Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “continuous quantum measurement”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9

Complex pressure-temperature structural phase diagram of the honeycomb iridate Cu 2 IrO 3

Cu 2 IrO 3 is among the newest layered honeycomb iridates and a promising candidate to harbor a Kitaev quantum spin liquid state. Here, we investigate the pressure and temperature dependence of its structure through a combination of powder x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption fine structure measurements, as well as ab initio evolutionary structure search. At ambient pressure, we revise the previously proposed C2/c solution with a related but notably more stable P2 1 /c structure. Pressures below 8 GPa drive the formation of Ir-Ir dimers at both ambient and low temperatures, similar to the case of Li 2 IrO 3 . At higher pressures, the structural evolution dramatically depends on temperature. Furthermore, a large discontinuous reduction of the Ir honeycomb interplanar distance is observed around 15 GPa at room temperature, likely driven by a collapse of the O-Cu-O dumbbell bonds. At 15 K, pressures beyond 20 GPa first lead to an intermediate phase featuring a continuous reduction of the interplanar distance, which then collapses at 30 GPa across yet another phase transition. However, the resulting structure around 40 GPa is not the same at room and low temperatures. Remarkably, the reduction in interplanar distance leads to an apparent healing of the stacking faults at room temperature, but not at 15 K. Possible implications on the evolution of electronic structure of Cu 2 IrO 3 with pressure are discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Page curves and typical entanglement in linear optics

Bosonic Gaussian states are a special class of quantum states in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space that are relevant to universal continuous-variable quantum computation as well as to near-term quantum sampling tasks such as Gaussian Boson Sampling. In this work, we study entanglement within a set of squeezed modes that have been evolved by a random linear optical unitary. We first derive formulas that are asymptotically exact in the number of modes for the Rényi-2 Page curve (the average Rényi-2 entropy of a subsystem of a pure bosonic Gaussian state) and the corresponding Page correction (the average information of the subsystem) in certain squeezing regimes. We then prove various results on the typicality of entanglement as measured by the Rényi-2 entropy by studying its variance. Using the aforementioned results for the Rényi-2 entropy, we upper and lower bound the von Neumann entropy Page curve and prove certain regimes of entanglement typicality as measured by the von Neumann entropy. Our main proofs make use of a symmetry property obeyed by the average and the variance of the entropy that dramatically simplifies the averaging over unitaries. In this light, we propose future research directions where this symmetry might also be exploited. We conclude by discussing potential applications of our results and their generalizations to Gaussian Boson Sampling and to illuminating the relationship between entanglement and computational complexity.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Charge Conservation beyond Uniformity: Spatially Inhomogeneous Electromagnetic Response in Periodic Solids

Nonlinear electromagnetic response functions have reemerged as a crucial tool for studying quantum materials, due to recently appreciated connections between optical response functions, quantum geometry, and band topology. Most attention has been paid to responses to spatially uniform electric fields, relevant to low-energy optical experiments in conventional solid state materials. However, magnetic and magnetoelectric phenomena are naturally connected by responses to spatially varying electric fields due to Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, in the emerging field of moiré materials, characteristic lattice scales are much longer, allowing spatial variation of optical electric fields to potentially have a measurable effect in experiments. In order to address these issues, we develop a formalism for computing linear and nonlinear responses to spatially inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields. Starting with the continuity equation, we derive an expression for the second-quantized current operator that is manifestly conserved and model independent. Crucially, our formalism makes no assumptions on the form of the microscopic Hamiltonian and so is applicable to model Hamiltonians derived from tight-binding or calculations. We then develop a diagrammatic Kubo formalism for computing the wave vector dependence of linear and nonlinear conductivities, using Ward identities to fix the value of the diamagnetic current order by order in the vector potential. We apply our formula to compute the magnitude of the Kerr effect at oblique incidence for a model of a moiré-Chern insulator and demonstrate the experimental relevance of spatially inhomogeneous fields in these systems. We further show how our formalism allows us to compute the (orbital) magnetic multipole moments and magnetic susceptibilities in insulators. Turning to nonlinear response, we use our formalism to compute the second-order transverse response to spatially varying transverse electric fields in our moiré-Chern insulator model, with an eye toward the next generation of experiments in these systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗

