650 C to 13.8 MPa of gaseous H2 for 100 h. In the single-phase gamma alloy, large hydrides preferentially nucleated on the grain boundaries and matrix dislocations and a population of small hydrides was distributed throughout the matrix. X-ray and electron diffraction patterns from these hydrides indicated that they have an fcc structure with a lattice parameter of 0.45 nm. EDAX analysis of the hydrides showed that they were enriched in Ti. The hydrides were mostly removed by vacuum annealing at 800 C for 24 h. On dissolution of the hydrides, the chemistry of hydride-free regions of the grain boundary returned to the matrix composition, suggesting that Ti segregation accompanied the hydride formation rather than Ti enrichment causing the formation of the hydride.

Legzdina, D.↗