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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Closed Loop Pumped Storage Hydropower Resource Assessment of the United States

The data includes a geospatial and spreadsheet representation of a resource analysis for closed loop pumped storage systems across the Continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The data includes energy storage potential, water volume, distance from source to storage, hydraulic head, dollars per kilowatt of storage, and transmission spurline cost for each pumped storage hydropower (PHS) reservoir. Each reservoir represented in this dataset is represented on potential 10 hour storage duration PSH system comprised of two reservoirs. Units of measure are laid out in the dataset. Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) represents the bulk of the United States' current energy storage capacity: 23 gigawatts (GW) of the 24 GW national total (Denholm et al. 2021). This capacity was largely built between 1960 and 1990. PSH is a mature and proven method of energy storage with competitive round-trip efficiency and long life spans. These qualities make PSH a very attractive potential solution to energy storage needs, particularly for longer-duration storage (8 hours or more); such storage will be crucial to bridge gaps in electricity production as variable wind and solar production continue to comprise an ever-larger portion of the United States' energy portfolio. This study seeks to better understand the technical potential for PSH development in the United States by developing a national-scale resource assessment for closed-loop PSH. For more information, please refer to the Closed Loop Pumped Storage Hydropower Resource Assessment for the United States linked in the resources.

Array↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Rechargeable Carbon-Oxygen Battery for Efficient, Low-Cost Energy Storage

As part of the Cyclotron Road program, Noon Energy Inc investigated the feasibility of a new class of rechargeable flow battery for long-duration energy storage at the 100+ hour storage capacities needed to make intermittent solar/wind power available 24/7 year-round. Whereas conventional batteries store energy in relatively expensive metals like cobalt, lithium, and vanadium, the new battery stores energy in abundant, ultra-low-cost carbon and oxygen, storage media that cost well below $1 per kWh capacity (less than the cost of their containers). It also can operate with a high roundtrip energy efficiency of ~80% and has 10x higher energy density than conventional aqueous flow batteries, even higher than lithium ion batteries at system level. These properties make it suitable for a variety of potential stationary energy storage applications as well as for electric transportation vehicles (long-haul marine shipping and trucking), so determining the best product-market fit and market entry was a key outcome of Noon’s Cyclotron Road fellowship. Noon had demonstrated initial materials development and proof-of-principle testing before the fellowship. Overall, within the fellowship Noon carried out key initial technology development in market applications, system design, risk assessment and prototyping.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) FAST Commissioning Prize Technical Analysis

The US energy landscape has undergone major changes over the past 10 years and will continue to see significant changes in future decades as the power grid increases its reliance on variable renewable energy resources. Because of the inherent variability of these resources, renewable energy growth may require additional energy storage capacity to provide flexible load-following capabilities and other grid services that can quickly adjust to changes in energy demand and generation. Pumped storage hydropower (PSH)—one such energy storage technology—uses pumps to convey water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir for energy storage and releases water back to the lower reservoir via a powerhouse for hydropower generation. PSH facility pump and generation cycling often follows economic and energy demand conditions. Across the United States, 43 PSH facilities are in operation and 55 projects are in various permitting or licensing stages. Altogether, the 43 operational projects provide the wide majority (95%) of utility-scale electricity storage in the United States. These facilities also provide significant power and nonpower grid benefits, including large-scale electrical system reserve capacity, grid reliability support, and electricity supply-demand balancing through quick-response capabilities and operational flexibility. PSH systems can accomplish these at a scale (e.g., size) and cost that makes these systems highly attractive from a technical standpoint. Although these research concepts are still in their infancy, they demonstrate promising potential as future PSH energy storage technologies. Although PSH has many advantages, development in the United States has effectively stalled since the 1990s, partially because of the magnitude of project costs and financing interest during development and construction, the length of time from project investment until project revenue begins, permitting challenges, construction risks, competition from other storage technologies (e.g., batteries, hydrogen storage), and electricity market evolution and uncertainty. In short, the time, cost, and risk associated with modern PSH development have resulted in limited growth in the United States recently, despite the growing energy storage demand stemming from increased wind and solar power deployment. Technology innovation is needed to help reduce PSH commissioning time, cost, and risk, particularly during the post-licensing phase of project development. To address challenges facing the PSH industry and to improve PSH commissioning timelines, the US Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) initiated the PSH Furthering Advancements to Shorten Time to (FAST) Commissioning Prize project.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design Considerations for Phase Change Material-Incorporated Heat Exchangers in Water Heating