C2QA - Bosonic Qiskit

The practical benefits of hybrid quantum information processing hardware that contains continuous-variable objects (bosonic modes such as mechanical or electromagnetic oscillators) in addition to traditional (discrete-variable) qubits have recently been demonstrated by experiments with bosonic codes that reach the break-even point for quantum error correction [1]–[5] and by efficient Gaussian boson sampling simulation of the Franck-Condon spectra of triatomic molecules [6] that is well beyond the capabilities of current qubit-only hardware. The goal of this Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA) project is to develop an instruction set architecture (ISA) for hybrid qubit/bosonic mode systems that contains an inventory of the fundamental operations and measurements that are possible in such hardware. The corresponding abstract machine model (AMM) would also contain a description of the appropriate error models associated with the gates, measurements and time evolution of the hardware. This information has been implemented as an extension of IBM Qiskit. IBM Qiskit is an open-source software development toolkit (SDK) for simulating the quantum state of a quantum circuit and for running the same circuits on prototype hardware within the IBM Quantum Experience. We introduce the Bosonic Qiskit software to enable the simulation of hybrid qubit/bosonic systems using the existing Qiskit software development kit [7]. This implementation can be used for simulating new hybrid systems, verifying proposed physical systems, and modeling systems larger than can currently be constructed. We also cover tutorials and example use cases included within the software to study JaynesCummings models, bosonic Hubbard models, plotting Wigner functions and animations, and calculating maximum likelihood estimations using Wigner functions.

quantum, boson, Qiskit↗

Detecting Phase-Resolved Magnetization Dynamics by Magneto-Optic Effects at 1550 nm Wavelength

We demonstrate the detection of phase-resolved magnetization dynamics with combinatorial magneto-optic Kerr and Faraday effects. The method uses a continuous-wave laser that is amplitude-modulated at the spin dynamic frequencies, and thus allows for coherent tracking of the spin dynamics, akin a “lock-in” type measurement. In particular, our method, using a single 1550-nmwavelength, probes simultaneously the ferromagnetic resonance of Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 (YIG) and Permalloy (Py = Ni 80 Fe 20 ) in a YIG-Pyhetero structure. The fiber-based magneto-optic components also have the advantage of being made into a compact, tabletop or even portable system with yet robust measurement performances. We believe that our method will be found useful in studying hybrid quantum magnonic systems and/or investigating phase-resolved spin dynamics in nanomagnet structures involving both ferromagnetic insulators and metals.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Andreev reflection of quantum Hall states through a quantum point contact

Here, we investigate the interplay between the quantum Hall (QH) effect and superconductivity in InAs surface quantum well (SQW)/NbTiN heterostructures using a quantum point contact (QPC). We use QPC to control the proximity of the edge states to the superconductor. By measuring the upstream and downstream resistances of the device, we investigate the efficiency of Andreev conversion at the InAs/NbTiN interface. Our experimental data is analyzed using the Landauer Büttiker formalism, generalized to allow for Andreev reflection processes. We show that by varying the voltage of the QPC, V QPC , the average Andreev reflection, A, at the QH-SC interface can be tuned from 50% to ~ 10%. The evolution of A with V QPC extracted from the measurements exhibits plateaus separated by regions for which A varies continuously with V QPC . The presence of plateaus suggests that for some ranges of V QPC the QPC might be pinching off almost completely from the QH-SC interface some of the edge modes. Our work shows a new experimental setup to control and advance the understanding of the complex interplay between superconductivity and QH effect in two-dimensional gas systems.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Block copolymer self-assembly derived mesoporous magnetic materials with three-dimensionally (3D) co-continuous gyroid nanostructure

