Final report for "High Performance Scintillator for Nuclear Physics Research"
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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
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Preface: XXXVI Brazilian Workshop on Nuclear Physics
No abstract prepared.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Lattice QCD calculations for nuclear physics
I present some recent results regarding the use of numerical Lattice QCD techniques to describe light nuclear systems from the underlying theory of the strong interaction, QCD.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Nuclear-physical analysis methods in medical geology: Assessment of the impact of environmental factors on human health
The procedure for geomedical studies is outlined, and the niche occupied by the nuclear-physical analysis methods in these studies is pointed out. The necessity of construction of an efficient complex of the most modern analytical methods is demonstrated. The metrological parameters of methods applied in the analysis of natural environments and biological materials are evaluated. The current state of pollution of natural environments with heavy and toxic metals is characterized in two specific industrial hubs: the towns of Gus-Khrustalny and Podolsk. The levels of pollution of diagnostic biological materials (hair and blood) from children living in various urban districts are studied in the light of specific features of the manufacturing industry in these towns and the life environment of child population. The results of studies focused on evaluating the effect of environment on the health of child population are detailed. The actual damage to child health, their neuropsychic development and behavior, and the effect of socioeconomic factors are determined. Preventive problems among the child population exposed to lead and other toxic metals are evaluated, and ways to solve them are proposed. A system of early diagnosis and preventive measures for the mitigation of adverse effect of toxic metals (Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, As, etc.) on the neuropsychic development of children is developed based on an actual ecogeochemical estimation of the state of the region under study.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Studies in High Energy Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics
This close-out report covers the period 1994 - 2015 for DOE grant DE-FG02-94ER40845 with the University of Texas at Austin. The research was concerned with studies of the strong nuclear force and properties of nuclear matter under extreme conditions of temperature and density which far exceed that in atomic nuclei. Such extreme conditions are briefly created (for about 10 trillionths of a trillionth of a second) during head-on collisions of large atomic nuclei (e.g. gold) colliding at speeds very close to the speed-of-light. The collisions produce thousands of subatomic particles, many of which are detected in our experiment called STAR at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Lab in New York. The goal of our research is to learn how the strong nuclear force and its fundamental particles (quarks and gluons) behave in extreme conditions similar to that of the early Universe when it was about 1 micro-second old, and in the cores of very dense neutron stars. To learn anything new about the matter which exists for such a very short amount of time requires carefully designed probes. In our research we focused on two such probes, one being short-lived resonance particles and the other using correlations between pairs of the detected particles. Resonances are short-lived particles created in the collision, which interact with the surrounding matter, and which break apart, or "decay" into more stable particles which survive long enough to be seen in our detectors. The dependence of resonance properties on the conditions in the collision system permit tests of theoretical models and improve our understanding. Dynamical interactions in the matter also leave imprints on the final, outgoing particle distributions measured in the experiment. In particular, angular correlations between pairs of particles can be related to the fundamental strong force as it behaves in the hot, dense matter. Studying correlations as a function of experimentally controlled conditions of the collisions provides another test of theory. Our results provide unambiguous evidence that the briefly existing hot, dense matter has strong effects on the measurements and indicate that the matter is best described in terms of the fundamental quarks and gluons, that its internal interactions are surprisingly strong, and that new and never before seen strong interaction processes are occurring which remain to be explained theoretically. To enable these studies our group has also made substantial contributions to the detection capabilities of the STAR experiment. These contributions were to the electronics required to "read out" the weak electrical signals from the detectors and transfer the raw data to offline computers for processing. Although this experimental program is now concluded, the resonance and correlation results we have extracted from the raw collision data will continue to challenge and perhaps guide theoretical developments of the strong nuclear force for many years to come.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
ML based control systems for nuclear physics experiments
The Experimental Physics Software and Computing Infrastructure (EPSCI) group at Jefferson Lab is leading the use of machine learning (ML) to enhance control systems in nuclear physics experiments. Collaborating closely with domain experts and data scientists, we have developed an ML-based control system that uses a Gaussian process to dynamically adjust the high voltage of the GlueX Central Drift Chamber. This results in stable detector performance by adapting to environmental changes, thereby reducing the offline calibration effort. Furthermore, we are developing ML-driven systems for optimizing the polarization of photon beams and polarized cryotargets. These systems will maintain the optimal microwave frequency in cryogenic targets and make real-time adjustments to diamond radiators for polarized photon sources, tasks traditionally handled by human operators. By automating these functions, we aim to optimize the polarization, reduce downtime, and minimize human error. This talk will highlight the development of reliable ML-based control systems and the policies to ensure they are both effective and trustworthy.
