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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(GaNi)3 by Materials Project

Zn(NiGa)3 crystallizes in the cubic Ia-3d space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to two equivalent Zn and six equivalent Ga atoms. Both Ni–Zn bond lengths are 2.48 Å. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.57 Å. Zn is bonded to six equivalent Ni atoms to form distorted corner-sharing ZnNi6 cuboctahedra. Ga is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ni atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(Bi19O30)2 by Materials Project

Bi38ZnO60 crystallizes in the trigonal P3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Zn is bonded to four O atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve BiO5 square pyramids. There are three shorter (2.03 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. There are fourteen inequivalent Bi sites. In the first Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.67 Å. In the second Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.65 Å. In the third Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.69 Å. In the fourth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.72 Å. In the fifth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.70 Å. In the sixth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.67 Å. In the seventh Bi site, Bi is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing BiO4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.04 Å) and three longer (2.05 Å) Bi–O bond lengths. In the eighth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.69 Å. In the ninth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.72 Å. In the tenth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.66 Å. In the eleventh Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.71 Å. In the twelfth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.64 Å. In the thirteenth Bi site, Bi is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted BiO5 square pyramids that share corners with eight BiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one BiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.67 Å. In the fourteenth Bi site, Bi is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing BiO4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (2.04 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) Bi–O bond lengths. There are twenty-four inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the seventh O site, O is bonded to four Bi atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded to one Zn and three Bi atoms to form corner-sharing OZnBi3 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded to four Bi atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the seventeenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the eighteenth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Bi atoms. In the nineteenth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Bi atoms. In the twentieth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Bi atoms. In the twenty-first O site, O is bonded to four Bi atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. In the twenty-second O site, O is bonded to four Bi atoms to form corner-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. In the twenty-third O site, O is bonded to one Zn and three equivalent Bi atoms to form corner-sharing OZnBi3 tetrahedra. In the twenty-fourth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Bi atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(FeO2)4 by Materials Project

Zn(FeO2)4 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. There is four shorter (1.95 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) Fe–O bond length. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to six equivalent O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent ZnO6 octahedra and edges with six equivalent FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 12°. All Fe–O bond lengths are 2.06 Å. Zn is bonded to six equivalent O atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent FeO6 octahedra and edges with six equivalent FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 12°. All Zn–O bond lengths are 2.18 Å. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Fe and one Zn atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent Fe atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(FeO2)2 by Materials Project

ZnFe2O4 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Fe3+ sites. In the first Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with six FeO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one ZnO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.04 Å. In the second Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with six FeO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one ZnO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.16 Å. In the third Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with six FeO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one ZnO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.04 Å. In the fourth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with six FeO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one ZnO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.18 Å. In the fifth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share edges with six FeO6 octahedra and edges with two ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.00 Å. In the sixth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share edges with six FeO6 octahedra and edges with two ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.00 Å. In the seventh Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share edges with six FeO6 octahedra and edges with two ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.00 Å. In the eighth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share edges with six FeO6 octahedra and edges with two ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.01 Å. There are four inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–20°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.28 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–20°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.27 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.30 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.30 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with five OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZnFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with five OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZnFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZnFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZnFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four OZnFe3 trigonal pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(FeO2)2 by Materials Project

ZnFe2O4 crystallizes in the monoclinic Pm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Fe3+ sites. In the first Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–64°. There are two shorter (1.94 Å) and four longer (2.08 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. In the second Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.03 Å. In the third Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.02 Å. In the fourth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–62°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.14 Å. In the fifth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.13 Å. In the sixth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.12 Å. In the seventh Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–64°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.06 Å. In the eighth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–62°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.01 Å. There are four inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.70 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.63 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.60 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.35 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Fe3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(OF)2 by Materials Project

ZnF2O2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two hydrogen peroxide molecules and two ZnF2 ribbons oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. In each ZnF2 ribbon, Zn is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four F atoms. All Zn–F bond lengths are 1.98 Å. There are two inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Zn atoms. In the second F site, F is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Zn atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

The electrolyte comprising more robust water and superhalides transforms Zn-metal anode reversibly and dendrite-free

