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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Demonstrating the Potential of Adaptive LMS Filtering on FPGA-Based Qubit Control Platforms for Improved Qubit Readout in 2D and 3D Quantum Processing Units

Advancements in quantum computing underscore the critical need for sophisticated qubit readout techniques to accurately discern quantum states. This abstract presents our research intended for optimizing readout pulse fidelity for 2D and 3D Quantum Processing Units (QPUs), the latter coupled with Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities. Focusing specifically on the application of the Least Mean Squares (LMS) adaptive filtering algorithm, we explore its integration into the FPGA-based control systems to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of qubit state detection by improving Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Implementing the LMS algorithm on the Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC Gen 3 devices (RFSoC 4x2 FPGA and ZCU216 FPGA) using the Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit (QICK) open-source platform, we aim to dynamically test and adjust the filtering parameters in real-time to characterize and adapt to the noise profile presented in quantum computing readout signals. Our preliminary results demonstrate the LMS filter's capability to maintain high readout accuracy while efficiently managing FPGA resources. These findings are expected to contribute to developing more reliable and scalable quantum computing architectures, highlighting the pivotal role of adaptive signal processing in quantum technology advancements.

Johnson, Hans↗
NASA NTRS2002

Development of Metal-impregnated Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Toxic Gas Contaminant Control in Advanced Life Support Systems

The success of physico-chemical waste processing and resource recovery technologies for life support application depends partly on the ability of gas clean-up systems to efficiently remove trace contaminants generated during the process with minimal use of expendables. Carbon nanotubes promise superior performance over conventional approaches to gas clean-up due to their ability to direct the selective uptake of gaseous species based on their controlled pore size, high surface area, ordered chemical structure that allows functionalization and their effectiveness also as catalyst support materials for toxic gas conversion. We present results and findings from a preliminary study on the effectiveness of metal impregnated single walled nanotubes as catalyst/catalyst support materials for toxic gas contaminate control. The study included the purification of single walled nanotubes, the catalyst impregnation of the purified nanotubes, the experimental characterization of the surface properties of purified single walled nanotubes and the characterization of physisorption and chemisorption of uptake molecules.

Pisharody, Suresh A.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Development of Metal-impregnated Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Toxic Gas Contaminant Control in Advanced Life Support Systems

The success of physico-chemical waste processing and resource recovery technologies for life support application depends partly on the ability of gas clean-up systems to efficiently remove trace contaminants generated during the process with minimal use of expendables. Highly purified metal-impregnated carbon nanotubes promise superior performance over conventional approaches to gas clean-up due to their ability to direct the selective uptake gaseous species based both on the nanotube s controlled pore size, high surface area, and ordered chemical structure that allows functionalization and on the nanotube s effectiveness as a catalyst support material for toxic contaminants removal. We present results on the purification of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and efforts at metal impregnation of the SWCNT's.

Cinke, Martin↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ion irradiation and modification: The role of coupled electronic and nuclear energy dissipation and subsequent nonequilibrium processes in materials

Understanding material responses to energy deposition from energetic charged particles is important for defect engineering, ion-beam processing, ion-beam analysis and modification, geologic aging, space exploration, and nuclear applications. As an incident ion penetrates a solid, its energy is transferred to electrons and to atomic nuclei of the solid. Much of this electronic energy deposition is subsequently transferred to the atomic structure via electron–phonon (e–ph) coupling, leading to local inelastic thermal spikes in which energy dissipation is influenced by the local environment. In addition, intense ionization can lead to high densities of localized electronic excitations in wide-bandgap materials and ceramics that can affect defect dynamics and atomic mobility. Specifically, energy exchange between electrons and atomic nuclei, along with localized electronic excitations, can lead to substantial competitive (ionization-induced annealing), additive (both electronic and nuclear energy depositions contributing to damage production), and synergistic (more damage than the sums of separate damage processes) effects. Although nonmonotonic effects of the e–ph coupling strength and athermal processes are demonstrated for pre-existing defects and residual damage during ion–solid interactions, there is limited understanding of when such electronic effects must be considered in atomic-scale models of damage production and evolution in a broad variety of materials. Complex ceramics and chemically disordered solid solution alloys with different constituent elements allow a systematic evaluation of defect dynamics and irradiation performance with increasing complexity. Current knowledge regarding tuning of bonding characteristics and chemical disorder to control atomic-level dynamics is reviewed. Although a lack of fundamental understanding obstructs the advancement of reliable predictions for ion beam material modification, it highlights challenges and opens research opportunities. Insights into the complex electronic and atomic correlations with extreme energy deposition will strengthen our ability to design materials and predict ion-irradiation-induced damage in a radiation environment, and they may pave the way to better control fundamental processes and design new material functionalities for advanced technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Gaussian process analysis of electron energy loss spectroscopy data: multivariate reconstruction and kernel control