In recent years, the buildings sector has seen major pushes towards decarbonization through innovations that promote deep electrification. 20% of an average household's energy use comes from water heating, and in the US, over half of all households still use gas water heaters. Of those that use electricity for water heating, the majority use resistive elements rather than heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), the latter of which use 60-70% less energy than the former. However, HPWHs tend to have larger dimensions, preventing current 50-80-gallon tanks on the market from fitting into smaller utility closets sized for 30-40 gallons, such as those found in manufactured housing. Additionally, these smaller HPWHs tend to underperform relative to their larger counterparts. One solution that addresses both space and performance concerns is thermal energy storage, and in particular, phase change materials (PCMs). This study outlines the design process used to produce novel PCM heat exchangers for use in small-volume HPWH tanks, including the identification of design constraints and performance targets relevant to real-world applications. To ensure optimal PCM utilization and tank storage capacity, this works seeks to co-maximize surface area and PCM volume; therefore, this research targets triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices, which boast enhanced heat transfer capabilities compared to traditional heat exchanger geometries. Starting with a suite of TPMS lattices, we demonstrate a systematic approach for narrowing down feasible designs that comply with identified constraints while meeting PCM performance objectives. Our current results indicate that tuning lattice properties can effectively produce geometries that provide enough energy storage to achieve a 50-gallon capacity out of a 40-gallon HPWH, even when placing the PCM heat exchanger inside the tank. Additionally, we demonstrate successful fabrication of lattices with these tuned properties.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metallic and complex hydride-based electrochemical storage of energy

Abstract The development of efficient storage systems is one of the keys to the success of the energy transition. There are many ways to store energy, but among them, electrochemical storage is particularly valuable because it can store electrons produced by renewable energies with a very good efficiency. However, the solutions currently available on the market remain unsuitable in terms of storage capacity, recharging kinetics, durability, and cost. Technological breakthroughs are therefore expected to meet the growing need for energy storage. Within the framework of the Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Program—H 2 TCP Task-40, IEA’s expert researchers have developed innovative materials based on hydrides (metallic or complex) offering new solutions in the field of solid electrolytes and anodes for alkaline and ionic batteries. This review presents the state of the art of research in this field, from the most fundamental aspects to the applications in battery prototypes.

Cuevas, Fermin (ORCID:0000000290555880)↗
DOE OSTI2023

PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN BUILDINGS BASED ON SODIUM SULFATE DECAHYDRATE AND DISODIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE DODECAHYDRATE

The worldwide increasing energy demand and 2050 net zero carbon target urge the globe to solve the energy challenge. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has received significant attention in recent years as TES can be integrated into heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems where the energy would be stored during low-demand times and dispatched during high-demand times, resulting in controlling the peak load and improving energy savings. Material development is an integral part of TES. Salt hydrates are appealing due to cost-effectiveness, low- to no toxicity, and their high melting enthalpy, where energy is stored as latent heat. However, most salt hydrates are prone to incongruent melting (i.e., phase separation upon melting), which results in poor stability and large supercooling. In this study, we produced a highly stable novel energy storage material at a composition of 32 wt% sodium sulfate decahydrate, 52 wt% sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, 12 wt% milled expanded graphite, and 4 wt% borax. The material has a melting temperature of 28°C and an energy storage capacity of 167 kJ/kg with a supercooling of less than 3°C. The system showed no loss in energy storage performance after 150 cycles. The findings suggest that the novel energy storage material developed in this might be utilized in building heating and cooling applications.

Turnaoglu, Tugba↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ordovician-Cambrian Units: Hierarchical Evaluation of Geologic Carbon Storage Resource Estimates

The Indiana Geological and Water Survey (IGWS) led subtask 1.1 to assess the regional distribution and estimate the storage capacity of Ordovician-Cambrian stratigraphic units located within the partnership region. This report includes the geologic interpretations and storage resource estimates (SREs) for three potential storage reservoirs calculated using six methodologies.

geologic characterization↗
DOE OSTI2020

Experiences with Mobile Units for Liquid RAW Management in Slovak and Czech Nuclear Power Plants - 20089

