SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Rodriguez Well”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2026

Thiol post-translational modifications modulate allosteric regulation of the OpcA–G6PDH complex through conformational gate control

In cyanobacteria, the redox-sensitive protein OpcA acts as a metabolic switch for G6PDH, enabling rapid adjustment of reducing power generation from glycogen catabolism and thereby precisely regulating carbon flux between anabolic and catabolic pathways. Although redox-sensitive cysteines in OpcA are known to regulate G6PDH, the mechanisms by which redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) on OpcA control G6PDH structure and activity remain unclear. Here, we combine computational modeling with experimental redox proteomics in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 to dissect this mechanism. Experimentally, redox proteome analysis revealed differential redox PTM patterns, particularly on cysteines within the G6PDH-binding site of OpcA. These environmentally sensitive PTM changes at the interface suggest that thiol modifications in this region form a key regulatory node. More broadly, redox proteomics identified site-specific cysteine modifications under light/dark transitions and circadian cycling, linking distinct redox regimes to discrete PTM states. We employed PTM-Psi simulations to show that thiol PTMs near the OpcA–G6PDH interface are critical for allosteric regulation of G6PDH. The thiol PTMs on OpcA affect a putative gate region in G6PDH for substrate ingress and product egress as well as key hydrogen-bond networks within the active site. We infer that PTMs on OpcA tune the conformational landscapes of individual G6PDH subunits toward functionally relevant configurations according to environmental gradients, biasing the enzyme toward catalytically favorable states. Together, our results reveal a molecular mechanism in which thiol PTMs on OpcA modulate G6PDH structure and function through PTM-induced reorganization of conformational dynamics and allosteric communication. These findings demonstrate that PTM-level regulation provides a critical control layer from genotypes to phenotypes that enables cyanobacteria to rapidly adapt to environmental fluctuations through precise metabolic fine-tuning.

Allosteric regulation↗

DOE OSTI2023

From lab to table: Expanding gastronomic possibilities with fermentation using the edible fungus Neurospora intermedia

Fermentation is a powerful tool for enhancing flavor, improving sustainability, and expanding creative possibilities in the kitchen. However, most fermentations done in gastronomic contexts are restricted to a small set of readily available microbial species. Expanding beyond this limited biological diversity holds promise to unlock new gastronomic innovation. Here, we explore novel culinary applications of Neurospora intermedia, an edible fungus traditionally used in Java, Indonesia to produce the fermented food oncom. Our work demonstrates that N. intermedia can be readily used in the production of oncom-like meat alternatives with non-traditional substrates, as well as in the production of enzymes for starch-to-sugar conversion. As an example, we harness secreted N. intermedia starch-degrading enzymes to produce an amazake that has a distinct volatile aroma composition compared to traditional amazake produced with Aspergillus oryzae. In addition to providing texture and flavor, N. intermedia can be used to add an orange color to dishes due to the development of brightly colored spores and aerial mycelia. This property, along with its secreted enzymes, was utilized to create a dish for fine-dining restaurant Alchemist in Copenhagen, Denmark. Overall, the novel foods produced in this study were rated favorably in consumer trials, indicating a broad sensory appeal of N. intermedia across different culinary applications and cultural contexts. The protocols and approaches presented in this study represent a new addition to the chef's toolbox that hold promise to expand gastronomic possibilities with fermentation in restaurants and beyond.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Inference of Experimental Radial Impurity Transport on Alcator C-Mod: Bayesian Parameter Estimation and Model Selection.