Abstract Advances in hyperspectral imaging including electron energy loss spectroscopy bring forth the challenges of exploratory and physics-based analysis of multidimensional data sets. The multivariate linear unmixing methods generally explore similarities in the energy dimension, but ignore correlations in the spatial domain. At the same time, Gaussian process (GP) explicitly incorporate spatial correlations in the form of kernel functions but is computationally intensive. Here, we implement a GP method operating on the full spatial domain and reduced representations in the energy domain. In this multivariate GP, the information between the components is shared via a common spatial kernel structure, while allowing for variability in the relative noise magnitude or image morphology. We explore the role of kernel constraints on the quality of the reconstruction, and suggest an approach for estimating them from the experimental data. We further show that spatial information contained in higher-order components can be reconstructed and spatially localized.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1988

Advancements in oxygen generation and humidity control by water vapor electrolysis

Regenerative processes for the revitalization of manned spacecraft atmospheres or other manned habitats are essential for realization of long-term space missions. These processes include oxygen generation through water electrolysis. One promising technique of water electrolysis is the direct conversion of the water vapor contained in the cabin air to oxygen. This technique is the subject of the present program on water vapor electrolysis development. The objectives were to incorporate technology improvements developed under other similar electrochemical programs and add new ones; design and fabricate a mutli-cell electrochemical module and a testing facility; and demonstrate through testing the improvements. Each aspect of the water vapor electrolysis cell was reviewed. The materials of construction and sizing of each element were investigated analytically and sometime experimentally. In addition, operational considerations such as temperature control in response to inlet conditions were investigated. Three specific quantitative goals were established.

Heppner, D. B.↗
DOE OSTI2024

AOI [1] Advanced Manufacturing of Ceramic Anchors with Embedded Sensors for Process and Health Monitoring of Coal Boilers

Researchers at West Virginia University (WVU) developed methods to fabricate and test ceramic anchors with an embedded sensor technology for monitoring the health and processing conditions within pulverized coal (PC) and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) boiler systems. The technology included the development of advanced manufacturing processes for 2D/3D printing electroceramic (conductive ceramic) sensor designs within the ceramic anchor microstructure during the manufacturing process. This advanced manufacturing process would allow for the precise control of local microstructure and composition in order to engineer layer-by-layer any protective and electrically active materials within the refractory anchor. This 3D printing technology would permit the rapid and controlled design of the refractory microstructure and embedded sensor design throughout the volume of the ceramic anchor. The work also included a method to interconnect the sensors to boiler shell through the anchor clamp, where the sensor signals will be processed by low-power electronics and transmitted wirelessly to a central processing hub. The end-goal of the program was to produce a ceramic anchor sensor system which would be ready for implementation within a coal boiler, and/or other similar refractory liner systems (such as that in the glass and metal manufacturing areas). The project objectives were to: 1) Define the chemical and microstructural stability, in addition to the electrical properties, of oxide and non-oxide ceramic composites to be embedded within the ceramic anchor compositions that may operate up to 1400ºC; 2) Develop and implement the 2D/3D printing technology to pattern and control the microstructure of the ceramic anchor and embedded sensor circuits; 3) Develop an interconnect technology which will permit easy installation of the ceramic anchors and signal collection at the boiler shell; 4) Develop low power analog electronics and wireless communication hardware to efficiently collect the sensor signal at each processing unit and transmit data to a central hub for data analysis; 5) Demonstrate the smart ceramic anchor system for temperature and liner fracture within a high-temperature processing unit, such as a boiler furnace or glass melting furnace floor/wall liner.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2013