Jeske, Torri↗
Sensitivity of He Flames in X-Ray Bursts to Nuclear Physics
Through the use of axisymmetric 2D hydrodynamic simulations, we further investigate laterally propagating flames in X-ray bursts (XRBs). Our aim is to understand the sensitivity of a propagating helium flame to different nuclear physics. Using the Castro simulation code, we confirm the phenomenon of enhanced energy generation shortly after a flame is established by adding 12 C(p, γ) 13 N(α, p) 16 O to the network, in agreement with the past literature. This sudden outburst of energy leads to a short accelerating phase, causing a drastic alteration in the overall dynamics of the flame in XRBs. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of different plasma screening routines on the propagation of the XRB flame. We finally examine the performance of simplified spectral deferred correction, a novel approach to hydrodynamics and reaction coupling incorporated in Castro, as an alternative to operator splitting.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Nuclear Physics using NIF
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's premier inertial confinement fusion facility designed to achieve sustained thermonuclear burn (ignition) through the compression of hydrogen isotopic fuels to densities in excess of 10{sup 3} g/cm{sup 3} and temperatures in excess of 100 MK. These plasma conditions are very similar to those found in the cores of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars where the s-process takes place, but with a neutron fluence per year 10{sup 4} times greater than a star. These conditions make NIF an excellent laboratory to measure s-process (n,{gamma}) cross sections in a stellar-like plasma for the first time. Starting in Fall 2009, NIF has been operating regularly with 2-4 shots being performed weekly. These experiments have allowed the first in situ calibration of the detectors and diagnostics needed to measure neutron capture, including solid debris collection and prompt {gamma}-ray detection. In this paper I will describe the NIF facility and capsule environment and present two approaches for measuring s-process neutron capture cross sections using NIF.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Studies of extraction and transport system for highly charged ion beam of 18 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source at Research Center for Nuclear Physics
An 18 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source is installed to increase beam currents and to extend the variety of ions especially for highly charged heavy ions which can be accelerated by cyclotrons of Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University. The beam production developments of several ions from B to Xe have been already done [T. Yorita, K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, H.Okamura, and A. Tamii, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 02A311 (2008) and T. Yorita, K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, H.Okamura, and A. Tamii, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 02A332 (2010)] and the further studies for those beam extraction and its transport have been done in order to increase the beam current more. The plasma electrode, extraction electrode, and einzel lens are modified. Especially extraction electrode can be applied minus voltage for the beam extraction and it works well to improve the extracted beam current. The extraction voltage dependences of transmission and emittance also have been studied for beam current improvement which is injected into azimuthally varying field cyclotron at RCNP.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Intermediate/High Energy Nuclear Physics
Our primary goals are fundamental descriptions of nuclear phenomena relevant to experiment. Our balanced program consists of developing and applying (1) QCD for high-energy nuclear collisions, and (2) non-perturbative many-body theory for strong interactions. We are developing first principles treatments of physical observables for present and future experiments at FRIB, RHIC, JLab, LHC and EIC. We are also developing and applying a non-perturbative framework for strongly interacting many-body systems including a covariant Hamiltonian framework for solving quantum field theory in non-perturbative domains. We continue close interactions with the Iowa State University relativisitic heavy-ion collider and electron-ion collider experimental group.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Neutrinos in Nuclear Physics
Since the discovery of nuclear beta decay, nuclear physicists have studied the weak interaction and the nature of neutrinos. Many recent and current experiments have been focused on the elucidation of neutrino oscillations and neutrino mass. The quest for the absolute value of neutrino mass continues with higher precision studies of the tritium beta decay spectrum near the endpoint. Neutrino oscillations are studied through measurements of reactor neutrinos as a function of baseline and energy. And experiments searching for neutrinoless double beta decay seek to discover violation of lepton number and establish the Majorana nature of neutrino masses.
McKeown, Bob↗
The cosmological {sup 7}Li problem from a nuclear physics perspective
The primordial abundance of {sup 7}Li as predicted by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) is more than a factor 2 larger than what has been observed in metal-poor halo stars. Herein, we analyze the possibility that this discrepancy originates from incorrect assumptions about the nuclear reaction cross sections relevant for BBN. To do this, we introduce an efficient method to calculate the changes in the {sup 7}Li abundance produced by arbitrary (temperature dependent) modifications of the nuclear reaction rates. Then, considering that {sup 7}Li is mainly produced from {sup 7}Be via the electron capture process {sup 7}Be+e{sup −} → {sup 7}Li+ν{sub e}, we assess the impact of the various channels of {sup 7}Be destruction. Differently from previous analysis, we consider the role of unknown resonances by using a complete formalism which takes into account the effect of Coulomb and centrifugal barrier penetration and that does not rely on the use of the narrow-resonance approximation. As a result of this, the possibility of a nuclear physics solution to the {sup 7}Li problem is significantly suppressed. Given the present experimental and theoretical constraints, it is unlikely that the {sup 7}Be+n destruction rate is underestimated by the 2.5 factor required to solve the problem. We exclude, moreover, that resonant destruction in the channels {sup 7}Be+t and {sup 7}Be+{sup 3}He can explain the {sup 7}Li puzzle. New unknown resonances in {sup 7}Be+d and {sup 7}Be+α could potentially produce significant effects. Recent experimental results have ruled out such a possibility for {sup 7}Be+d. On the other hand, for the {sup 7}Be+α channel very favorable conditions are required. The possible existence of a partially suitable resonant level in {sup 11}C is studied in the framework of a coupled-channel model and the possibility of a direct measurement is considered.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Implementation status of the extreme light infrastructure - nuclear physics (ELI-NP) project
