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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

The nature of catastrophic OLED lighting panel failure

Catastrophic failure due to electrical shorting is currently one of the key reliability challenges for commercial organic light emitting diode (OLED) solid-state lighting panels. Here, we explore the origin of panel-killing shorts through the use of a temperature-selective electroluminescence imaging technique that allows us to locate them early in their life cycle and study their growth over time. We identify two general classes of panel defect, termed bright spots and hot spots, which respectively originate from indium-tin-oxide agglomerations and microscale organic semiconductor dust particles on the substrate. The former are largely benign, whereas the latter can lead to local shunts that grow over time and cause catastrophic failure. We understand the growth process as a self-reinforcing cycle, where shunt-induced heating volatilizes the surrounding organic semiconductor, which in turn expands the shunt and leads to even more heating. Finally based on these results, we identify several practical strategies to arrest the growth of early-stage shorts or prevent them entirely, which could reduce the cost and improve the reliability of OLED lighting.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Reliable LED Lighting Technologies: Key Factors and Procurement Guidance

Abstract— Lighting systems have the ability to transform the economic and educational infrastructure of disadvantaged communities, and eradicating “light poverty” has become one of the primary goals of the International Year of Light 2015. Solid-state lighting (SSL) technology, based on light-emitting diode (LED) light sources, has emerged as the next generation of lighting technology, with a current global market penetration of roughly 5%. This paper will report on recent research on understanding SSL lighting system reliability (failure modes, environmental stressors, electrical power quality); discuss the implications of SSL technology reliability for providing lighting services; and suggest practical approaches to ensure SSL reliability to benefit humanity. Among the key findings from this work is that LED sources can be extremely reliable, withstanding a broad range of environmental stresses without failure. Nonetheless, SSL lighting systems can have a negative impact on electrical power reliability, as well as on the affordability of lighting services, without attention to the quality of the accompanying power infrastructure. It is therefore critical to ensure that the performance of the power supply electronics used in lighting systems is matched to the quality of the power source, when evaluating energy efficient lighting choices.

Davis, Lynn↗
DOE OSTI2017

OLED Lighting in the Offices of DeJoy, Knauf & Blood, LLP (Final Report)

The new offices of DeJoy, Knauf, & Blood, LLP in Rochester NY feature all solid state lighting, with eight different types of organic light-emitting diode luminaires. This was a chance to see and document the performance of an architectural space using OLEDs, in terms of efficacy, color, flicker, light levels, visual comfort, energy use, dimming, and appearance. Although the efficacy ranges of the luminaires are still well below the performance of LEDs, the installation demonstrates a solid state light source that is planar rather than a point source of light. Reported user acceptance was very high. Four luminaires were photometered by an independent laboratory so that future performance could be tracked.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tunable broadband luminescence in lead-free hybrid copper halides

Metal halides are an important class of optoelectronic materials combining exceptional optical and electronic properties. An inherent advantage of metal halides is their solution synthesis and processability, which render them as low-cost and environmentally friendly materials for a range of applications from photovoltaics and photodetection to solid-state lighting (SSL). Here, in this study, we synthesized three previously unreported lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid copper halides: (OA) 4 CuX 5 (X = Br, I; OA + = C 8 H 17 NH 3+ , n-octylammonium cation) and (HA) 2 CuI 3 (HA + = C 6 H 13 NH 3 + , n-hexylammonium cation), all of which exhibit broadband emissions arising from self-trapped excitons (STEs). Among these compounds, (OA) 4 CuI 5 demonstrates tunable dual-band white-light emission with a high color rendering index value of 91 at room temperature. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements and first-principles calculations reveal distinct behaviors between the two emission states in (OA) 4 CuI 5 . These findings highlight the potential of copper halide compounds for optoelectronic applications, particularly in the development of environmentally friendly solid-state lighting technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