LANL Response to SRS Requirement G-ESR-G-00035 Item 11 Bed Temperature Requirements, For the Addition of Direct Metal Oxidation Unit 3, Revision 0

Los Alamos National Laboratory has identified a number of plutonium-bearing materials that will be placed in storage in 3013 containers per requirements of DOE-STD-3013-2004, or DOE-STD-3013-2012 when it is implemented in the LANL contract. Before these items can be considered for storage at Savannah River Site, 20 points of agreement, described in Savannah River Site (SRS) document G-ESR-G-00035, Revision 1, must be documented and provided to SRS for review. These agreements include documentation that the requirements of the 3013 Standard are met and the storage facility’s safety envelope is not compromised. Point 11 of the 20 points is the requirement that material be stabilized at 950°C for a minimum of two hours prior to packaging. This report addresses the Point 11 requirement, describing the controls used during stabilization to ensure that the material is properly stabilized using a continuous process (Advanced Recovery and Integrated Extraction System [ARIES] direct metal oxidation [DMO] and recycle oxide calcination). These controls include verification of the furnace controller thermocouple profile and verification of the profiles for the calciner tube hot zone. This report is specific to Direct Metal Oxidation Unit 3 (DMO-3). The point 11 requirements for DMO-2 and muffle furnace oxidation are covered in reference. This report does not replace reference. The process and methodology used in this report are similar to that used for Direct Metal Oxidation Unit 2, or DMO-2, as documented in reference. This report documents the performance for ARIES DMO-3. The temperature on the outside of the calciner tube must be at least 1,032°C. The auger rotation rate set point will be dependent on the pitch of the installed auger. For an auger pitch of 1.297 in/rev the auger set point will be 0.0777 rpm or less, which allows for at least 132 minutes calcination time based on worst case conditions (i.e., lowest possible powder density at the lowest initial powder temperature, and under the least favorable heat transfer conditions, and with the least favorable auger pitch of the currently installed auger.) A new auger design may be used in future modifications of DMO-3 that has an auger pitch of 1.400 ± 0.025 inches which would change the required auger set point to 0.0707 rpm or less.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS1991

Automation of closed environments in space for human comfort and safety

The development of Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) for Space Station Freedom, future colonization of the Moon, and Mars missions presents new challenges for present technologies. ECLSS that operate during long-duration missions must be semi-autonomous to allow crew members environmental control without constant supervision. A control system for the ECLSS must address these issues as well as being reliable. The Kansas State University Advanced Design Team is in the process of researching and designing controls for the automation of the ECLSS for Space Station Freedom and beyond. The ECLSS for Freedom is composed of six subsystems. The temperature and humidity control (THC) subsystem maintains the cabin temperature and humidity at a comfortable level. The atmosphere control and supply (ACS) subsystem insures proper cabin pressure and partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen. To protect the space station from fire damage, the fire detection and suppression (FDS) subsystem provides fire-sensing alarms and extinguishers. The waste management (WM) subsystem compacts solid wastes for return to Earth, and collects urine for water recovery. The atmosphere revitalization (AR) subsystem removes CO2 and other dangerous contaminants from the air. The water recovery and management (WRM) subsystem collects and filters condensate from the cabin to replenish potable water supplies, and processes urine and other waste waters to replenish hygiene water supplies. These subsystems are not fully automated at this time. Furthermore, the control of these subsystems is not presently integrated; they are largely independent of one another. A fully integrated and automated ECLSS would increase astronauts' productivity and contribute to their safety and comfort.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2019

Single-Fuel Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Enabled by Onboard Fuel Reformation (Final Report)

Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a promising new advanced, low temperature combustion mode that offers efficiencies equal to or greater than conventional diesel combustion, but significantly lower soot and NOx emissions. Additionally, RCCI has enhanced controllability over the combustion process compared to some of the other advanced combustion modes. Therefore, RCCI combustion has the potential to be of great benefit to the public by increasing the efficiency and reducing the harmful pollutant emissions from transportation. However, RCCI combustion achieves this favorable level of performance through the use of two distinct fuels (e.g., diesel and gasoline, diesel and natural gas, or diesel and ethanol). In a vehicle application, RCCI therefore requires two different fuel tanks and fuel injection systems, which presents a significant drawback to the commercialization RCCI. This project proposed a new concept to enable RCCI combustion from a single parent fuel stored onboard the vehicle in a single fuel tank. Specifically, the parent fuel would be stored in the fuel tank and one branch of the fuel system would deliver the parent fuel, unaltered, to the cylinder, while a second branch of the fuel system would route the parent fuel through a fuel reformer to chemically react the fuel into a gaseous fuel mixture, called “reformate”, that has different properties from the original parent fuel. In this way, there can be two fuels at the engine that have different properties, but only one parent fuel needs to be stored and refilled in the vehicle. This initial, exploratory investigation into the feasibility of this promising new concept included reacting three potential parent fuels (diesel, gasoline, and natural gas) in a fuel reformer and determining the composition of the gaseous reformate fuel that exited the fuel reformer. There are different types of reformation processes, but since this project was a proof-of-concept investigation into the potential of Single-Fuel RCCI and the combustion process in the cylinder, a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformation process was selected, which is more straightforward to perform and control, and would potentially be easier to implement in a vehicle application compared to other reformation processes. Once the three parent fuels were reformed to varying degrees and their reformate compositions were determined, their autoignition tendencies were experimentally determined by comparing advanced combustion results of the reformate mixtures with known reference fuels. This showed that diesel fuel and its reformate fuel mixture exhibited the largest reactivity separation, which is necessary to enable RCCI combustion in the cylinder. Using diesel fuel as the parent fuel, experimental testing was conducted to provide a better understanding of the operational considerations, benefits, and drawbacks of Single-Fuel RCCI with onboard fuel reformation. The experimental testing was accompanied by computational fluid dynamics and system-level modeling to help complement the experiments and further expand the understanding. The main conclusions are that Single-Fuel RCCI using diesel fuel as the direct injected, high reactivity fuel and diesel’s gaseous reformate mixture as the premixed, low reactivity fuel is viable. The efficiencies were equal to, or sometimes greater than, RCCI with conventional fuel pairs, and the emissions were comparable as well. A key consideration is that gaseous reformate fuel contains a large amount of diluents in the fuel which displace air entering the cylinder and act as EGR inside the cylinder. Additionally, the reactivity separation between diesel and its reformate fuel mixture is larger than diesel-gasoline, but less than diesel-natural gas, and the combustion process therefore responded in a manner that was between the two conventional fuel pairs. Finally, although achievable in the cylinder, there are practical drawbacks or other disadvantages of Single-Fuel RCCI with onboard fuel reformation. First, this project used a CPOX reformation process which is exothermic, meaning that a portion of the fuel’s energy was released in the reformer where it could not be converted into useful work. This constituted an efficiency penalty of the system of on the order of 10% or 4 percentage points. Future research should therefore focus on alternate reforming processes including steam-methane reforming or autothermal reforming where there might not be any energy released in the reformer, or there could even be an energy gain in the reformer (through an endothermic process with waste heat recovery). Practical drawbacks that exist, but were beyond the scope of this preliminary proof-of-concept research project, are the added cost of the fuel reformer, which is a catalyst made of precious metals, transient response of the system, and the lifetime of the fuel reformer.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Reducing Radiation Damage Using Pulsed Electron Beams in the TEM