A great challenge for all aqueous batteries, including Zn-metal batteries, is the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction on the low-potential anode. Herein, we report the formula of a highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte that mitigates hydrogen evolution by transforming water molecules more inert. The electrolyte comprises primarily ZnCl 2 and LiCl as an additive, both of which are inexpensive salts. The O–H covalent bonds in water get strengthened in a chemical environment that has fewer hydrogen bonding interactions and a greater number of Zn–Cl superhalides, as suggested by integrated characterization and simulation. As a result, the average Coulombic efficiency of zinc-metal anode is raised to an unprecedented >99.7% at 1 mA cm –2 . In the new electrolyte, the plating/stripping processes leave the zinc-metal anode dendrite-free, and the zinc-metal anode delivers stable plating/stripping cycles for 4000 hours with an areal capacity of 4 mAh cm –2 at 2 mA cm –2 . Furthermore, the high Coulombic efficiency of zinc-metal anode in the ZnCl 2 -LiCl mixture electrolyte is demonstrated in full cells with a limited anode. The V 2 O 5 ·H 2 O| |Zn full cell with an N/P mass ratio of 1.2 delivers a stable life of more than 2500 cycles, and the LiMn 2 O 4 | |Zn hybrid cell with an N/P mass ratio of 0.6 exhibits 1500 cycles in its stable life.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Contribution of Ryugu-like material to Earth’s volatile inventory by Cu and Zn isotopic analysis

We report initial analyses showed that asteroid Ryugu’s composition is close to CI (Ivuna-like) carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) – the chemically most primitive meteorites, characterized by near-solar abundances for most elements. However, some isotopic signatures (for example, Ti, Cr) overlap with other CC groups, so the details of the link between Ryugu and the CI chondrites are not yet fully clear. Here we show that Ryugu and CI chondrites have the same zinc and copper isotopic composition. As the various chondrite groups have very distinct Zn and Cu isotopic signatures, our results point at a common genetic heritage between Ryugu and CI chondrites, ruling out any affinity with other CC groups. Since Ryugu’s pristine samples match the solar elemental composition for many elements, their Zn and Cu isotopic compositions likely represent the best estimates of the solar composition. Earth’s mass-independent Zn isotopic composition is intermediate between Ryugu/CC and non-carbonaceous chondrites (NCs), suggesting a contribution of Ryugu-like material to Earth’s budgets of Zn and other moderately volatile elements.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Extraordinary role of Zn in enhancing thermoelectric performance of Ga-doped n-type PbTe

Although Ga doping can weaken the electron phonon coupling in n-type PbTe, Ga-doped PbTe has a relatively low carrier concentration (n) and high lattice thermal conductivity (κ lat ), resulting in a lower figure of merit (ZT) compared with those of other top-performing n-type PbTe-based thermoelectric materials. Herein, we report the extraordinary role of Zn in enhancing the thermoelectric performance of Ga-doped PbTe. It is discovered that Zn can simultaneously improve the electronic transport properties and decrease the κlat of Ga-doped PbTe, thereby affording a record high ZT avg ~ 1.26 at 400–873 K, with a maximum ZT value of 1.55 at 723 K. The isoelectronic substitution of Zn for Pb in Ga-doped PbTe increases the electrical conductivity and n by inducing the nucleation and growth of Ga 2 Te 3 in the second phase. The formation of Ga 2 Te 3 results in nonstoichiometry and Te deficiency in the PbTe matrix, which increases the number of electron carriers. Additionally, discordant Zn and Ga atoms with displacing off-center from the ideal octahedral positions, as well as Ga 2 Te 3 nanocrystals ranging from 30 to 200 nm coherently embedded into the PbTe matrix effectively weaken the phonon modes and scatter heat-carrying phonons, resulting in a significant reduction in κ lat .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Highly reversible Zn metal anode enabled by sustainable hydroxyl chemistry

Rechargeable Zn metal batteries (RZMBs) may provide a more sustainable and lower-cost alternative to established battery technologies in meeting energy storage applications of the future. However, the most promising electrolytes for RZMBs are generally aqueous and require high concentrations of salt(s) to bring efficiencies toward commercially viable levels and mitigate water-originated parasitic reactions including hydrogen evolution and corrosion. Electrolytes based on nonaqueous solvents are promising for avoiding these issues, although full cell performance demonstrations with solvents other than water have been very limited. To address these challenges, we investigated MeOH as an alternative electrolyte solvent. These MeOH-based electrolytes exhibited exceptional Zn reversibility over a wide temperature range, with a Coulombic efficiency > 99.5% at 50% Zn utilization without cell short-circuit behavior for > 1,800 h. More important, this remarkable performance translates well to Zn || metal-free organic cathode full cells, supporting < 6% capacity decay after > 800 cycles at –40°C.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ultralow-Strain Zn-Substituted Layered Oxide Cathode with Suppressed P2–O2 Transition for Stable Sodium Ion Storage