We present a fully Bayesian approach for the inference of radial profiles of impurity transport coefficients and compare its results to neoclassical, gyrofluid and gyrokinetic modeling. Using nested sampling, the Bayesian Impurity Transport InferencE (BITE) framework can handle complex parameter spaces with multiple possible solutions, offering great advantages in interpretative power and reliability with respect to previously demonstrated methods. BITE employs a forward model based on the pySTRAHL package, built on the success of the well-known STRAHL code [Dux, IPP Report, 2004], to simulate impurity transport in magnetically-confined plasmas. In this paper, we focus on calcium (Ca, Z=20) Laser Blow-Off injections into Alcator C-Mod plasmas. Multiple Ca atomic lines are diagnosed via high-resolution X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy and Vacuum Ultra-Violet measurements. We analyze a sawtoothing I-mode discharge for which neoclassical and turbulent (quasilinear and nonlinear) predictions are also obtained. We find good agreement in diffusion across the entire radial extent, while turbulent convection and density profile peaking are estimated to be larger in experiment than suggested by theory. Efforts and challenges associated with the inference of experimental pedestal impurity transport are discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Integrated CO 2 capture and hydrogenation in presence of Ru–Na 2 ZrO 3 : An in-situ study

Integrated CO 2 capture and conversion (ICCC) by hydrogenation is a promising strategy to utilize carbon dioxide and this work add to the effort to elucidate the catalytic hydrogenation mechanism using Ru based dual functional materials (DFM). Ru-Na 2 ZrO 3 DFMs, obtained through different wet methods, were evaluated for the first time and the relationship between Ru and support systematically investigated. The thermally stable and cyclable Ru-Na 2 ZrO 3 -a (obtained without filtration step) exhibited CO 2 conversion of 80% and a higher yield of CO at 400°C compared to previously tested DFM, while the Na depleted/Zr rich Ru-Na 2 ZrO 3 -b resulted in 90% selectivity to CH 4 with yield of 1.11 mmol/g at the same temperature. The in-situ experiments have provided conclusive evidence showing that CO 2 hydrogenation on the two Ru DFMs is fundamentally different. In Ru-Na 2 ZrO 3 -a, the monoclinic Na 2 ZrO 3 support acted as the active centre (not as promoter) for CO 2 bridging binding and hydrogenation to CH 4 at the metal-support interface through associative formate pathway with limited further reduction to methane due to lack of H 2 spillover from the small and well dispersed Ru NPs, which results in CO desorption. Conversely, abundant clusters of larger Ru NPs in Ru-Na 2 ZrO 3 -b, led to CH 4 production due to co-existent Ru on-top direct dissociation of CO 2 (preferential) and monodentate formate adsorption and further methanation. Alkali zirconates doped metals, and their synthesis method could thus play a crucial role in designing tuneable heterogeneous catalysis in C 1 chemistry, which could significantly benefit the environment by lowering CO 2 levels, encouraging cleaner industrial practices, supporting a circular economy, and converting waste CO 2 into valuable products.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Inference of experimental radial impurity transport on Alcator C-Mod: Bayesian parameter estimation and model selection

We present a fully Bayesian approach for the inference of radial profiles of impurity transport coefficients and compare its results to neoclassical, gyrofluid and gyrokinetic modeling. Using nested sampling, the Bayesian Impurity Transport InferencE (BITE) framework can handle complex parameter spaces with multiple possible solutions, offering great advantages in interpretative power and reliability with respect to previously demonstrated methods. BITE employs a forward model based on the pySTRAHL package, built on the success of the well-known STRAHL code [Dux, IPP Report, 2004], to simulate impurity transport in magnetically-confined plasmas. In this paper, we focus on calcium (Ca, Z=20) Laser Blow-Off injections into Alcator C-Mod plasmas. Multiple Ca atomic lines are diagnosed via high-resolution X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy and Vacuum Ultra-Violet measurements. We analyze a sawtoothing I-mode discharge for which neoclassical and turbulent (quasilinear and nonlinear) predictions are also obtained. Here, we find good agreement in diffusion across the entire radial extent, while turbulent convection and density profile peaking are estimated to be larger in experiment than suggested by theory. Efforts and challenges associated with the inference of experimental pedestal impurity transport are discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Presence of Induced Weak Ferromagnetism in Fe-Substituted YFe x Cr 1–x O 3 Crystalline Compounds

