Science and technology challenges in the development of magnetic fusion energy systems
No abstract prepared.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
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Diagnostics for hybrid reactors
The Hybrid Reactor(HR) can be considered an attractive actinide-burner or a fusion assisted transmutation for destruction of transuranic(TRU) nuclear waste. The hybrid reactor has two important subsystems: the tokamak neutron source and the blanket which includes a fuel zone where the TRU are placed and a tritium breeding zone. The diagnostic system for a HR must be as simple and robust as possible to monitor and control the plasma scenario, guarantee the protection of the machine and monitor the transmutation.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Quasilinear transport modelling at low magnetic shear
Accurate and computationally inexpensive transport models are vital for routine and robust predictions of tokamak turbulent transport. To this end, the QuaLiKiz [Bourdelle et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 112501 (2007)] quasilinear gyrokinetic transport model has been recently developed. QuaLiKiz flux predictions have been validated by non-linear simulations over a wide range in parameter space. However, a discrepancy is found at low magnetic shear, where the quasilinear fluxes are significantly larger than the non-linear predictions. This discrepancy is found to stem from two distinct sources: the turbulence correlation length in the mixing length rule and an increase in the ratio between the quasilinear and non-linear transport weights, correlated with increased non-linear frequency broadening. Significantly closer agreement between the quasilinear and non-linear predictions is achieved through the development of an improved mixing length rule, whose assumptions are validated by non-linear simulations.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
High resolution ion Doppler spectroscopy at Prairie View Rotamak
A fast ion Doppler spectroscopy (IDS) diagnostic system is installed on the Prairie View Rotamak to measure ion temperature and plasma flow. The diagnostic employs a single channel photomultiplier tube and a Jarrell-Ash 50 monochromator with a diffraction grating line density of 1180 lines/mm, which allows for first order spectra of 200-600 nm. The motorized gear of the monochromator allows spectral resolution of 0.01 nm. Equal IDS measurements are observed for various impurity emission lines of which carbon lines exhibit stronger intensities. Furthermore, the diagnostics is examined in an experiment where plasma experiences sudden disruption and quick recovery. In this case, the IDS measurements show {approx}130% increase in ion temperature. Flow measurements are shown to be consistent with plasma rotation.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Diagnostic performance of the beam emission spectroscopy system on the National Spherical Torus Experiment
The beam emission spectroscopy system on the National Spherical Torus Experiment measures localized density fluctuations on the ion gyroscale. Optical sightlines provide core to edge radial coverage, and the sightlines are aligned to typical pitch angles to maximize cross-field spatial resolution. Sightline images are 2-3 cm, and point spread function calculations indicate image distortion from pitch angle misalignment and atomic state finite lifetimes is minor with a 15% increase in the image size. New generation photodetectors achieve photon noise limited measurements at frequencies up to 400 kHz with refrigerant cooling at -20 Degree-Sign C. Measurements near the pedestal show broadband turbulence up to 100 kHz, and poloidal correlation lengths are about 10 cm. Plasma turbulence signals can be 2-3 orders of magnitude above photon noise and amplifier thermal noise.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Recent progress of the HCN interferometer on J-TEXT tokamak
A multichannel far-infrared HCN laser interferometer has been developed to measure plasma electron density for the J-TEXT tokamak. Initial operation of a seven chords system with 7 cm spacing and a 0.1 ms temporal resolution is described. Density modulation experiments in J-TEXT show that it is possible to obtain information on particle transport by precise measurement of the density perturbation amplitude and phase spatial variation. An optical configuration upgrade has been implemented in order to improve phase resolution.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
A new neutral particle analyzer diagnostic and its first commissioning on HL-2A
A new neutral particle analyzer diagnostic has been developed for HuanLiuqi-2A (commonly referred to as HL-2A), which can provide the neutral particle flux measurement along 11 separate sightlines, simultaneously, within a wider energy range (1-70 keV). It is an electrostatic type analyzer with a removable pinhole and special-shape condenser. The energy analysis can be flexibly achieved by controlling a preset stepwise high voltage on the condenser. It is compact and its field of view covers HL-2A cross section from -33 cm to 33 cm without 'cross-talk.' The energy spectra and ion temperature profile have been obtained during its commissioning.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
First results from the J-TEXT high-resolution three-wave polarimeter-interferometer