In Nuclear Power Plants VVER 440, Russian type of reactor there was designed auxiliary building where according to basic design all operational liquid radioactive waste (RAW) should be stored in large capacity tanks during the whole operational period. That's why there are in the auxiliary building several types of large storage tanks with different internal volume from 110 m{sup 3}, 460 m{sup 3} to 550 m{sup 3}. Storage tanks are usually situated in rooms with limited access and minimal handling space. Operational waste was here transported by the system of pipes from the reactor building. There is possibility to handle with the waste and set the pipeline in to the chosen storage tanks. Nobody takes care about the quality of waste in the storage tanks and waste waits for the period of decommissioning when it should be treated. The storage capacity was designed for the whole lifetime of nuclear power plant. Currently the life time of Nuclear Power Plant's (NPP) is extended and there is necessity to retrieve and treat the RAW in advance. Another reason why the stakeholder, who operates the NPPs, decides to treat the operational RAW during the operational period of NPP, is that there are still new requirements from safety point of view which need to have free available space for example because of potential accident. So treating the operational RAW during the life time of NPP is present issue. Because in basic design nobody cares how the RAW will be retrieved and treated in the future, there is usually no technology for that in existing NPP. Some of the NPPs build an additional building with suitable technologies for treatment or hire the company which offer mobile technology for retrieving the waste from the storage tanks. Wood Nuclear Slovakia PLC provides all activities within liquid RAW management projects by its own staff including management, design, construction and deployment of equipment, engineering support, as well as all RAW retrieval and solidification activities. We offer RAW management as a service without any significant changes in existing NPP's buildings and technology. It is always a technical challenge to conduct successful retrieval, pumping and treatment of RAW. The complex RAW retrieval system can be designed as tailored solution for any RAW storage according to known boundary conditions and specific needs. These systems are based on years of experience with RAW manipulation, processing and treatment and the whole RAW management knowledge by Wood Nuclear Slovakia LTD. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Strategy for Constructing Pore-Space-Partitioned MOFs with High Uptake Capacity for C 2 Hydrocarbons and CO 2

Introduction of pore partition agents into hexagonal channels of MIL-88 type (acs topology) endows materials with high tunability in gas sorption. Here, we report a strategy to partition acs framework into pacs (partitioned acs) crystalline porous materials (CPM). This strategy is based on insertion of in situ synthesized 4, 4'-dipyridylsulfide (dps) ligands. As a result, one third of open metal sites in the parent acs net are retained in pacs MOFs, while two thirds are used for pore space partition. The newly synthesized Co 2 V-pacs MOFs, with optimized pore space and open metal sites, exhibit near or at record high uptake capacities for C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 , and CO 2 among MOFs. For example, the storage capacity of C 2 H 2 is 234 cm 3 /g -1 (298 K) and 330 cm 3 /g -1 (273K) at 1 atm for CPM-733-dps (the Co 2 V-BDC form, BDC=1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), higher than benchmark MOFs such as MOF-74 and all other pacs members. These high uptake capacities are accomplished with low heat of adsorption, a feature desirable for low-energy-cost adsorbent regeneration. CPM-733-dps is stable and shows no loss of C 2 H 2 adsorption capacity following multiple adsorption–desorption cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Strategy for Constructing Pore‐Space‐Partitioned MOFs with High Uptake Capacity for C 2 Hydrocarbons and CO 2

Abstract Introduction of pore partition agents into hexagonal channels of MIL‐88 type (acs topology) endows materials with high tunability in gas sorption. Here, we report a strategy to partition acs framework into pacs (partitioned acs) crystalline porous materials (CPM). This strategy is based on insertion of in situ synthesized 4,4′‐dipyridylsulfide (dps) ligands. One third of open metal sites in the acs net are retained in pacs MOFs; two thirds are used for pore‐space partition. The Co 2 V‐pacs MOFs exhibit near or at record high uptake capacities for C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 , and CO 2 among MOFs. The storage capacity of C 2 H 2 is 234 cm 3 g −1 (298 K) and 330 cm 3 g −1 (273 K) at 1 atm for CPM‐733‐dps (the Co 2 V‐BDC form, BDC=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate). These high uptake capacities are accomplished with low heat of adsorption, a feature desirable for low‐energy‐cost adsorbent regeneration. CPM‐733‐dps is stable and shows no loss of C 2 H 2 adsorption capacity following multiple adsorption–desorption cycles.

Wang, Yong↗
DOE OSTI2024

Chemistry Informed Machine Learning-Based Heat Capacity Prediction of Solid Mixed Oxides

Knowing heat capacity is crucial for modeling temperature changes with the absorption and release of heat and for calculating the thermal energy storage capacity of oxide mixtures with energy applications. The current prediction methods (ab initio simulations, computational thermodynamics, and the Neumann–Kopp rule) are computationally expensive, not fully generalizable, or inaccurate. Machine learning has the potential of being fast, accurate, and generalizable, but it has been scarcely used to predict mixture properties, particularly for mixed oxides. Here, we demonstrate a method for the generalizable prediction of heat capacity of solid oxide pseudobinary mixtures using heat capacity data obtained from computational thermodynamics and descriptors from ab initio databases. Further, models trained through this workflow achieved an error (mean absolute error of 0.43 J mol –1 K –1 ) lower than the uncertainty in differential scanning calorimetry measurements, and the workflow can be extended to predict other properties derived from the Gibbs free energy and for higher-order oxide mixtures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ba 1−x Sr x FeO 3−δ as an improved oxygen storage material for chemical looping air separation: a computational and experimental study

Chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is a promising technology to generate oxygen-rich gas streams to enable efficient carbon dioxide capture during fossil fuel combustion or gasification. CLAS relies on the capture and release of oxygen from the atmosphere using the redox properties of an oxygen-selective solid oxide carrier. This study investigates the redox characteristics of Ba 1−x Sr x FeO 3−δ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.417, 0.0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5) using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental verification using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and oxygen-temperature-programmed desorption. The DFT computed energies of the Ba 1−x Sr x FeO 3−δ perovskites reveal a composition-dependent transition from hexagonal to cubic phases as the Sr-concentration or oxygen vacancy concentration increases. Oxygen vacancy formation energies of the cubic perovskites are found to be lower than those of their hexagonal counterparts. A low oxygen diffusion barrier of ∼1 eV combined with the thermodynamic preference of Ba 1−x Sr x FeO 3−δ compositions that form in a cubic phase suggests them as promising candidates for oxygen storage applications. The experimental results corroborate this finding by identifying Ba 0.75 Sr 0.25 FeO 3−δ in the cubic phase as an optimal composition offering low-temperature oxygen storage capacities comparable to that of the state-of-the-art Sr 0.75 Ca 0.25 FeO 3−δ perovskite oxygen storage material at 325 °C and 350 °C.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Operations, maintenance, and cost considerations for PV+Storage in the United States

Battery storage systems are increasingly being installed at photovoltaic (PV) sites to address supply-demand balancing needs. Although there is some understanding of costs associated with PV operations and maintenance (O&M), costs associated with emerging technologies such as PV plus storage lack details about the specific systems and/or activities that contribute to the cost values. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the specific factors and drivers contributing to utility-scale PV plus storage systems (UPVS) O&M activities costs, including how technology selection, data collection, and related and ongoing challenges. Specifically, we used semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to collect information and insights from utility-scale owners and operators. Data was collected from 14 semi-structured interviews and questionnaires representing 51.1 MW with 64.1 MWh of installed battery storage capacity within the United States (U.S.). Differences in degradation rate, expected life cycle, and capital costs are observed across different storage technologies. Most O&M activities at UPVS related to correcting under-performance. Fires and venting issues are leading safety concerns, and owner operators have installed additional systems to mitigate these issues. There are ongoing O&M challenges due the lack of storage-specific performance metrics as well as poor vendor reliability and parts availability. Insights from this work will improve our understanding of O&M consideration at PV plus storage sites.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Life‐Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials

Abstract Rechargeable batteries are necessary for the decarbonization of the energy systems, but life‐cycle environmental impact assessments have not achieved consensus on the environmental impacts of producing these batteries. Nonetheless, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to inform the development of better‐performing batteries with reduced environmental burden. This review explores common practices in lithium‐ion battery LCAs and makes recommendations for how future studies can be more interpretable, representative, and impactful. First, LCAs should focus analyses of resource depletion on long‐term trends toward more energy and resource‐intensive material extraction and processing rather than treating known reserves as a fixed quantity being depleted. Second, future studies should account for extraction and processing operations that deviate from industry best‐practices and may be responsible for an outsized share of sector‐wide impacts, such as artisanal cobalt mining. Third, LCAs should explore at least 2–3 battery manufacturing facility scales to capture size‐ and throughput‐dependent impacts such as dry room conditioning and solvent recovery. Finally, future LCAs must transition away from kg of battery mass as a functional unit and instead make use of kWh of storage capacity and kWh of lifetime energy throughput.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Subsurface H 2 Storage: A Williston Basin Commercial-Scale Resource Study

Poster for the 2024 NETL Resource Sustainability Project Review Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 2-4, 2024. This poster presents a commercial‑scale assessment of subsurface hydrogen storage potential in the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin, evaluating saline formations, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and salt formations. The study integrates laboratory characterization, reservoir simulation, and basinwide analysis to assess storage capacity, injectivity, recovery, and risks related to geochemical, microbial, and wellbore interactions. Results support the feasibility of large‑volume, secure hydrogen storage and provide a framework to guide future hydrogen commercialization and infrastructure development.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Review on Advanced Manufacturing for Hydrogen Storage Applications