Fe-substituted YFe x Cr 1–x O 3 crystalline compounds show promising magnetic and multiferroic properties. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of several compositions from this series. Using the autocombustion route, various compositions (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9, and 1) were synthesized as high-quality crystalline powders. In order to obtain microscopic and atomic information about their structure and magnetism, characterization was performed using room temperature X-ray diffraction and energy dispersion analysis as well as temperature-dependent neutron diffraction, magnetometry, and 57 Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. Rietveld analysis of the diffraction data revealed a crystallite size of 84 (8) nm for YFeO 3 , while energy dispersion analysis indicated compositions close to the nominal compositions. The magnetic results suggested an enhancement of the weak ferromagnetism for the YFeO 3 phase due to two contributions. First, a high magnetocrystalline anisotropy was associated with the crystalline character that favored a unique high canting angle of the antiferromagnetic phase (13°), as indicated by the neutron diffraction analysis. This was also evidenced by the high magnetic hysteresis curves up to 90 kOe by a remarkable high critical coercivity value of 46.7 kOe at room temperature. Second, the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions between homogenous and heterogeneous magnetic pairs resulted from the inhomogeneous distribution of Fe 3+ and Cr 3+ ions, as indicated by 57 Fe Mössbauer studies. Together, these results point to new methods of controlling the magnetic properties of these materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Status and Challenges of the Interaction Region Magnets for HL-LHC

About one hundred magnets of six different types shall be installed in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in the years 2026-2028 at CERN. The magnets design, construction and test are based on CERN collaborations with institutes and industrial partners in USA, Spain, Italy, Japan and China. Three types of correctors are based on Nb-Ti technology and feature conductor peak fields in the 2 to 4 T range: for all of them the prototype phase has been successfully completed. The production is well advanced for the superferric correctors, and is starting for the canted cosine theta correctors and for the nested correctors. The separation and recombination Nb-Ti dipoles D1 and D2, with a 4.5-6 T bore field range, are both in the prototype phase after the completion of the short model program. The most challenging magnet, the Nb 3 Sn quadrupole with conductor peak field above 11 T, is in the prototype phase at CERN and halfway through the production phase in the USA. In this paper we will give, for each type of magnet, an overview of the main achievements obtained so far and we will outline the technical points still needing validation from the prototype program.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2024

A systems genetic analysis identifies putative mechanisms and candidate genes regulating vessel traits in poplar wood

Wood is the water conducting tissue of tree stems. Like most angiosperm trees, poplar wood contains water-conducting vessel elements whose functional properties affect water transport and growth rates, as well as susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic failure during water stress and drought. Here we used a unique hybrid poplar pedigree carrying genomically characterized chromosomal insertions and deletions to undertake a systems genomics analysis of vessel traits. We assayed gene expression in wood forming tissues from clonal replicates of genotypes covering dosage quantitative trait loci with insertions and deletions, genotypes with extreme vessel trait phenotypes, and control genotypes. A gene co-expression analysis was used to assign genes to modules, which were then used in integrative analyses to identify modules associated with traits, to identify putative molecular and cellular processes associated with each module, and finally to identify candidate genes using multiple criteria including dosage responsiveness. These analyses identified known processes associated with vessel traits including stress response, abscisic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, and in addition identified previously unexplored processes including cell cycle and protein ubiquitination. We discuss our findings relative to component processes contributing to vessel trait variation including signaling, cell cycle, cell expansion, and cell differentiation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

2025 EIC-France Workshop: Physics Highlights and Perspectives

This document presents a synthesis of the theory contributions and discussions from the 2nd EIC-France Workshop, held at IJCLab (Orsay) on 1-3 December 2025. The workshop brought together members of the French hadron-physics community to review recent theoretical developments relevant to the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) and to coordinate national efforts in preparation for its early physics program. The report first summarizes the collider's initial running conditions and luminosity performance, as outlined in the EIC Early Science Matrix. It then provides concise overviews of the theoretical presentations on inclusive, semi-inclusive, exclusive, heavy-flavor, and small-x physics. Based on these discussions, two measurements emerged as especially well suited for early EIC operation and strongly aligned with areas of established French expertise: inclusive diffraction and inclusive quarkonium production. These channels offer clean signatures, robust theoretical interpretability, and direct sensitivity to fundamental QCD phenomena such as gluon saturation, heavy-quark dynamics, and the small-x structure of hadrons and nuclei. In addition, the workshop identified longer-term physics opportunities that will benefit from the full capabilities of the EIC after its ramp-up phase. These include accessing the three-dimensional structure of the pion through the Sullivan process and a broader program of exclusive three-body final states, both of which represent high-impact avenues for exploring hadronic structure and non-perturbative QCD. Together, the elements summarized in this report provide a coherent overview of the strategic priorities and scientific ambitions shaping the French community's contribution to the EIC physics program.