A laser-based far-infrared polarimeter-interferometer system utilizing the three-wave technique has been implemented on the J-TEXT tokamak. The polarimeter determines the Faraday effect by measuring the phase difference between two collinear, counter-rotating, circularly polarized laser beams. The first results of the polarimeter-interferometer designed for J-TEXT have been obtained in the most recent J-TEXT experimental campaign. Simultaneous polarimetric and interferometric measurement is achieved, with phase resolution up to 0.1 Degree-Sign , at bandwidth of 50 kHz. The temporal resolution, which is dependent on the laser's frequency offset, is {approx}1 {mu}s. Continual spatial measurement covering 45 cm (80% of the plasma cross-section) is realized by utilizing 1D parabolic beam expansion optics. Three initial test chords are installed and future plans call for expansion up to 30 chords with 1.5 cm chord spacing, providing high spatial resolution for measurement of electron density and current density profiles. Reliability of both polarimetric and interferometric measurement is confirmed by comparison with computation and data from a hydrocyanic acid (HCN) interferometer. With the high temporal and phase resolution, perturbations associated with the sawtooth cycle and MHD activity have been observed.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
A novel particle time of flight diagnostic for measurements of shock- and compression-bang times in D{sup 3}He and DT implosions at the NIF
The particle-time-of-flight (pTOF) diagnostic, fielded alongside a wedge range-filter (WRF) proton spectrometer, will provide an absolute timing for the shock-burn weighted {rho}R measurements that will validate the modeling of implosion dynamics at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). In the first phase of the project, pTOF has recorded accurate bang times in cryogenic DT, DT exploding pusher, and D{sup 3}He implosions using DD or DT neutrons with an accuracy better than {+-}70 ps. In the second phase of the project, a deflecting magnet will be incorporated into the pTOF design for simultaneous measurements of shock- and compression-bang times in D{sup 3}He-filled surrogate implosions using D{sup 3}He protons and DD-neutrons, respectively.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Low cost alternative of high speed visible light camera for tokamak experiments
We present design, analysis, and performance evaluation of a new, low cost and high speed visible-light camera diagnostic system for tokamak experiments. The system is based on the camera Casio EX-F1, with the overall price of approximately a thousand USD. The achieved temporal resolution is up to 40 kHz. This new diagnostic was successfully implemented and tested at the university tokamak GOLEM (R = 0.4 m, a = 0.085 m, B{sub T} < 0.5 T, I{sub p} < 4 kA). One possible application of this new diagnostic at GOLEM is discussed in detail. This application is tomographic reconstruction for estimation of plasma position and emissivity.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Non-inductive current start-up assisted by energetic electrons in Q-shu University experiment with steady-state spherical tokamak
After intensive discharge cleaning of the chamber wall, non-inductive current start-up experiments have been successfully performed in QUEST in moderate vertical fields of about 1.0-1.5 mT with positive n-index. Simultaneously, with increasing plasma current, an asymmetric toroidal flow of energetic electrons was observed and direct measurements of current driven by this asymmetric flow were taken with a newly developed Langmuir probe technique. A numerical study of the energetic electron orbits indicates that the total current is enough to play a dominant role in the formation of a closed flux surface in QUEST.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
The q-profile effect on high-order harmonic q = 1 tearing mode generation during sawtooth crashes
The effect of q-profiles on the excitation of high-order harmonic q=1 tearing modes during sawtooth crashes is investigated by a collisionless fluid model with the electron inertia term in Ohm's law. It is found that for a flat q-profile in the core region, the high-order harmonics, such as m/n=2/2 and/or m/n=3/3 modes, comparable to or stronger than the m/n=1/1 component, can be excited during tokamak sawteeth. The stronger the magnetic shear on the q=1 surface is, the more unstable the higher-m modes are. For smoothly monotonously increased q-profiles, a lower q value on the plasma edge tends to easily excite higher-m harmonics at the same level as the m = 1 mode simultaneously. The spatial characteristics of the eigenmodes in the cases with the typical q-profiles are also discussed. In addition, the basic feature of the magnetic island structures in the nonlinear evolution is numerically obtained, which is consistent qualitatively with the experimentally reconstructed phenomenon.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Ballooning theory of the second kind-two dimensional tokamak modes