A rise in the development and the use of ultrashort-pulsed sources (i.e., femtosecond to picosecond) in transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) has led to numerous discoveries and paradigm tests of atomic to nanoscale structural dynamics well beyond the temporal limits of fast detectors. Vital to these advances are precise control over the electron emission process, typically via the photoelectric effect, or via temporal modulation of an initially continuous beam swept across an aperture. In addition to enabling ultrafast pump-probe experiments, fine control over the emission process allows for exploration of the effects of such pulsed beams on damage sustained by the specimen during observation. Unlike proposed diffract-before-destroy methods with electrons, these approaches would ideally be applied in the single-electron-per-packet regime, with sufficient time between the arrival of each electron at the specimen for all reversible energy-deposition events to fully recover. Indeed, some intriguing results using pulsed electron beams in TEMs have been reported here, including effects on the structure of catalyst particles and apparent prolonged exposures for polymer crystals

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Achievements and Prospects of Global Broadband Seismographic Networks After 30 Years of Continuous Geophysical Observations

Global seismographic networks (GSNs) emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, facilitated by seminal international developments in theory, technology, instrumentation, and data exchange. The mid- to late-twentieth century saw the creation of the World-Wide Standardized Seismographic Network (1961) and International Deployment of Accelerometers (1976), which advanced global geographic coverage as seismometer bandwidth increased greatly allowing for the recording of the Earth's principal seismic spectrum. The modern era of global observations and rapid data access began during the 1980s, and notably included the inception of the GEOSCOPE initiative (1982) and GSN (1988). Through continual improvements, GEOSCOPE and the GSN have realized near-real time recording of ground motion with state-of-art data quality, dynamic range, and timing precision to encompass 180 seismic stations, many in very remote locations. Data from GSNs are increasingly integrated with other geophysical data (e.g., space geodesy, infrasound and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar). Globally distributed seismic data are critical to resolving crust, mantle, and core structure; illuminating features of the plate tectonic and mantle convection system; rapid characterization of earthquakes; identification of potential tsunamis; global nuclear test verification; and provide sensitive proxies for environmental changes. As the global geosciences community continues to advance our understanding of Earth structure and processes controlling elastic wave propagation, GSN infrastructure offers a springboard to realize increasingly multi-instrument geophysical observatories. Here, we review the historical, scientific, and monitoring heritage of GSNs, summarize key discoveries, and discuss future associated opportunities for Earth Science.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Office of River Protection Advanced Low-Activity Waste Glass Research and Development Plan

The U.S. Department of Energy Office of River Protection (ORP) has initiated and leads an integrated Advanced Waste Glass (AWG) program to increase the loading of Hanford tank wastes in glass while meeting melter lifetime expectancies and process, regulatory, and product performance requirements. The integrated ORP program is focused on providing a technical, science-based foundation for making key decisions regarding the successful operation of the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) facilities in the context of an optimized River Protection Project (RPP) flowsheet. The fundamental data stemming from this program will support development of advanced glass formulations, key product performance and process control models, and tactical processing strategies to ensure safe and successful operations for both the low-activity waste (LAW) and high-level waste vitrification facilities. These activities will be conducted with the objective of improving the overall RPP mission by enhancing flexibility and reducing cost and schedule.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Towards intelligent microstructural design of Nanocomposite Materials. Lightweight, high strength structural/armor materials for service in extreme environments

The intent of this research effort is to prove the hypothesis that: Through the employment of controlled processing parameters which are based upon integrated advanced material characterization and multi-physics material modeling, bulk nanolayered composites can be designed to contain high densities of preferred interfaces that can serve as supersinks for the defects responsible for premature damage and failure.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1985

A knowledge based expert system for propellant system monitoring at the Kennedy Space Center

The Lox Expert System (LES) is the first attempt to build a realtime expert system capable of simulating the thought processes of NASA system engineers, with regard to fluids systems analysis and troubleshooting. An overview of the hardware and software describes the techniques used, and possible applications to other process control systems. LES is now in the advanced development stage, with a full implementation planned for late 1985.