Layered transition metal oxides have drawn much attention as a promising candidate cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, their performance degradation originating from strains and lattice phase transitions remains a critical challenge. Herein, a high-concentration Zn-substituted Na x MnO 2 cathode with strongly suppressed P2–O2 transition is investigated, which exhibits a volume change as low as 1.0% in the charge/discharge process. Additionally, such ultralow strain characteristics ensure a stable host for sodium ion storage, which significantly improves the cycling stability and rate capability of the cathode material. Also, the strong coupling between the highly reversible capacity and the doping content of Zn in Na x MnO 2 is investigated. It is suggested that a reversible anionic redox reaction can be effectively triggered by Zn ions and is also highly dependent on the Zn content. Such an ion doping strategy could shed light on the design and construction of stable and high-capacity sodium ion host.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Zn‐Doped P‐Type InAs Nanocrystal Quantum Dots

Abstract Doped heavy metal‐free III–V semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) are of great interest both from the fundamental aspects of doping in highly confined structures, and from the applicative side of utilizing such building blocks in the fabrication of p–n homojunction devices. InAs nanocrystals (NCs), that are of particular relevance for short‐wave IR detection and emission applications, manifest heavy n‐type character poising a challenge for their transition to p‐type behavior. The p‐type doping of InAs NCs is presented with Zn – enabling control over the charge carrier type in InAs QDs field effect transistors. The post‐synthesis doping reaction mechanism is studied for Zn precursors with varying reactivity. Successful p‐type doping is achieved by the more reactive precursor, diethylzinc. Substitutional doping by Zn 2+ replacing In 3+ is established by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. Furthermore, enhanced near infrared photoluminescence is observed due to surface passivation by Zn as indicated from elemental mapping utilizing high‐resolution electron microscopy corroborated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. The demonstrated ability to control the carrier type, along with the improved emission characteristics, paves the way towards fabrication of optoelectronic devices active in the short‐wave infrared region utilizing heavy‐metal free nanocrystal building blocks.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Coexistence and Interplay of Two Ferroelectric Mechanisms in Zn 1-x Mg x O

Ferroelectric materials promise exceptional attributes including low power dissipation, fast operational speeds, enhanced endurance, and superior retention to revolutionize information technology. However, the practical application of ferroelectric-semiconductor memory devices has been significantly challenged by the incompatibility of traditional perovskite oxide ferroelectrics with metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Recent discoveries of ferroelectricity in binary oxides such as Zn 1-x Mg x O and Hf 1-x Zr x O have been a focal point of research in ferroelectric information technology. Here, this work investigates the ferroelectric properties of Zn 1-x Mg x O utilizing automated band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy. This findings reveal the coexistence of two ferroelectric subsystems within Zn 1-x Mg x O. A “fringing-ridge mechanism” of polarization switching is proposed that is characterized by initial lateral expansion of nucleation without significant propagation in depth, contradicting the conventional domain growth process observed in ferroelectrics. This unique polarization dynamics in Zn 1-x Mg x O suggests a new understanding of ferroelectric behavior, contributing to both the fundamental science of ferroelectrics and their application in information technology.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Local atomic structure and Ni nanophase segregation in Zn 1-x Ni x S thin films

Here, the local atomic structure of Zn 1-x Ni x S thin films was investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The films were grown using RF-sputtering at atomic concentrations x = 0.00, x = 0.04, x = 0.08 and x = 0.14. X-ray diffraction shows that the lattice parameter contracts with increasing Ni concentration, consistent with the smaller atomic radii of Ni compared to that one of Zn. Optical absorption reveals a reduction of the bandgap as Ni concentration increases, except for sample x = 0.14 where a complex behavior is observed. Results from X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy indicate a shift in the valence state of Ni for the x = 0.14 sample. The analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra indicate a contraction of ~0.7 Å in the Ni–S bond distance when compared to the Zn–S bond length, which generates local lattice distortions and an increment of the static disorder as the Ni concentration increases. The EXAFS results for sample x = 0.14 show the presence of a Zn 1-x Ni x S phase and a nanoscopic metallic Ni phase with domain sizes below the diffraction limit. These results reveal that the local atomic structure differs in a significant manner from the average crystalline structure, implying its importance for the determination of the electronic properties of this material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effects of exogenous citric acid on the concentration and spatial distribution of Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Mn and Fe in leaves of Noccaea caerulescens grown on a serpentine soil

The aim of this study was to show the potential of citric acid in increasing the concentration of Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Mn and Fe in leaves of the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens. Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) images were collected to assess the distribution of metals in leaves. Applying citric acid (20 mmol kg -1 ) to soil increased in 14-, 10-, 7-, 2- and 1.4- fold the concentration of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cr, respectively, compared to the control. The μ-XRF imaging revealed that Ni and Zn were not spatially correlated across the leaf. We observed a clear partitioning of Zn between veins and surrounding leaf cells while Ni was more evenly distributed between veins and leaf blade. The accumulation of metals in citric acid treated plants did not change the Ni and Zn distribution pattern in leaves but altered the Mn distribution. It seems that Mn reached toxic concentrations in leaves and we hypothesize that a mechanism driven by transpiration through the xylem was used to excrete the metal. Our results show that citric acid can enhance metal accumulation by N. caerulescens and have impact for soil remediation by either decreasing the time for clean up or increasing the access to non-labile pools of metals in soil.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Single crystal growth and characterization of new Zintl phase Ca 9 Zn 3.1 In 0.9 Sb 9

