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At least 163 records · Page 9

Significant disparity of non-basal dislocation activities in hot-rolled highly-textured Mg and Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy under tension

It is well-established that Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) alloy exhibits much better tensile ductility than pure Mg. However, the underlying mechanisms for such difference still remain relatively unexplored at the dislocation level. In this work, we deformed hot-rolled highly-textured pure Mg and AZ31 samples with similar initial microstructures (i.e., grain size and texture) under tension along the rolling direction. Apparent shear banding was only observed in the pure Mg samples from the early stage of the deformation. Shear bands could act as easy paths for crack propagation, leading to low ductility in pure Mg. Apparent shear banding was not noted in deformed AZ31 samples. We then investigated the deformation mechanisms at the dislocation level using transmission electron microscopy. Systematic tilting experiments and statistical analyses of multiple grains at different strain levels revealed a significant disparity of non-basal dislocation activities between pure Mg and AZ31. For pure Mg, dislocations were activated since the early stage of plastic deformation. For AZ31, dislocations were mostly absent at all strain levels, even in the strain-to-failure samples. Non-basal dislocations, including prismatic and pyramidal dislocations, were observed. The promotion of the non-basal dislocation activities and the suppression of dislocations in AZ31 are expected to offer more sustainable hardening, which could elucidate the absence of apparent shear banding and much-improved ductility in AZ31 compared to pure Mg.

Zhao, Dexin↗

A chain stretch-based gradient-enhanced model for damage and fracture in elastomers

Similar to quasi-brittle materials, it has been recently shown that elastomers can exhibit a macroscopically diffuse damage zone that accompanies the fracture process. In this study, we introduce a stretch-based gradient-enhanced damage (GED) model that allows the fracture to localize and also captures the development of a physically diffuse damage zone. This capability contrasts with the paradigm of the phase field method for fracture, where a sharp crack is numerically approximated in a diffuse manner. Capturing fracture localization and diffuse damage in our approach is achieved by considering nonlocal effects that encompass network topology, heterogeneity, and imperfections. These considerations motivate the use of a statistical damage function dependent upon the nonlocal deformation state. From this model, fracture toughness is realized as an output. While GED models have been classically utilized for damage modeling of structural engineering materials (e.g., concrete), they face challenges when trying to capture the cascade from damage to fracture, often leading to damage zone broadening (de Borst and Verhoosel, 2016). This deficiency contributed to the popularity of the phase-field method over the GED model for elastomers and other quasi-brittle materials. Other groups have proceeded with damage-based GED formulations that prove identical to the phase-field method (Lorentz et al., 2012), but these inherit the aforementioned limitations. To address this issue in a thermodynamically consistent framework, we implement two modeling features (a nonlocal driving force bound and a simple relaxation function) specifically designed to capture the evolution of a physically meaningful damage field and the simultaneous localization of fracture, thereby overcoming a longstanding obstacle in the development of these nonlocal strain- or stretch-based approaches. Here, we discuss several numerical examples to understand the features of the approach at the limit of incompressibility, and compare them to the phase-field method as a benchmark for the macroscopic response and fracture energy predictions.

Elastomers↗

srlife : A software tool for estimating the life of high temperature concentrating solar receivers. Part II – Ceramic receivers

As Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies aim for higher operating temperatures to enhance efficiency and meet industrial process heat demands, high-temperature metallic materials, including nickel-based superalloys, face challenges in maintaining structural integrity. Advanced ceramics offer a promising alternative due to their superior high-temperature strength. However, accurately assessing the performance of ceramic components requires a fundamentally different approach from that used for metallic components. This Part II of a two-part paper describes the integration of ceramic statistical failure models within srlife – an open-source tool for predicting the life of high-temperature CSP receivers. These models account for the inherent variability in ceramic strength, as well as the effects of subcritical crack growth (SCG) under high temperature cyclic loads. Here, the paper includes an example problem that demonstrate the process of evaluating ceramic receivers using srlife. Part I details the life estimation process for metallic receivers (i.e. creep-fatigue life) along with input and output data structure, thermohydraulic analysis, and structural analysis. The complete tool is available as open-source software at https://github.com/srlife-project/srlife and can be installed via the PyPi package manager (https://pypi.org). By supporting both ceramic and metallic receiver analyses, srlife facilitates fair comparisons between competing metallic and ceramic designs, enabling accurate evaluations of plant efficiency and the economic benefits of ceramic solar receivers and other components.