FOS: Physical sciences↗

DOE OSTI2025

Recent Improvements to the NWChem COSMO Module

This work presents recent developments in the COSMO solvation model implementation in NWChem. A new cavity construction approach, based on the solvent-excluding surface (SES) and utilizing the well-established GEPOL algorithm, has been introduced. Additionally, a straightforward procedure to merge surface segments that are too close─often a source of numerical artifacts─has been implemented. The available methods for correcting outlying surface charges have also been reviewed and improved. To validate the new implementation, we computed dielectric solvation energies for a chemically diverse set of approximately 100 molecules, including neutral species, small ions, and common ionic liquid components. Results were compared to those from GAMESS using the double-cavity method as a reference. Although the double-cavity approach can be regarded as more accurate, the simpler correction schemes available in NWChem─based on scaling factors or Lagrange multipliers─can achieve excellent agreement if the potential is also properly corrected, with mean unsigned deviations of around 0.15 kcal/mol. Predictions of typical vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibria using a COSMO-SAC variant based on NWChem also showed very promising results.

Cavities↗

DOE OSTI2020

The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III. Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d

We present self-consistent three-dimensional climate simulations of possible habitable states for the newly discovered habitable-zone Earth-sized planet TOI-700 d. We explore a variety of atmospheric compositions, pressures, and rotation states for both ocean-covered and completely desiccated planets in order to assess the planet’s potential for habitability. For all 20 of our simulated cases, we use our climate model outputs to synthesize transmission spectra, combined-light spectra, and integrated broadband phase curves. These climatologically informed observables will help the community assess the technological capabilities necessary for future characterization of this planet—as well as similar transiting planets discovered in the future—and will provide a guide for distinguishing possible climate states if one day we do obtain sensitive spectral observations of a habitable planet around an M star. We find that TOI-700 d is a strong candidate for a habitable world and can potentially maintain temperate surface conditions under a wide variety of atmospheric compositions. Unfortunately, the spectral feature depths from the resulting transmission spectra and the peak flux and variations from our synthesized phase curves for TOI-700 d do not exceed 10 ppm. This will likely prohibit the James Webb Space Telescope from characterizing its atmosphere; however, this motivates the community to invest in future instrumentation that perhaps can one day reveal the true nature of TOI-700 d and to continue to search for similar planets around less distant stars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Genetic variation at transcription factor binding sites largely explains phenotypic heritability in maize

Abstract Comprehensive maps of functional variation at transcription factor (TF) binding sites (cis-elements) are crucial for elucidating how genotype shapes phenotype. Here, we report the construction of a pan-cistrome of the maize leaf under well-watered and drought conditions. We quantified haplotype-specific TF footprints across a pan-genome of 25 maize hybrids and mapped over 200,000 variants, genetic, epigenetic, or both (termed binding quantitative trait loci (bQTL)), linked tocis-element occupancy. Three lines of evidence support the functional significance of bQTL: (1) coincidence with causative loci that regulate traits, includingvgt1,ZmTRE1and the MITE transposon nearZmNAC111under drought; (2) bQTL allelic bias is shared between inbred parents and matches chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing results; and (3) partitioning genetic variation across genomic regions demonstrates that bQTL capture the majority of heritable trait variation across ~72% of 143 phenotypes. Our study provides an auspicious approach to make functionalcis-variation accessible at scale for genetic studies and targeted engineering of complex traits.