High Efficiency m-plane LEDs on Low Defect Density Bulk GaN Substrates

Solid-state lighting is a key technology for reduction of energy consumption in the US and worldwide. In principle, by replacing standard incandescent bulbs and other light sources with sources based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), ultimate energy efficiency can be achieved. The efficiency of LEDs has improved tremendously over the past two decades, however further progress is required for solid- state lighting to reach its full potential. The ability of an LED at converting electricity to light is quantified by its internal quantum efficiency (IQE). The material of choice for visible LEDs is Gallium Nitride (GaN), which is at the basis of blue-emitting LEDs. A key factor limiting the performance of GaN LEDs is the so-called efficiency droop, whereby the IQE of the LED decreases significantly at high current density. Despite decades of research, efficiency droop remains a major issue. Since high-current operation is necessary for practical lighting applications, reducing droop is a major challenge for the scientific community and the LED industry. Our approach to solving the droop issue is the use of newly available low-defect-density bulk GaN non-polar substrates. In contrast to the standard foreign substrates (sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon) used in the industry, we have employed native bulk GaN substrates with very low defect, density, thus ensuring exquisite material quality and high IQE. Whereas all commercial LEDs are grown along the c-plane crystal direction of GaN, we have used m-plane non-polar substrates; these drastically modify the physical properties of the LED and enable a reduction of droop. With this approach, we have demonstrated very high IQE performance and low droop. Our results focused on violet and blue LEDs. For these, we have demonstrated very high peak IQEs and current droops of 6% and 10% respectively (up to a high current density of 200A.cm-2). All these results were obtained under electrical operation. These high IQE and low droop values are in line with the program’s milestones. They demonstrate that bulk non-polar GaN substrates represent a disruptive technology for LED performance. Application of this technology to real-world products is feasible, provided that the cost of GaN substrates is compatible with the market’s requirement.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2013

Demonstration Assessment of Light-Emitting Diode Parking Structure Lighting at U.S. Department of Labor Headquarters

This report documents a solid-state lighting (SSL) technology demonstration at the parking structure of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Headquarters in Washington, DC, in which light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires were substituted for the incumbent high-pressure sodium (HPS) luminaires and evaluated for relative light quantity and performance. The demonstration results show energy savings of 52% from the initial conversion of HPS to the LED product. These savings were increased to 88% by using occupancy sensor controls that were ultimately set to reduce power to 10% of high state operation after a time delay of 2.5 minutes. Because of the relatively high cost of the LED luminaires at their time of purchase for this project (2010), the simple payback periods were 6.5 years and 4.9 years for retrofit and new construction scenarios, respectively. Staff at DOL Headquarters reported high satisfaction with the operation of the LED product.

LEDs↗
DOE OSTI2017

Manufacturing Process for OLED Integrated Substrate

The main objective of this project was to develop a low-cost integrated substrate for rigid OLED solid-state lighting produced at a manufacturing scale. The integrated substrates could include combinations of soda lime glass substrate, light extraction layer, and an anode layer (i.e., Transparent Conductive Oxide, TCO). Over the 3 + year course of the project, the scope of work was revised to focus on the development of a glass substrates with an internal light extraction (IEL) layer. A manufacturing-scale float glass on-line particle embedding process capable of producing an IEL glass substrate having a thickness of less than 1.7mm and an area larger than 500mm x 400mm was demonstrated. Substrates measuring 470mm x 370mm were used in the OLED manufacturing process for fabricating OLED lighting panels in single pixel devices as large as 120.5mm x 120.5mm. The measured light extraction efficiency (calculated as external quantum efficiency, EQE) for on-line produced IEL samples (>50%) met the project’s initial goal.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

White emission materials from glass doped with rare Earth ions: A review

Solid State Lighting (SSL) based devices are predicted to play a crucial role in the coming years. Development of W-LED, which have an edge over traditional lighting sources due to their compact size, higher reliability, shock resistance, interesting design possibilities, higher transparency and an extremely long lifetime. Over the fifteen trivalent lanthanide ions, Dy{sup 3+} ions doped glasses are most appropriate for white light generation because of the fact that it exhibits two intense emission bands corresponds to the {sup 4}F{sub 9/2}→{sup 6}H{sub 15/2} (magnetic dipole) and {sup 4}F{sub 9/2}→{sup 6}H{sub 13/2} (electric dipole) transitions at around 480-500 nm and 580-600 nm pertaining to blue and yellow regions respectively. In this work, the developments of Dy3+ doped in several glass structures for white emitting materials application have reviewed. Properties of Dy{sup 3+} doped in glasses were discussed for use as a solid state lighting materials application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Accessing (Ba 1-x Sr x )Al 2 Si 2 O 8 :Eu Phosphors for Solid State White Lighting via Microwave-assisted Preparation: Tuning Emission Color by Coordination Environment

The preparation of Eu 2+ -substituted barium aluminum silicates is achieved using a rapid microwave-assisted preparation. The phase evolution of two BaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 :Eu 2+ polymorphs, the higher temperature hexagonal phase (hexacelsian), and the lower temperature monoclinic phase (celsian), is explored by varying the ramp time and soak time. This preparation method significantly reduces the reaction time needed to form these phases compared to conventional solid state routes. The luminescent properties of the two phases are identified under UV excitation with the hexagonal phase emitting in the UV region (λ em = 372 nm) and the monoclinic phase emitting in the blue region (λ em = 438 nm). The differences in optical properties of the two polymorphs are correlated to the coordination number and arrangement of the alkali earth site. The optical properties of the monoclinic phase can be further tuned through the substitution of Sr 2+ , forming the solid solution (Ba 1–x Sr x )Al 2 Si 2 O 8 :Eu 2+ . Changes in the crystal structure due to Sr 2+ substitution produce a surprising blue-shift in the emission spectrum, which is explained by a greater dispersion of bond lengths in the (Ba/Sr)–O polyhedra. The entire monoclinic solid solution exhibits excellent quantum yields of nearly 90 %, owing to the structural rigidity provided by the highly connected tetrahedral network.