High temperature ceramic receivers↗

Probabilistic finite elements for fatigue and fracture analysis

Attenuation is focused on the development of Probabilistic Finite Element Method (PFEM), which combines the finite element method with statistics and reliability methods, and its application to linear, nonlinear structural mechanics problems and fracture mechanics problems. The computational tool based on the Stochastic Boundary Element Method is also given for the reliability analysis of a curvilinear fatigue crack growth. The existing PFEM's have been applied to solve for two types of problems: (1) determination of the response uncertainty in terms of the means, variance and correlation coefficients; and (2) determination the probability of failure associated with prescribed limit states.

Belytschko, Ted↗

The effects of carbonaceous inclusions and their distributions on dynamic failure processes in boron carbide ceramics

Commercially available boron carbide ceramics typically have heterogeneous microstructures that contain distributions of processing-induced inclusions. The inclusions that are rich in carbon (i.e., carbonaceous) govern the underlying mechanisms of brittle fracture through wing crack formation, and thus dictate the mechanical response of the ceramic. In this study, we investigate the dynamic failure of five boron carbide ceramic materials with different inclusion populations. All of the materials were prepared by hot-pressing; four of these boron carbides contained different sizes and concentrations of carbonaceous inclusions, while one contained no carbonaceous inclusions. The heterogeneity distributions were characterized in some detail for statistical analysis using scanning electron microscopy and quantitative image analysis. A modified compression Kolsky bar setup with in situ ultra-high-speed microscopic imaging (10 million frames per second) was then used to study the influence of the inclusion distributions on the dynamic failure processes in these materials, at nominal high strain rates of 10 2 -10 3 s -1 . The in situ ultra-high-speed microscopy highlighted the link between micro and macroscale failure processes and demonstrated that the carbonaceous inclusions are indeed the preferential sites for nucleation of wing cracks, as previously hypothesized based on post-mortem observations. The relative orientation of an inclusion with respect to the compression axis was shown to affect the likelihood that it would participate in crack nucleation. In conclusion, all of the ceramics were also found to have orientation-dependent peak compressive stress, regardless of the presence of carbonaceous inclusions, suggesting that grain orientation distributions are also important.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Capturing the fractocohesive length scale in elastomers through a statistical mechanics-based gradient enhanced damage model

Here, this study aims to examine modeling flaw sensitivity in elastomers. The direct incorporation of polymer chain statistical mechanics considerations into a continuum stretch-based gradient-enhanced damage formulation, in turn, allows a representation of diffuse chain damage and fracture events that align with known micromechanical mechanisms. Through a series of numerical experiments, we simulate crack propagation and extract the fracture energy as an output of the model, while keeping track of the micromechanical signatures of diffuse chain damage that accommodate fracture propagation and eventually influence flaw sensitivity. Finally, by combining the fracture toughness and the work to rupture, we identify a fractocohesive length of the material, corresponding to the full width of the damage process zone. As the damage-to-fracture cascade in the proposed GED model is influenced by the introduction of a length scale associated with network imperfection and long-range load transfer, the emerging relationship of the two length scales is discussed, providing a potential link between microscopic damage mechanisms and the observed macroscopic fracture response.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A comparison of single-cycle versus multi-cycle proof testing strategies

Proof testing was a useful supplement to conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of space shuttle main engine (SSME) components. Since many of these components involve thin sections and high toughness materials, such as Inconel 718, conventional single-cycle proof test logic is not applicable due to the propensity for stable crack growth during the proof tests. Experience with five-cycle proof testing of SSME components is summarized and a framework is outlined for understanding multi-cycle proof testing using the fracture mechanics concept of a resistance curve. Extreme value statistics are also used to propose an empirical approach to compare the advantages and disadvantages of single- versus multi-cycle proof testing. The importance of the initial flaw size distribution and specimen thickness in such a comparison is also discussed.