The 2-D ballooning transform, devised to study local high toroidal number (n) fluctuations in axisymmetric toroidal system (like tokamaks), yields a well-defined partial differential equation for the linear eigenmodes. In this paper, such a ballooning equation of the second kind is set up for ion temperature gradient driven modes pertinent to a 2-D non-dissipative fluid plasma; the resulting partial differential equation is numerically solved, to calculate the global eigenvalues, and the 2-D mode structure is presented graphically along with analytical companions. The radial localization of the mode results from translational symmetry breaking for growing modes and is a vivid manifestation of spontaneous symmetry breaking in tokamak physics. The eigenmode, poloidally ballooned at {theta}={+-}{pi}/2, is radially shifted from associated rational surface. The global eigenvalue is found to be very close to the value obtained in 1-D parameterized ({lambda}={+-}{pi}/2) case. The 2-D eigenmode theory is applied to estimate the toroidal seed Reynolds stress [Y. Z. Zhang, Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys. 30, 193 (2010)]. The solution obtained from the relatively simplified ballooning theory is compared to the solution of the basic equation in original coordinate system (evaluated via FFTs); the agreement is rather good.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Divertor electron temperature and impurity diffusion measurements with a spectrally resolved imaging radiometer
A divertor imaging radiometer (DIR) diagnostic is being studied to measure spatially and spectrally resolved radiated power P{sub rad}({lambda}) in the tokamak divertor. A dual transmission grating design, with extreme ultraviolet ({approx}20-200 A) and vacuum ultraviolet ({approx}200-2000 A) gratings placed side-by-side, can produce coarse spectral resolution over a broad wavelength range covering emission from impurities over a wide temperature range. The DIR can thus be used to evaluate the separate P{sub rad} contributions from different ion species and charge states. Additionally, synthetic spectra from divertor simulations can be fit to P{sub rad}({lambda}) measurements, providing a powerful code validation tool that can also be used to estimate electron divertor temperature and impurity transport.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
A 16-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission radiometer on J-TEXT
To study equilibrium temporal dynamics and the mechanisms of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, a 16-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission (ECE) radiometer has been developed to view the J-TEXT tokamak from the low field side. The ECE radiometer detects second-harmonic extraordinary mode in the frequency band of 94-125 GHz which corresponds to resonances from 1.8 T to 2.2 T. This ECE system consists of an ECE transmission line, a radio frequency unit, and two 8-channel intermediate frequency units. An in situ blackbody calibration source is applied for system calibration by comparison of hot and cold sources in order to provide an absolute temperature measurement.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Dual transmission grating based imaging radiometer for tokamak edge and divertor plasmas
The designs of single transmission grating based extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) imaging spectrometers can be adapted to build an imaging radiometer for simultaneous measurement of both spectral ranges. This paper describes the design of such an imaging radiometer with dual transmission gratings. The radiometer will have an XUV coverage of 20-200 A with a {approx}10 A resolution and a VUV coverage of 200-2000 A with a {approx}50 A resolution. The radiometer is designed to have a spatial view of 16 Degree-Sign , with a 0.33 Degree-Sign resolution and a time resolution of {approx}10 ms. The applications for such a radiometer include spatially resolved impurity monitoring and electron temperature measurements in the tokamak edge and the divertor. As a proof of principle, the single grating instruments were used to diagnose a low temperature reflex discharge and the relevant data is also included in this paper.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Initial measurements of fast ion loss in KSTAR
A fast ion loss detector (FILD) has been installed and tested in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR). KSTAR FILD measures the energy and the pitch-angle of the escaping ions with the striking positions on the scintillator plane. Measurements of the fast ion loss have been performed for the neutral beam heated plasmas. Initial experimental results indicate the prompt losses from neutral beam are dominant and the effects of the resonant magnetic perturbation on the fast ion loss are investigated. In addition, further design change of the detector-head in order to avoid excessive heat load and to detect the fusion products or the fast ions having order of MeV of energy is also discussed.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Conceptual design of new polychromator on Thomson scattering system to measure Z{sub eff}
To measure the Z{sub eff} with electron temperature (T{sub e}) and electron density (n{sub e}) profiles at the same time and the same position in the KSTAR tokamak, we design a new polychromator for Thomson scattering system that has additional function. The additional function is measuring bremsstrahlung intensity to calculate Z{sub eff} independent of Thomson signals. For this new polychromator, we design and fabricate a collimation lens set, and interference filter that has center wavelength of 523 nm and 2 nm FWHM. Finally, we change the lenses, detector diodes, and add the bremsstrahlung filter on the KSTAR edge Thomson scattering polychromator. Then this new polychromator was tested by Tungsten light and monochromator.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