Jamieson, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Reusable Solid Rocket Motor - Accomplishment, Lessons, and a Culture of Success

The Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) represents the largest solid rocket motor (SRM) ever flown and the only human-rated solid motor. High reliability of the RSRM has been the result of challenges addressed and lessons learned. Advancements have resulted by applying attention to process control, testing, and postflight through timely and thorough communication in dealing with all issues. A structured and disciplined approach was taken to identify and disposition all concerns. Careful consideration and application of alternate opinions was embraced. Focus was placed on process control, ground test programs, and postflight assessment. Process control is mandatory for an SRM, because an acceptance test of the delivered product is not feasible. The RSRM maintained both full-scale and subscale test articles, which enabled continuous improvement of design and evaluation of process control and material behavior. Additionally RSRM reliability was achieved through attention to detail in post flight assessment to observe any shift in performance. The postflight analysis and inspections provided invaluable reliability data as it enables observation of actual flight performance, most of which would not be available if the motors were not recovered. RSRM reusability offered unique opportunities to learn about the hardware. NASA is moving forward with the Space Launch System that incorporates propulsion systems that takes advantage of the heritage Shuttle and Ares solid motor programs. These unique challenges, features of the RSRM, materials and manufacturing issues, and design improvements will be discussed in the paper.

Moore, D. R.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Digitizing Named Entities Found Within Letters of Agreement

Letters of Agreement (LOAs) are text-based air traffic control documents that contain procedures and actions agreed upon by the different parties, typically two or more FAA facilities, that are subject to an agreement. The documents contain among other things generic constraints, which are explicit and implicit combinations of procedures that limit a flight’s trajectory and affects pilot actions. For example, a controller may be required, to assign a specific altitude to an aircraft crossing the boundary between two airspaces. Although LOA generic constraints directly impact the trajectory of an aircraft, they are not currently available in a digital form that can be used for (or directly ingested into automated) flight planning. Instead, the constraints are manually input into an onboard or ground based system. LOA documents are primarily stored at a controlling facility and the generic constraints are implemented by experienced air traffic controllers and pilots primarily using voice instructions. This increases the workload of the controllers, likelihood of error (e.g., due to noisy communication) and makes it impractical for implementation with unmanned aircraft. Therefore, steps must be taken to make existing constraints machine interpretable to enable e.g., automated handoffs which in turn would reduce controller workload. With recent advances in natural language processing, especially the rise in digitization of text documents (e.g., medical documents) and automated extraction of information therein, it is now possible to extract flight specific constraints from LOAs. The goal of this work is to digitize named entities through a combination of natural language processing tasks: named entity disambiguation, toponym resolution, and numeric parsing to extract general constraint components contained within LOAs, herein referred to as Entity Enhancement (EE). Starting with a small list of named entities (e.g., ARTCC, Tower, Altitude and Speed), EE can extract the named entities while simultaneously converting the string-based output into a digital format using an ensemble of processes like rule-based gazetteers and syntactic-lexical patterns. The digital format contains a diverse set of information based on the entity label in question, ranging from standardized facility names to units of measure (e.g., feet) and other numeric information. Upon validating our approach using a truth dataset, we show an overall F1-Score of 0.71 for the extraction process. Looking beyond entity enhancement, we are also working towards the goal of completely digitizing the general constraints by performing EE and fitting them into a standardized exchange model (XM) such as the Aeronautical Information Exchange Model (AIXM). This will allow for easy distribution and dissemination of LOA constraints to air users, better searchability within documents, and enable ingestion into automated flight planning. Finally, we show a preliminary version of the proposed XM architecture and demonstrate how the model can be populated from the EE output.

Stephen S. B. Clarke↗
DOE OSTI2021

Application of Data Science and Engineering

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes exhibit significant variability in the quality and properties of components that are produced. This variability has prevented the widespread adoption of AM in industry. The need for more advanced and descriptive process monitoring, part qualification, and process control has led to an increasing number of sensors on machines and subsequent data to analyze. Increasingly, data science principles are being leveraged in each of these domains in order to process this data and better understand the causes of variability and the corresponding quality inconsistencies that occur in additive manufacturing.

Halsey, William↗