Hudak, Stephen J., Jr.↗

Stochastic Nonlinear Response of Woven CMCs

It is well known that failure of a material is a locally driven event. In the case of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), significant variations in the microstructure of the composite exist and their significance on both deformation and life response need to be assessed. Examples of these variations include changes in the fiber tow shape, tow shifting/nesting and voids within and between tows. In the present work, the influence of scale specific architectural features of woven ceramic composite are examined stochastically at both the macroscale (woven repeating unit cell (RUC)) and structural scale (idealized using multiple RUCs). The recently developed MultiScale Generalized Method of Cells methodology is used to determine the overall deformation response, proportional elastic limit (first matrix cracking), and failure under tensile loading conditions and associated probability distribution functions. Prior results showed that the most critical architectural parameter to account for is weave void shape and content with other parameters being less in severity. Current results show that statistically only the post-elastic limit region (secondary hardening modulus and ultimate tensile strength) is impacted by local uncertainties both at the macro and structural level.

Kuang, C. Liu↗

Optimization of Processing, Microstructure, and Hardness of an Al–Ce–Ni–Mn–Zr Alloy With Laser Additive Manufacturing

Here, this study examines the processing behavior, microstructure, surface roughness, and hardness properties of an aluminum alloy containing 8.2 Ce, 4.5 Ni, 0.5 Mn, and 0.7 Zr (wt%) fabricated using laser powder bed fusion. Sixty samples were produced across a range of laser powers, scan speeds, and hatch spacings to evaluate their effect on porosity, hardness, and microstructural features. Porosity was measured using X-ray computed tomography, while microstructure and surface roughness were characterized by scanning electron (SEM) and laser confocal microscopy. High dense and cracking-free Al–Ni–Ce alloy was successfully manufactured. Porosity showed a U-shaped dependence on energy input, increasing under both insufficient and excessive melting conditions. Hardness increased with cooling rate due to finer cellular structures and solute redistribution. A general statistical model was developed to capture the relationships between processing parameters and material response. Results identify a narrow processing window defined by laser powers between 350 and 370 W, scan speeds from 1400 to 1800 mm/s, and hatch distances between 0.14 and 0.18 mm. Within this window, porosity is minimized (below 0.01%) and hardness is maximized (up to 160 HV), demonstrating that careful control of these parameters enables dense, high strength aluminum components suitable for demanding structural applications.

Aluminum alloys↗

Synergy of tensile strength and high cycle fatigue properties in a novel additively manufactured Al-Ni-Ti-Zr alloy with a heterogeneous microstructure

Alloy design strategies in additive manufacturing (AM) to achieve grain refinement and terminal eutectic solidification have been introduced to engineer Al alloys having microstructural hierarchy and heterogeneity. Such alloy design strategies enable crack-free builds with an expanded AM processing window and pushed the strength limit in Al alloys. However, fatigue performance of Al alloys made by AM is restricted by the presence of process induced defects and its stochasticity. In this work, tensile and high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of a novel Al-Ni-Ti-Zr alloy with a heterogeneous microstructure is studied in the as-built condition, supplemented by detailed microstructural and mechanical characterization. Excellent strength-ductility synergy of 342 MPa and 16% failure strain achieved in the alloy was associated with the microstructural attributes that pertain to the novel alloy. Additionally, the alloy showed excellent HCF performance with a fatigue endurance limit to ultimate tensile strength ratio of 0.29 in flexural fatigue mode. The study revealed the existence of multiple crack retardation mechanisms and favorable crack propagation pathways through the fine-grained regions which enabled good fatigue performance to the alloy. Further, a probabilistic model has been used to estimate the fatigue life of the alloy as a function of the stochastic microstructure by utilizing the statistical distribution of pores, solid-state inclusions, and grains in the AM Al alloy. Finally, the model parametric trends are consistent with the experimental observations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

FY21 Progress Report: SRNL Analysis of ICCWR LCM and WAMS data for Corrosion and Cracking