Brgoch, Jakoah↗
DOE OSTI2015

Low-energy electro- and photo-emission spectroscopy of GaN materials and devices

In hot-electron semiconductor devices, carrier transport extends over a wide range of conduction states, which often includes multiple satellite valleys. Electrical measurements can hardly give access to the transport processes over such a wide range without resorting to models and simulations. An alternative experimental approach however exists which is based on low-energy electron spectroscopy and provides, in a number of cases, very direct and selective information on hot-electron transport mechanisms. Recent results obtained in GaN crystals and devices by electron emission spectroscopy are discussed. Using near-band-gap photoemission, the energy position of the first satellite valley in wurtzite GaN is directly determined. By electro-emission spectroscopy, we show that the measurement of the electron spectrum emitted from a GaN p-n junction and InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) under electrical injection of carriers provides a direct observation of transport processes in these devices. In particular, at high injected current density, high-energy features appear in the electro-emission spectrum of the LEDs showing that Auger electrons are being generated in the active region. These measurements allow us identifying the microscopic mechanism responsible for droop which represents a major hurdle for widespread adoption of solid-state lighting.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

High aspect ratio organic light-emitting diodes

Reliability is particularly challenging for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) used in solid-state lighting applications, because OLED lifetime is inversely proportional to luminance, and most lighting applications demand high luminance. Here we introduce a strategy to overcome this tradeoff by constructing OLEDs on a substrate with sub-mm, high aspect ratio surface texture. By creating more active OLED area per unit lighting panel area, the device current density required to generate a given panel luminance decreases. We validate this approach for fluorescent and phosphorescent OLEDs, demonstrating good thickness uniformity on corrugated substrates with area enhancement factors up to 1.4x using a standard thermal evaporator. Relative to planar controls at the same panel current density, the high aspect ratio devices achieve a 2.7-fold increase in operating lifetime and up to a 40% increase in external light extraction efficiency, indicating that this approach offers a powerful pathway to improve the efficiency and lifetime of OLED lighting.

OLED↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of Temporal Light Modulation on Individuals Sensitive to Pattern Glare

Solid-state lighting systems can vary widely in the degree of temporal light modulation (TLM) of their light output. TLM is known to have visual, cognitive, and behavioral effects but there are few recommendations for limits on the acceptable TLM in everyday lighting systems and there is little information concerning individual differences in sensitivity. This paper is a re-analysis of previously presented data, focusing on two subgroups in a larger sample: those scoring low or high on the Wilkins Pattern Glare Sensitivity (PGS) test, which is a validated test that identifies people at high risk of visual stress. In conclusion, the results show that the PGS groups differed in their sensitivity to TLM conditions, despite short exposures and a restricted field of view.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Terrestrial radiative cooling: Using the cold universe as a renewable and sustainable energy source

Photonic materials designed at wavelength scales have enabled a range of emerging energy technologies, from solid-state lighting to efficient photovoltaics that have transformed global energy landscapes. Daytime passive radiative cooling materials shed heat from the ground to the cold universe by taking advantage of the terrestrial thermal radiation that is as large as the renewable solar energy. Newly developed photonic materials permit subambient cooling under direct sunshine, and their applications are expanding rapidly enabled by scalable manufacturing. We review here the recent advancement of daytime subambient radiative cooling materials, which allow energy-efficient cooling and are paving the way toward technologies that harvest the coldness from the universe as a new renewable energy source.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2016

Extracting electrode space charge limited current: Charge injection into conjugated polyelectrolytes with a semiconductor electrode

Conjugated polyelectrolytes and related mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) are being explored for energy applications including solid-state lighting and photovoltaics. Fundamental models of charge injection into MIECs have been primarily developed for MIECs contacted with highly conductive or metal electrodes (MEs), despite many potential applications involving semiconductors. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that an appropriate semiconductor electrode (SE), n-type for electron or p-type of hole injection, can limit injection into MIECs. When the SE is the injecting electrode and is under accumulation, there is little difference from a ME. When the SE acts as the extracting electrode, however, injection into the MIEC can be limited because a fraction of any applied bias must support charge depletion in the semiconductor rather than charge injection into the MIEC. In a ME/MIEC/SE system, this can lead to significant asymmetry in current-voltage and injected charge-voltage behavior.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Hydrogen-related complexes in Li-diffused ZnO single crystals