The Project Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) is part of the European Strategic Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) Roadmap. ELI will be built as a network of three complementary pillars at the frontier of laser technologies. The ELI-NP pillar (NP for Nuclear Physics) is under construction near Bucharest (Romania) and will develop a scientific program using two 10 PW lasers and a Compton back-scattering high-brilliance and intense gamma beam, a marriage of laser and accelerator technology at the frontier of knowledge. In the present paper, the technical description of the facility, the present status of the project as well as the science, applications and future perspectives will be discussed.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
New Generation of Nuclear Physics at RIKEN
I report present status and perspectives of RIBF ''RI Beam Factory (RIBF)'' at RIKEN. RIBF is a top world-class in-flight RIB facility. Emphasis is given to on-going and future programs at the new facility through introducing experimental devices and recent highlights.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Nuclear physics detector technology applied to plant biology research
The ability to detect the emissions of radioactive isotopes through radioactive decay (e.g. beta particles, x-rays and gamma-rays) has been used for over 80 years as a tracer method for studying natural phenomena. More recently a positron emitting radioisotope of carbon: {sup 11}C has been utilized as a {sup 11}CO{sub 2} tracer for plant ecophysiology research. Because of its ease of incorporation into the plant via photosynthesis, the {sup 11}CO{sub 2} radiotracer is a powerful tool for use in plant biology research. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been used to study carbon transport in live plants using {sup 11}CO{sub 2}. Presently there are several groups developing and using new PET instrumentation for plant based studies. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) in collaboration with the Duke University Phytotron and the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) is involved in PET detector development for plant imaging utilizing technologies developed for nuclear physics research. The latest developments of the use of a LYSO scintillator based PET detector system for {sup 11}CO{sub 2} tracer studies in plants will be briefly outlined.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
EQUATION OF STATE AND NEUTRON STAR PROPERTIES CONSTRAINED BY NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND OBSERVATION
Microscopic calculations of neutron matter based on nuclear interactions derived from chiral effective field theory, combined with the recent observation of a 1.97 {+-} 0.04 M{sub Sun} neutron star, constrain the equation of state of neutron-rich matter at sub- and supranuclear densities. We discuss in detail the allowed equations of state and the impact of our results on the structure of neutron stars, the crust-core transition density, and the nuclear symmetry energy. In particular, we show that the predicted range for neutron star radii is robust. For use in astrophysical simulations, we provide detailed numerical tables for a representative set of equations of state consistent with these constraints.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Integrated Multiple Effects Software for Nuclear Physics Applications
The technical progress made during this project has been very substantial, and in most ways has exceeded the expectations of what was intended. In particular, the ability to treat CAD-based complex geometry, using the cut-cell finite-difference methodology, has been evolved to a very advanced state. Figure 1 illustrates the progress made, comparing what the modeling was capable of at the end of the Phase I project, to what it is capable of at the end of the Phase II project. This project had a strong component of collaborative research with activities at the TJNAF (JLab), including scientific assessment of specific nuclear physics hardware, and this collaboration was a main focus during the much of the Phase II project. During the final year of this project, and subsequent months since its completion, the Department of Energy has strongly shifted emphasis for SBIR projects towards commercialization. During this same time frame the software used for the modeling, Vorpal, underwent a similarly dramatic shift from a single product with any-and-all-phyiscs-in-one, to a suite of products, under the name Vsim, with each product individually targeted at one of the areas of: Electromagnetics, Microwave Devices, Plasma Devices, and Accelerator Physics. The focus area of this project, thermal analysis, was a new but important type of multi-physics application for the software involved, and the manner in which it has been implemented is of sufficient generality, that it continues life as a fifth target area, Thermal Transport. Thus, while a somewhat more subtle commercial deployment of this project’s developments was the original intention (e.g., more-physics-in-the-one), the result is in fact more in line with the newer emphasis, e.g., a direct and obvious one-to-one commercial product deployment of project capabilities.
Smithe, David↗
Radiogenic p-isotopes from type Ia supernova, nuclear physics uncertainties, and galactic chemical evolution compared with values in primitive meteorites
The nucleosynthesis of proton-rich isotopes is calculated for multi-dimensional Chandrasekhar-mass models of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) with different metallicities. The predicted abundances of the short-lived radioactive isotopes {sup 92}Nb, {sup 97,} {sup 98}Tc, and {sup 146}Sm are given in this framework. The abundance seeds are obtained by calculating s-process nucleosynthesis in the material accreted onto a carbon-oxygen white dwarf from a binary companion. A fine grid of s-seeds at different metallicities and {sup 13}C-pocket efficiencies is considered. A galactic chemical evolution model is used to predict the contribution of SN Ia to the solar system p-nuclei composition measured in meteorites. Nuclear physics uncertainties are critical to determine the role of SNe Ia in the production of {sup 92}Nb and {sup 146}Sm. We find that, if standard Chandrasekhar-mass SNe Ia are at least 50% of all SN Ia, they are strong candidates for reproducing the radiogenic p-process signature observed in meteorites.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