Magnetic nanomaterials are gaining interest for their many applications in technological areas from information science and computing to next-generation quantum energy materials. While magnetic materials have historically been nanostructured through techniques such as lithography and molecular beam epitaxy, there has recently been growing interest in using soft matter self-assembly. In this work, a triblock terpolymer, poly(isoprene-block-styrene-block-ethylene oxide) (ISO), is used as a structure directing agent for aluminosilicate sol nanoparticles and magnetic material precursors to generate organic–inorganic bulk hybrid films with co-continuous morphology. After thermal processing into mesoporous materials, results from a combination of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are consistent with the double gyroid morphology. Nitrogen sorption measurements reveal a type IV isotherm with H1 hysteresis, and yield a specific surface area of around 200 m 2 g −1 and an average pore size of 23 nm. The magnetization of the mesostructured material as a function of applied field shows magnetic hysteresis and coercivity at 300 K and 10 K. Comparison of magnetic measurements between the mesoporous gyroid and an unstructured bulk magnetic material, derived from the identical inorganic precursors, reveals the structured material exhibits a coercivity of 250 Oe, opposed to 148 Oe for the unstructured at 10 K, and presence of remnant magnetic moment not conventionally found in bulk hematite; both of these properties are attributed to the mesostructure. This scalable route to mesoporous magnetic materials with co-continuous morphologies from block copolymer self-assembly may provide a pathway to advanced magnetic nanomaterials with a range of potential applications.

Chemistry↗

EuAuSb: An odd-parity helical variation of altermagnetism

EuAuSb is a triangular-lattice Dirac semimetal in which a topological Hall effect has been observed to develop in association with a magnetically ordered phase. Our single-crystal neutron diffraction measurements have identified an incommensurate helical order in which individual ferromagnetic Eu 2+ layers rotate in-plane by ∼ 120° from one layer to the next. An in-plane magnetic field distorts the incommensurate order, eventually leading to a first order transition to a state that is approximately commensurate and that is continuously polarized as the bulk magnetization approaches saturation. From an analysis of the magnetic diffraction intensities versus field, we find evidence for a dip in the ordered in-plane moment at the same field where the topological Hall effect is a maximum, and we propose that this is due to field-induced quantum spin fluctuations. Our electronic structure calculations yield exchange constants compatible with the helical order and show that the bands near the Fermi level lose their spin degeneracy via a mechanism similar to that in the collinear altermagnets. In conclusion, we find that, unlike the even symmetry seen in the altermagnets, the spin splitting in EuAuSb has odd-wave symmetry similar to that recently found in a number of coplanar magnetic materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

First Experiments and Radiographs on the MegaJOuLe Neutron Imaging Radiography (MJOLNIR) Dense Plasma Focus

We report a dense plasma focus (DPF) is a relatively compact coaxial plasma gun, which completes its discharge as a Z-pinch. These devices are designed to operate at a variety of scales to produce short (<100 ns) pulses of ions, X-rays, and/or neutrons. LLNL recently constructed and brought into operation a new device, the MegaJOuLe Neutron Imaging Radiography (MJOLNIR) DPF, which is designed for radiography and high-yield operations. This device has been commissioned and has achieved neutron yields of up to 3.8E11 neutrons/pulse at 2.5-MA peak current while operating at up to 1 MJ of stored energy in its original pulsed power configuration. MJOLNIR is equipped with a wide range of diagnostics, including nuclear activation detectors, neutron time-of-flight (nToF) detectors, a fast-framing camera, optical light gates, and a time-gated neutron and X-ray imager. LLNL also runs unique particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of DPF discharges in the Chicago code and has gained significant insight into the various physical factors that influence neutron yield. MJOLNIR is one of the first DPFs whose design and continual upgrades are heavily influenced by model predictions. In this article, we describe insights from modeling, device operation, and recent results. Comparisons between modeling predictions and measurements, as well as X-ray and neutron images are presented.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Reexpansion of charged nanoparticle assemblies in concentrated electrolytes