Complex Zintl phases have yielded a large variety of promising new thermoelectric materials. Here we report the discovery of the new Zintl phase Ca 9 (Zn 1– x In x ) 4 Sb 9 ( x ~ 0.9), needle-like crystals of which were serendipitously obtained from an In- and Sb-rich flux. Although its composition is reminiscent of Ca 9 Zn 4+ x Sb 9 , an excellent thermoelectric material with zT > 1, the substitution of In on the Zn site leads to the formation of an entirely new structure type. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a structure characterized by T Sb 4 tetrahedra ( T = statistically disordered Zn and In atoms) and ZnSb 3 triangular units, which share common corners to form [ T 4 Sb 9 ] 18– polyanions. The average structure was found to have hexagonal symmetry. The valence electron count in this heavily-disordered structure appears to follows the Zintl-Klemm rules, suggesting semiconducting behavior. Single crystal electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements support this conclusion, suggesting that the as-grown crystals are degenerate p -type semiconductors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sulfide precipitation characteristics of Mn, Ni, Co, and Zn in the presence of contaminant metal ions

In this study, the effects of Al 3+ and Fe 2+ on the precipitation characteristics of four valuable metals, including Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , and Zn 2+ , were investigated by conducting solution chemistry calculations, sulfide precipitation tests, and mineralogy characterizations. It was found that the ability of the valuable metals to form sulfide precipitates followed an order of Zn 2+ > Ni 2+ > Co 2+ > Mn 2+ . The sulfide precipitate of Zn 2+ was the most stable and did not re-dissolve under the acidic condition (pH 4.00 ± 0.05). In addition, the sulfide precipitation characteristics of Zn 2+ was barely affected by the contaminant metal ions. However, in the presence of Al 3+ , the precipitation recoveries of Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Co 2+ were noticeably reduced due to simultaneous hydrolysis and competitive adsorption. The precipitation recoveries of Ni 2+ and Co 2+ in solutions containing individual valuable metals also reduced when Fe 2+ was present, primarily due to competitive precipitation. However, the recovery of Mn 2+ was enhanced due to the formation of ferrous sulfide precipitate, providing abundant active adsorption sites for Mn species. Here, in the solution containing all the valuable metals, Fe 2+ promoted the recovery of the valuable metals due to the higher concentration of Na 2 S and the formation of ferrous sulfide precipitate.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quasi-Two-Dimensional Heterostructures (K M 1 – x Te)(LaTe 3 ) ( M = Mn and Zn) with Charge Density Waves

Layered heterostructure materials with two different functional building blocks can teach us about emergent physical properties and phenomena arising from interactions between the layers. Here, we report intergrowth compounds KLaM 1 - x Te 4 (M = Mn and Zn; $x \approx$ 0.35) featuring two chemically distinct alternating layers [LaTe 3 ] and [KM 1 - x Te]. Their crystal structures are incommensurate, determined by single X-ray diffraction for the Mn compound and a transmission electron microscope study for the Zn compound. KLaMn 1 – x Te 4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic superspace group Pmnm(01/2 gamma)s00 with lattice parameters a = 4.4815(3) Å, b = 21.6649(16) Å, and c = 4.5220(3) Å. It exhibits charge density wave order at room temperature with a modulation wave vector q = 1/2b* + 0.3478c* originating from electronic instability of Te-square nets in [LaTe 3 ] layers. The Mn analog exhibits a cluster spin glass behavior with spin freezing temperature $T_f \approx$ 5 K attributed to disordered Mn vacancies and competing magnetic interactions in the [Mn 1 - x Te] layers. The Zn analog also has charge density wave order at room temperature with a similar q-vector having the c* component similar to 0.346 confirmed by selected-area electron diffraction. Electron transfer from [KM 1 - x Te] to [LaTe 3 ] layers exists in KLaM 1 – x Te 4 , leading to an enhanced electronic specific heat coefficient. The resistivities of KLaM 1 - x Te 4 (M = Mn and Zn) exhibit metallic behavior at high temperatures and an upturn at low temperatures, suggesting partial localization of carriers in the [LaTe 3 ] layers with some degree of disorder associated with the M atom vacancies in the [M 1 - x Te] layers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