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor and a potential candidate for next generation white solid state lighting applications. In this work, hydrogen-related complexes in lithium diffused ZnO single crystals were studied. In addition to the well-known Li-OH complex, several other hydrogen defects were observed. When a mixture of Li{sub 2}O and ZnO is used as the dopant source, zinc vacancies are suppressed and the bulk Li concentration is very high (>10{sup 19 }cm{sup −3}). In that case, the predominant hydrogen complex has a vibrational frequency of 3677 cm{sup −1}, attributed to surface O-H species. When Li{sub 2}CO{sub 3} is used, a structured blue luminescence band and O-H mode at 3327 cm{sup −1} are observed at 10 K. These observations, along with positron annihilation measurements, suggest a zinc vacancy–hydrogen complex, with an acceptor level ∼0.3 eV above the valence-band maximum. This relatively shallow acceptor could be beneficial for p-type ZnO.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Synthesis and luminescent properties of Tb3+ doped BaLa2ZnO5 nanoparticles

Highlights: • First combustion-synthesis report of BaLa{sub 2-x}ZnO{sub 5}:xTb{sup 3+} nanophosphors. • Lattice parameters and atomic positions have been refined. • Critical distance for non-radiative energy transfer has been calculated. • These nanophosphors are suitable candidate for solid state lighting. • Some blue to green color tunability has been found. - Abstract: Nanophosphor powders of composition BaLa{sub 2}ZnO{sub 5}:Tb{sup 3+} have been synthesized via using urea assisted solution combustion method using metal nitrates as the precursor materials. The structural, morphological and luminescent properties have been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The Rietveld analysis showed that these nanophosphors crystallize in the tetrahedral phase with the 14/mcm (140) space group. The crystallite size was determined by Scherer formula and was found to be 70 nm. The photoluminescent excitation of these nanocrystals at 278 nm yielded the characteristic emission peaks at 545 nm and 489 nm due to {sup 5}D{sub 4} → {sup 7}F{sub 5} (magnetic-dipole) and {sup 5}D{sub 4} → {sup 7}F{sub 6} (electric-dipole) transitions, respectively. The optimum activator concentration was found to be 3 mol% and the concentration quenching arising from the over-doping was attributed to the quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. The excellent luminescent profile of these nano-scaled particles suggests their auspicious applications in the solid-state lighting and display technology.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

High Efficiency Colloidal Quantum Dot Phosphors

The project showed that non-Cd containing, InP-based nanocrystals (semiconductor materials with dimensions of ~6 nm) have high potential for enabling next-generation, nanocrystal-based, on chip phosphors for solid state lighting. Typical nanocrystals fall short of the requirements for on chip phosphors due to their loss of quantum efficiency under the operating conditions of LEDs, such as, high temperature (up to 150 °C) and high optical flux (up to 200 W/cm2). The InP-based nanocrystals invented during this project maintain high quantum efficiency (>80%) in polymer-based films under these operating conditions for emission wavelengths ranging from ~530 to 620 nm. These nanocrystals also show other desirable attributes, such as, lack of blinking (a common problem with nanocrystals which limits their performance) and no increase in the emission spectral width from room to 150 °C (emitters with narrower spectral widths enable higher efficiency LEDs). Prior to these nanocrystals, no nanocrystal system (regardless of nanocrystal type) showed this collection of properties; in fact, other nanocrystal systems are typically limited to showing only one desirable trait (such as high temperature stability) but being deficient in other properties (such as high flux stability). The project showed that one can reproducibly obtain these properties by generating a novel compositional structure inside of the nanomaterials; in addition, the project formulated an initial theoretical framework linking the compositional structure to the list of high performance optical properties. Over the course of the project, the synthetic methodology for producing the novel composition was evolved to enable the synthesis of these nanomaterials at a cost approximately equal to that required for forming typical conventional nanocrystals. Given the above results, the last major remaining step prior to scale up of the nanomaterials is to limit the oxidation of these materials during the tens of thousands of hours of LED operation. Once the LED phosphor lifetime specifications are met, these nanocrystals will enable white LEDs for solid state lighting to simultaneously have increased efficiency and improved light quality, in addition to enabling the creation of custom light spectrums. These improvements to white LEDs will help accelerate the adoption of SSL, leading to large savings in US and worldwide energy costs.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