Electrostatic forces in solutions are highly relevant to a variety of fields, ranging from electrochemical energy storage to biology. However, their manifestation in concentrated electrolytes is not fully understood, as exemplified by counterintuitive observations of colloidal stability and long-ranged repulsions in molten salts. Highly charged biomolecules, such as DNA, respond sensitively to ions in dilute solutions. Here, we use non-base-pairing DNA-coated nanoparticles (DNA-NP) to analyze electrostatic interactions in concentrated salt solutions. Despite their negative charge, these conjugates form colloidal crystals in solutions of sufficient divalent cation concentration. We utilize small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study such DNA-NP assemblies across the full accessible concentration ranges of aqueous CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , and SrCl 2 solutions. SAXS shows that the crystallinity and phases of the assembled structures vary with cation type. For all tested salts, the aggregates contract with added ions at low salinities and then begin expanding above a cation-dependent threshold salt concentration. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) reveals enhanced positional correlations between ions in the solution at high salt concentrations. Complementary molecular dynamics simulations show that these ion–ion interactions reduce the favorability of dense ion configurations within the DNA brushes below that of the bulk solution. Measurements in solutions with lowered permittivity demonstrate a simultaneous increase in ion coupling and decrease in the concentration at which aggregate expansion begins, thus confirming the connection between these phenomena. Our work demonstrates that interactions between charged objects continue to evolve considerably into the high-concentration regime, where classical theories project electrostatics to be of negligible consequence.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Revealing short- and long-range Li-ion diffusion in Li 2 MnO 3 from finite-temperature dynamical mean field theory

Li 2 MnO 3 is a key component of Li-excess layered cathodes of the form (1 − x), LiMO 2 + x, Li 2 MnO 3 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, …), yet its role in setting Li-ion transport limitations remains under debate. Here, in this study, we combine DFT+U, finite-temperature DFT+DMFT with a continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo impurity solver, and nudged-elastic-band (NEB) calculations to study Li + migration in paramagnetic Li 2 MnO 3 in the presence of a single Li vacancy. Evaluating DMFT total energies along the DFT+U NEB geometries reveals that dynamical correlations strongly renormalize the lowest-barrier processes, reducing the activation energies to E a = 0.18 eV for the shortest-range hop and E a = 0.50 eV for the next-lowest (transport-controlling) step. The 0.18 eV barrier quantitatively reproduces the short-range activation energy from µ+SR, while the 0.50 eV barrier is consistent with the long-range transport scale extracted from ac-impedance measurements. This single-vacancy, paramagnetic DMFT description thus provides a unified interpretation of local and macroscopic probes without invoking clustered vacancy configurations or strong extrinsic disorder, consistent with nearly stoichiometric Li 2 MnO 3 powders. More broadly, our results highlight finite-temperature dynamical correlations as an essential ingredient for predicting ionic migration energetics in correlated oxide electrodes.

Lee, Alex Taekyung [University of Illinois, Chicag↗

Continuous-wave planar laser induced fluorescence with a fast camera

We present planar, laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of the velocity-resolved distribution function of ions in a plasma using a modulated, narrow linewidth, continuous-wave laser. Plasma emission is acquired with a high frame rate camera, and the laser light is spread into a thin sheet so that an entire plane of the plasma is imaged at each interrogation wavelength. Fourier analysis is conducted on each pixel of the images to separate the modulated fluorescent emission from the background light. Argon ion temperatures and bulk flow maps are reported in a helicon plasma source, and standard single-point LIF measurements provide validation of the PLIF measurement.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Outlook for active plasma spectroscopy with entangled two-photon absorption

Entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) exhibits a quantum-enhanced two-photon absorption cross-section and a linear scaling with incident power that exceeds classical two-photon absorption (TPA) at low photon flux. Here, we assess the feasibility and applications of ETPA for active plasma spectroscopy. The ETPA-absorbed power for an Ar + species in a helicon plasma scenario is calculated to be as high as 0.6 nW cm −1 along the incident beam path for nondegenerate-entangled photon pairs that are near-resonant with an intermediate level. The ETPA absorption power exceeds classical TPA and Bremsstrahlung emission, a necessary condition for a feasible fluorescence measurement. Applications of ETPA plasma spectroscopy may include trace impurity detection, ground-state excitation, and continuous-wave pumping for high-bandwidth turbulence measurements. Possible benefits of plasma measurements are less harm to optical components with lower incident flux and reduced stray light that can contaminate optical diagnostics.