The development of algorithms for machine learning and data analysis for the 3013 Surveillance Program is a collaborative effort by the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) and the University of South Carolina (USC). For corrosion detection, Laser Confocal Microscope (LCM) or Wide Area 3D Measurement System (WAMS) data is extracted from large binary files, with software written to convert the data to physical attributes (e.g., height, color and grayscale values; all as functions of a location in a plane projection). A user-friendly Matlab Graphical User Interface (GUI) that reads data from either LCM or WAMS files was developed to integrate input data with software developed for processing and evaluation. The GUI can selectively download binary data, interrogate data attributes, label data, flag significant features, execute Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, output parameters for trained ML algorithms, report ML model accuracy with respect to labeled data, and generate graphical representations for various analyses. Features can be called out by user-specified thresholds, manual labeling or machine learning algorithms when they have been completed. The ability to rapidly label data is important because of the volume of data required for training machine learning algorithms. The GUI has the flexibility to allow addition of improved ML algorithms, methods for data visualization, and statistical computations. Statistical analyses via the GUI include areas of pits within a defined range of pit depths, correlations between Red-Green-Blue (RGB) or grayscale intensity and relative surface height, covariances between values associated with features, and feature histograms. The development of supervised machine learning algorithms, however, has been hindered by a lack of training data. The machine learning algorithms for crack identification are being refined but require improvements to the true positive rate for crack detection. This shortcoming is an artifact of the limited training data currently available, perhaps more so than the structure of the neural networks. At present, the best results are had from a consensus over an ensemble of randomly generated Deep Neural Network (DNN) or Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms. Although the consensus accuracy method has yielded optimum true positive and true negative rates in excess of 80%, additional validation testing is necessary. In addition to the suite of LCM data that was initially used, and which represents the majority of the work presented in this report, WAMS image data was also reviewed at a preliminary level. The review included a comparison between image resolution and dynamic range for each method. WAMS (ZON file) image data was found to have a pixel pitch of 3.69μm compared to 1 μm for the LCM (vk4 file) data, which implies a lower resolution for the WAMS images. Conversely, the ratio of dynamic range of the WAMS data to the LCM data was approximately 41:20 for height data, suggesting that information from WAMS should more accurately determine the depth of pits. At present, the significance of the greater dynamic range of the WAMS data relative to the LCM data has not yet been evaluated.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Advanced single crystal for SSME turbopumps

The objective of this program was to evaluate the influence of high thermal gradient casting, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and alternate heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a single crystal nickel base superalloy. The alloy chosen for the study was PWA 1480, a well characterized, commercial alloy which had previously been chosen as a candidate for the Space Shuttle Main Engine high pressure turbopump turbine blades. Microstructural characterization evaluated the influence of casting thermal gradient on dendrite arm spacing, casting porosity distribution and alloy homogeneity. Hot isostatic pressing was evaluated as a means of eliminating porosity as a preferred fatigue crack initiation site. The alternate heat treatment was chosen to improve hydrogen environment embrittlement resistance and for potential fatigue life improvement. Mechanical property evaluation was aimed primarily at determining improvements in low cycle and high cycle fatigue life due to the advanced processing methods. Statistically significant numbers of tests were conducted to quantitatively demonstrate life differences. High thermal gradient casting improves as-cast homogeneity, which facilitates solution heat treatment of PWA 1480 and provides a decrease in internal pore size, leading to increases in low cycle and high cycle fatigue lives.

Fritzemeier, L. G.↗

Mapping the structural–mechanical landscape of amorphous carbon with ReaxFF molecular dynamics

We use ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate the relationship between structural and mechanical properties in bulk and nanostructured amorphous carbon (a-C). The liquid-quench MD method is used to generate isotropic bulk samples with mass densities ranging from 0.96 to 3.29 g/cm3. Structural analysis identifies two types of structures with distinct short- and medium-range order: lower-density sp2-dominated a-C, which is characterized by a bimodal ring-size distribution, and higher-density sp3-dominated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), exhibiting a unimodal ring-size distribution. Stress–strain MD simulations and analysis reveal how an atomistic structure impacts elastic properties and post-yield atomic rearrangements. All stretched structures demonstrate elastic isotropy and plasticity driven by a ring-size expansion mechanism reflected in changes in ring statistics. The plastic region is substantially larger in ta-C than in a-C due to the post-yield shift from sp3 to sp2 C dominant bonding. In both a-C and ta-C, ultimate failure occurs when a reactive crack, traversed by long sp chains, forms and propagates predominantly perpendicular to the direction of the applied strain. Oxygen infiltration into the fractured region significantly reduces stress resistance, primarily through the early rupture of long sp chains. MD simulations and analysis are extended to a-C slabs, a-C nanotubes, and partially a-C nanotubes. The latter nanostructure highlights the differences between the elastically isotropic a-C walls, which develop circumferential cracking, and the crystalline walls, which tear along crystallographic directions. These results provide a strong foundation for further computational characterization of a-C materials.