Genetics & Heredity↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Unified User-Friendly Instrument Control and Data Acquisition System for the ORNL SANS Instrument Suite

In an effort to upgrade and provide a unified and improved instrument control and data acquisition system for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument suite—biological small-angle neutron scattering instrument (Bio-SANS), the extended q-range small-angle neutron scattering diffractometer (EQ-SANS), the general-purpose small-angle neutron scattering diffractometer (GP-SANS)—beamline scientists and developers teamed up and worked closely together to design and develop a new system. We began with an in-depth analysis of user needs and requirements, covering all perspectives of control and data acquisition based on previous usage data and user feedback. Our design and implementation were guided by the principles from the latest user experience and design research and based on effective practices from our previous projects. In this article, we share details of our design process as well as prominent features of the new instrument control and data acquisition system. The new system provides a sophisticated Q-Range Planner to help scientists and users plan and execute instrument configurations easily and efficiently. The system also provides different user operation interfaces, such as wizard-type tool Panel Scan, a Scripting Tool based on Python Language, and Table Scan, all of which are tailored to different user needs. The new system further captures all the metadata to enable post-experiment data reduction and possibly automatic reduction and provides users with enhanced live displays and additional feedback at the run time. We hope our results will serve as a good example for developing a user-friendly instrument control and data acquisition system at large user facilities.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2022

A compact x-ray diffraction system for dynamic compression experiments on pulsed-power generators

Pulsed-power generators can produce well-controlled continuous ramp compression of condensed matter for high-pressure equation-of-state studies using the magnetic loading technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data from dynamically compressed samples provide direct measurements of the elastic compression of the crystal lattice, onset of plastic flow, strength–strain rate dependence, structural phase transitions, and density of crystal defects, such as dislocations. Here, we present a cost-effective, compact, pulsed x-ray source for XRD measurements on pulsed-power-driven ramp-loaded samples. This combination of magnetically driven ramp compression of materials with a single, short-pulse XRD diagnostic will be a powerful capability for the dynamic materials’ community to investigate in situ dynamic phase transitions critical to equation of states. Finally, we present results using this new diagnostic to evaluate lattice compression in Zr and Al and to capture signatures of phase transitions in CdS.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2022

SDSS-IV MaNGA: Cannibalism Caught in the Act—On the Frequency of Occurrence of Multiple Cores in Brightest Cluster Galaxies

Although it is generally accepted that massive galaxies form in a two-phased fashion, beginning with a rapid mass buildup through intense starburst activities followed by primarily dry mergers that mainly deposit stellar mass at outskirts, the late time stellar mass growth of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), the most massive galaxies in the universe, is still not well understood. Several independent measurements have indicated a slower mass growth rate than predictions from theoretical models. We attempt to resolve the discrepancy by measuring the frequency of BCGs with multiple cores, which serve as a proxy of the merger rates in the central region and facilitate a more direct comparison with theoretical predictions. Using 79 BCGs at z = 0.06–0.15 with integral field spectroscopic data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) project, we obtain a multiple-core fraction of 0.11 ± 0.04 at z ≈ 0.1 within an 18 kpc radius from the center, which is comparable to the value of 0.08 ± 0.04 derived from mock observations of 218 simulated BCGs from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG. We find that most cores that appear close to the BCGs from imaging data turn out to be physically associated systems. Anchoring on the similarity in the multiple-core frequency between the MaNGA and IllustrisTNG, we discuss the mass growth rate of BCGs over the past 4.5 Gyr.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Use of a Lignin-Based Admixture for Tailoring the Rheological Properties of Mortars for 3D Printing: Preprint