Hydrogen is a notoriously difficult substance to store yet has endless energy applications. Thus, the study of long-term hydrogen storage, and high-pressure bulk hydrogen storage have been the subject of much research in the last several years. To create a research path forward, it is important to know what research has already been done, and what is already known about hydrogen storage. In this review, several approaches to hydrogen storage are addressed, including high-pressure storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, and metal hydride absorption. Challenges and advantages are offered based on reported research findings. Since the project looks closely at advanced manufacturing, techniques for the same are outlined as well. There are seven main categories into which most rapid prototyping styles fall. Each is briefly explained and illustrated as well as some generally accepted advantages and drawbacks to each style. An overview of hydrogen adsorption on metal hydrides, carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes are presented. The hydrogen storage capacities of these materials are discussed as well as the differing conditions in which the adsorption was performed under. Concepts regarding storage shape and materials accompanied by smaller-scale advanced manufacturing options for hydrogen storage are also presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Preliminary Component Design and Cost Estimation of a Novel Electric-Thermal Energy Storage System Using Solid Particles

Energy storage will become indispensable to complement the uncertainty of intermittent renewable resources and to firm the electricity supply as renewable power generation becomes the mainstream new-built energy source and fossil fuel power plants are phased out to meet carbon-neutral utility targets. Current energy storage methods based on pumped storage hydropower or batteries have many limitations. Thermal energy storage (TES) has unique advantages in scale and siting flexibility to provide grid-scale storage capacity. A particle-based TES system is projected to have promising cost and performance characteristics to meet the future growing energy storage needs. This paper introduces the system and components required for particle TES to become technically and economically competitive. The system integrates electric particle heaters, particle TES within insulated concrete silos, and an efficient air-Brayton combined-cycle power system to provide power for storage durations up to several days via low-cost, high-performance storage cycles. Design specifications and cost estimation of major components in a commercial-scale system are presented in this paper. A techno-economic analysis based on preliminary component designs and performance indicates that particle TES integrated with an air-Brayton combined-cycle power system has a path to achieve the targeted levelized cost of storage of 5 ¢/kWh-cycle at a round-trip efficiency of 50% when taking low-cost energy-specific components and leveraging basic assets from existing thermal power plants. The cost model provides insights for further development and economic potentials for long-duration energy storage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Review of Low-Cost Organic and Inorganic Phase Change Materials with Phase Change Temperature between 0°C and 65°C

Phase change materials (PCMs) that undergo a phase transition may be used to provide a nearly isothermal latent heat storage at the phase change temperature. This work reports the energy storage material cost ($/kWh) of various PCMs with phase change between 0-65°C. Four PCM classes are analyzed for their potential use in building systems: 1) inorganic salt hydrates, 2) organic fatty acids, 3) organic fatty alcohols, and 4) organic paraffin waxes. Many salt hydrates have low material costs (0.09 - 2.53 $-kg-1), high latent heat of fusion (100-290 J-g-1), and high densities (1.3-2.6 g-cm-3), leading to favorable volumetric storage density and low energy storage costs, 50-130 kWh-m3 and 0.90-40 $-kWh-1, respectively. Some salts are notably more expensive due to their scarcity or pressures from competing industries such as lithium-based salts. Fatty acids have the lowest energy storage cost in the temperature range 8-17°C at 6.50 – 40 $-kWh-1. Despite favorable latent heat (125 – 250 J-g-1) their low density gives (0.9 g-cm3) gives poor volumetric storage capacity, 32 – 80 kWh-m3. Fatty alcohols generally have high material costs 2.50 – 200 $-kg-1 which leads to high energy storage costs, 40-3000 $/kWh. With latent heat and density similar to fatty acids, fatty alcohols have poor volumetric energy storage, 43 – 55 kWh-m-3.Paraffin waxes containing only a single length carbon chain have a higher energy cost (15 – 500 $-kWh-1) than generic paraffin waxes containing many lengths of carbon chains (7 – 30 $-kWh-1). Pure waxes have a discrete phase change temperature due to their homogeneity. In contrast, a less refined generic wax with several carbon chain lengths is more likely to have a pronounced temperature glide during its phase change. Pure single carbon chain waxes are generally required for applications <45°C as generic paraffin waxes melt between 45-70°C. For many waxes, a solid-solid transition occurs at temperatures below the solid-liquid phase change. For pure paraffins with carbon content ≥22 C atoms, these transitions may appear near the same temperature resembling a temperature glide.The challenges with fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and waxes are low thermal conductivity, low density, some flammability concerns, and compatibility issues with some common engineering materials such as polymers. Challenges with salt hydrates are pronounced supercooling (>5°C), incongruent melting, and corrosiveness. All PCMs may degrade if exposed to ambient conditions and therefore require proper sealing.

Hirschey, Jason↗