Dernov, A. (ORCID:0009000004220973)↗

Report on Hydrogen Content Measurements of Yttrium Hydrides

This report describes the hydrogen content measurements of yttrium samples as irradiated at Advanced Test Reactor as part of the Microreactor Program. Irradiated samples were prepared at the facilities of Analytical Research Laboratory (ARL) of Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC). Hydrogen content measurements were performed on reduced size specimens using an inert gas fusion analyzer. For a single sample, replicate samples were prepared and tested to improve statistics of results. Uncertainty analyses were conducted using two approaches to determine the hydrogen content variations in the samples. Hydrogen content of irradiated specimens were both lower and higher than the expected values, indicating stoichiometry variations. Hydrogen was detected in all samples, even for the cracked capsule’s specimens. Results also suggested a potential hydrogen redistribution is present between samples inside the capsules.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Brittle failure analysis and modeling of high-burnup PWR fuel cladding alloys

The aim of this research is the development of methods for predicting mechanical behavior and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle failure of high-burnup (HBU) pressure water reactor (PWR) fuel cladding alloys. A finite element (FE) model of the ring compression test (RCT) was created to analyze the failure behavior of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides during the RCT. An elastic-plastic material model describes the zirconium alloy. The stress-strain curve needed for the elastic-plastic material model was derived by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modeling is used to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT loading. Based on the failure mechanism in non-irradiated ZIRLO (R) claddings, a micro-mechanical model was developed that distinguishes between brittle failure along hydrides and ductile failure of the zirconium matrix. Two different cohesive laws representing these types of failure are present in the same cohesive interface. The key differences between these constitutive laws are the cohesive strength, the stress at which damage initiates, and the cohesive energy, which is the damage energy dissipated by the cohesive zone. Statistically generated matrix-hydride distributions were mapped onto the cohesive elements and simulations with focus on the first load drop were performed. Computational results are in good agreement with the RCT results conducted on high-burnup M5 (R) samples. It could be shown that crack initiation and propagation strongly depend on the specific configuration of hydrides and matrix material in the fracture area.

Simbruner, Kai↗

Design Methods, Tools, and Data for Ceramic Solar Receivers

This report presents the development of tools and methods for evaluating the reliability and performance of ceramic materials in high temperature solar receivers. As Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies aim for higher operating temperatures to enhance efficiency and meet industrial process heat requirements, current high temperature metallic materials face challenges in maintaining structural integrity. This report explores advanced ceramics as a promising alternative, given their superior high temperature strength and lower thermal expansion, compared to metals. To address the need for effective ceramic receiver design tools, this report integrates statistical failure models of ceramics into the existing srlife tool: an open-source software package designed to estimate the life of high temperature CSP components. These failure models account for the inherent variability and flaw distribution in ceramics, as well as the impact of subcritical crack growth under high temperature cyclic loads. The report also presents experimental data collected for a commercially available ceramic material, SiC, and details the process of estimating reliability model parameters from these data. A comparative design analysis is then performed between ceramic (SiC) and metallic (current nickel-based superalloys A740H and A282) receiver. This comparison demonstrates that SiC receivers can achieve service life exceeding 30 years under high incident heat flux conditions, compared to just a few years for metallic receivers.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Correlations Between Porosity, Spatter, and Process Metrics for Powder Bed Fusion Laser Beam Metallic Additive Manufacturing

Components fabricated using the powder bed fusion laser beam metallic (PBF-LB/M)additive manufacturing process are the result of a multitude of weld passes conducted sequentially. Qualifying components for aerospace applications requires a thorough understanding of the process-structure-properties relationships. Porosity defects are known to have a strong adverse effect on the mechanical properties of a component. In particular, porosity defects created by lack of fusion have high aspect ratio morphologies leading to stress concentrations that become crack initiation sites. In the present work, the occurrence of spatter induced lack of fusion porosity was studied using synchronized in-situ process monitoring, additive manufacturing model-based process metrics, and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. The results show that lack of fusion porosity is statistically correlated with unremoved welding spatter ejecta of the PBF-LB/M process and process metrics related to the hatching strategy.

Qualification↗

Predictions Of Fatigue Damage From Strain Histories

Semiempirical mathematical model of fatigue damage in stressed objects uses experimental histories of strains in those objects to predict fatigue lives. Accounts for initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks on cycle-by-cycle basis. Measured strain history first digitized, then converted to history of turning-point strains for purposes of analysis. Data between turning points not used. When model calibrated against proper test data for each type of object characterized, its predictions of fatigue lives superior to statistical models as one based on root-mean-square strain.

Sire, Robert A.↗