Efforts toward decarbonizing construction materials and industrial processes related to cement and concrete can be aided via multifaceted approaches that target alternative admixtures as well as precision control of fabrication. Chemical admixtures for water reduction have played a crucial role in the development of advanced concrete mixtures. Newer biomass processing techniques developed for aviation fuel production from corn stover biomass produce a more reactive lignin byproduct that is suitable for chemical modifications to mimic the properties of polycarboxylate ether admixtures with a smaller carbon footprint. The present study examines the use of lignin-based water-reducing admixture in cement pastes and mortar mixtures for 3D printing. The experimental program explores the use of different dosages of lignin-based admixture to produce 3D-printed samples with appropriate extrudability and buildability. The rheological characterization was performed to determine the flow curve of various mixtures. Finally, the heat of hydration of cement pastes was monitored via isothermal calorimetry to assess the impact of lignin-based admixtures on the hydration process of cement. The results of this study indicate that the use of biomass by-products, such as lignin-based admixtures have great potential to effectively control the fresh-state properties of cement-based materials.

bio-based admixtures↗

DOE OSTI2024

MgO Nanostructures on Cu(111): Understanding Size- and Morphology-Dependent CO 2 Binding and Hydrogenation

To design and optimize cost-effective technologies for the capture, utilization, and storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), we need a fundamental knowledge and control of chemical interactions associated with the capture and conversion of the molecule into high-value chemicals, minerals, and all kinds of materials. Bulk magnesium oxide (MgO) is frequently used for the trapping and storage of CO 2 by generation of magnesium carbonates. In this study, the growth and reactivity of MgO nanostructures on a Cu 2 O/Cu(111) substrate were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and synchrotron-based ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). For extremely small concentrations of Mg (~ 0.01 monolayer (ML)), a well-ordered film of copper oxide with small clusters (0.2-0.5 nm in width, 0.4-0.6 Å in height) of embedded MgO was seen. At a coverage of 0.1 ML, MgO nanoparticles with a width of 0.4 to 1 nm and a height of ~ 1.5 Å were randomly distributed on the copper oxide. Further, random distribution was also observed when the MgO coverage was raised to 0.25 ML, with the width of the MgO particles increasing to 2-2.5 nm and the height reaching 2 Å. These oxide nanostructures displayed a high reactivity towards CO 2 and H 2 that is not seen for bulk MgO. Dissociation of H 2 was observed at room temperature with reaction of the H adatoms with CuO x and C-containing groups. On the small MgO nanostructures (< 1 nm in width), instead of plain carbonate formation, there was dissociation of CO 2 into CO and C species, opening reaction channels for the conversion of this harmful molecule into oxygenates and light alkanes.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2022

EGS Collab Experiment 2: Continuous Broadband Seismic Waveform Data

Two broadband seismometers were installed on the 4100 level and recorded for the duration of EGS Collab Experiment #2. Inspired by published data from similar instruments installed in the Aspo Hard Rock Lab, these long-period instruments aimed to measure the tilting of the drift in response to the injection of fluid into the testbed. One instrument was installed underneath the wellheads in Site A (aka the "battery" alcove) and the other was installed along the east wall of the drift, south of Site B. Due to the feet of gravel (ballast) laid along the floor of the drift, we were unable to anchor the sensors directly to the rock. As a result, the coupling of the sensors to the experiment rock volume is likely poor. In addition, there are a number of noise sources that complicate the interpretation of the data. For example, sensor BBB is installed adjacent (within 3 ft) to the rail line that runs towards the Ross shaft. Trains (motors) run along this line almost daily and produce a large signal in these data. Careful extraction of periods of interest, as well as filtering for specific signals, is necessary. The sensors are Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole seismometers, sensitive down to 120 seconds period. They were installed as close to the drift wall and as deep as we could manually excavate (only about 1 ft or so). The holes were leveled with sand and the sensors were placed on a paver before backfilling with sand. The hole was then covered by a bucket filled with insulation to improve the sensor's isolation from daily temperature variations, which are minor but present due to drift ventilation from the surface. Data were recorded on Nanometrics Centaur digitizers at 100 Hz. The full response information is available in the StationXML file provided here, or by querying the sensors through the IRIS DMC (see links below). These instruments were provided free of charge through the IRIS PASSCAL instrument center. The network code is XP and the station codes are BBA and BBB. The waveform data can be queried through the IRIS FDSN server using any method the user likes. One convenient option is to use the Obspy python package: https://docs.obspy.org/packages/obspy.clients.fdsn.html

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