active plasma spectroscopy↗

Measurement-induced phase transition in teleportation and wormholes

We demonstrate that some quantum teleportation protocols exhibit measurement induced phase transitions in Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. Namely, Kitaev-Yoshida and Gao-Jafferis-Wall protocols have a phase transition if we apply them at a large projection rate or at a large coupling rate respectively. It is well-known that at small rates they allow teleportation to happen only within a small time-window. We show that at large rates, the system goes into a new steady state, where the teleportation can be performed at any moment. In dual Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity these phase transitions correspond to the formation of an eternal traversable wormhole. In the Kitaev-Yoshida case this novel type of wormhole is supported by continuous projections.

Physics↗

Diverse simulations of time-resolved photoluminescence in thin-film solar cells: A SnO 2 /CdSe y Te 1-y case study

Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) is widely used to measure carrier lifetime in thin-film solar cell absorbers. However, the injection dependence of data and frequent non-exponential decay shapes complicate the interpretation. Here, we develop a numerical model to simulate injection-dependent TRPL measurements in a SnO 2 /CdSe y Te 1-y case study solar cell structure, considering parameters of interest to researchers in industry and academia. Previous simulations have shown that, in low injection, excess electrons and holes injected by the laser pulse are rapidly separated in the electric field formed by the pn junction. As a result, at early times, the PL signal can decay faster than the Shockley-Read-Hall lifetime in the absorber bulk (t_bulk). Prior simulations have shown that the charge stored in the junction can slowly leak out to affect decays at late times. However, it has not been clear if and to what degree charge storage can affect the slopes extracted from TRPL decays - t_2 - commonly cited as the TRPL-measured lifetime. Here, we show that charge storage can, in some cases, result in t_2 values that substantially overestimate t_bulk. Previous simulations indicate that high injection conditions can screen the junction field and minimize charge separation. Here, we show that continued injection increases can drive down t_2 below t_bulk as radiative recombination becomes dominant. We catalog charge storage and radiative recombination impacts for a diverse set of material parameters and compare results to double-heterostructure models.

CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS,S↗

Stochastic renormalization group and gradient flow

A non-perturbative and continuous definition of RG transformations as stochastic processes is proposed, inspired by the observation that the functional RG equations for effective Boltzmann factors may be interpreted as Fokker-Planck equations. The result implies a new approach to Monte Carlo RG that is amenable to lattice simulation. Long-distance correlations of the effective theory are shown to approach gradient-flowed correlations, which are simpler to measure. The Markov property of the stochastic RG transformation implies an RG scaling formula which allows for the measurement of anomalous dimensions when transcribed into gradient flow expectation values.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Monte–Carlo ray-tracing studies of multiplexed prismatic graphite analyzers for the cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer at the High Flux Isotope Reactor

A modern cold triple-axis spectrometer to study quantum condensed matter systems is planned for the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Here, we describe the conceptual principles and design of a secondary spectrometer using a multiplexed, prismatic analyzer system relying on graphite crystals and inspired by the successful implementation of the Continuous Angle Multiple Energy Analysis (CAMEA) spectrometers at the Paul Scherrer Institute. This project is currently known as MANTA for Multi-Analyzer Neutron Triple-Axis. Here, we report Monte-Carlo ray-tracing simulations on a simple but realistic sample scattering kernel to further illustrate the prismatic analyzer concept’s workings, calibration, and performance. Then, we introduce a new statistical analysis approach based on the prismatic analyzer concept to improve the number of final energies measured on the spectrometer. We also study possible evolutions in the CAMEA design relevant for MANTA.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