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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

The DUNE Vertical Drift Photon Detection System

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a long-baseline neutrino experiment designed to mainly investigate oscillation parameters, supernova physics and proton decay. Its far detector will be composed of four liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) underground modules, in South Dakota-USA, which will detect a neutrino beam produced at Fermilab, 1300 km away, where a near detector will be in place. The second DUNE far detector module, Vertical Drift, will be a single phase LArTPC with electron drift along the vertical axis with two volumes of 13.5 m x 6.5 m x 60 m dimensions separated by a cathode plane. The charge collection will be performed by two anode planes placed at the top and bottom of the module, each composed by stacked layers of a perforated PCB technology with electrode strips. The photon detection system (PDS) will make use of large size X-Arapuca tiles distributed over three detection planes. One plane will consist of a horizontal arrangement of double sided tiles installed on the high voltage cathode plane and two vertical planes, each placed on the longest cryostat membrane walls. A light active coverage of 14.8% over the cathode and 7.4% over the laterals should allow improvements in the low energy physics range that can be probed in DUNE, especially regarding supernova neutrinos (~10 MeV). We present the initial characterization of the Vertical Drift PDS using a Monte Carlo simulation and preliminary studies on its reconstruction capabilities at the MeV scale. The information obtained with the PDS alone should allow determination of a neutrino interaction region with a precision of at least 65 cm for events with deposited energy above 5 MeV and the deposited energy can be reconstructed with precision better than 10%, both at the center of the volume.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Status of the Mu2e calorimeter readout electronics

The Mu2e experiment [1] at Fermilab will search for the neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of a nucleus. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter employs 1348 Cesium Iodide crystals readout by silicon photomultipliers and fast front-end and digitization electronics. The front-end electronics consists of two discrete readout circuits (AMP-HV) for each crystal. These provide the amplification, shaping stage and linear regulation of the SiPM bias voltage and monitoring. The SiPM and front-end control electronics is implemented in a battery of mezzanine boards each equipped with an ARM processor that controls a group of 20 Amp-HV circuits distributing the low voltage and the high-voltage. The electronic is hosted in crates located on the external surface of calorimeter disks. The crates also host the waveform digitizer board (DIRAC) that performs digitization of the front end signals and transmit the digitized data to the Mu2e DAQ. Calorimeter electronic is hosted inside the cryostat and must sustain very high radiation and magnetic field so it was necessary to fully qualify it. The system design and quality assurance procedures will be reviewed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Simulation and Modeling of Time-Resolved X-Ray Detector for the Saturn Accelerator

In this work, we present the technology-aided computer design (TCAD) device simulation and modeling of a silicon p-i-n diode for detecting time-dependent X-ray radiation. We show that the simulated forward and reverse breakdown current–voltage characteristics agree well with the measured data under nonradiation environment by only calibrating carrier lifetimes for the forward bias case and avalanche model critical fields for the reverse bias condition. Using the calibrated parameters and other nominal material properties, we simulated the radiation responses of the p-i-n diode and compared with experimental data when the diode was exposed to X-ray radiation at Sandia’s Saturn facility and the Idaho State University (ISU) TriMeV facility. For Saturn’s Gaussian dose-rate pulses, we show three findings from TCAD simulations. First, the simulated photocurrents are in excellent agreement with the measured data for two dose-rate pulses with peak values of 1.16×10 10 and 1.88×10 10 rad(Si)/s. Second, the simulation results of high dose-rate pulses predict increased delayed photocurrents with longer time tails in the diode electrical responses due to excess carrier generation. Third, simulated peak values of diode radiation responses versus peak dose rates at different bias conditions provide useful guidance to determine the dose-rate range that the p-i-n diode can reliably detect in experiment. For TriMeV’s non-Gaussian dose-rate pulse, our simulated diode response is in decent agreement with the measured data without further calibration. We also studied the effects of device geometry, recombination process, and dose-rate enhancement via TCAD simulations to understand the higher measured response in the time after the peak dose-rate radiation for the p-i-n diode exposed to TriMeV irradiation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Methylammonium Lead Tribromide Single Crystal Detectors towards Robust Gamma-Ray Photon Sensing

In recent years, hybrid perovskite single crystalline solid-state detectors have shown promise in γ-ray spectroscopy. Here, the γ-ray photon induced electrical pulses are investigated, which are produced by perovskite solid-state detectors made with the commonly used methylammonium lead tribromide crystals with chlorine incorporation. Under low electric field detector operation, slow pulses generated by γ-rays with average rise times of 65 µs are observed, which decreases to 20 µs when a higher electrical field of 500 V cm -1 is applied. However, the baseline becomes noisy quickly, which prevents collection of clean pulses for spectra construction. Further, by systematically measuring the temperature dependence and current–voltage characteristics, such instability is attributed to the local ion migration under electrical field creating a fluctuating dark noise, which presents a major challenge in perovskite γ-ray detector technologies. It is demonstrated that cycling the bias between positive and negative polarity can stabilize the detector, allowing for longer periods of pulse accumulation for generating energy resolved spectra with resolutions of ≈35% at 59.6 keV and ≈25% at 662 keV at room temperature. The study indicates that the main limiting factors of perovskite-based γ-ray detectors are slow rise times and bias instability. Finally, these challenges must be properly addressed to achieve reproducible, high-resolution γ-ray detection.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quality Control of Silicon Sensor Modules for Particle Detectors

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will produce a higher rate of particle collisions than the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC), requiring important upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) to handle an increased amount of data. An important upgrade is the Phase-2 Outer Tracker Upgrade, which consists of 13,000 silicon sensor modules made of two parallel silicon sensors and readout electronics. These modules undergo careful quality control checks both during and after module assembly to ensure precise and reliable detector performance. This project focuses on precision testing for quality control of silicon sensor modules at Fermilab. Hands-on work includes visual inspection, current-voltage testing, module testing, and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure of modules showing abnormal current-voltage behavior. The ultraviolet exposure process improves the abnormal sensor readout data by placing the selected sensor side of the module directly under the UV light inside a controlled box. In addition to laboratory testing and ultraviolet experiments, I developed a Python-based data tool that connects to a module database and allows selected testing conditions and module information to be retrieved and displayed efficiently. These different testing procedures, experimental processes, and computational tools support the broader goal of identifying module issues and improving modules that will be used in the CMS Outer Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade.

Siddiqui, Hooriya [DuPage Coll.] (ORCID:0009000151↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quality Control of Silicon Sensor Modules for Particle Detectors

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will produce a higher rate of particle collisions than the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC), requiring significant upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) to handle the increased amount of data. An important upgrade is the Phase-2 Outer Tracker Upgrade, which consists of 13,000 silicon sensor modules made of two parallel silicon sensors and readout electronics. These modules undergo careful quality control checks both during and after module assembly to ensure precise and reliable detector performance. This project focuses on precision testing for quality control of silicon sensor modules at Fermilab. Hands-on work includes visual inspection, current-voltage testing, module testing, and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure of modules showing abnormal current-voltage behavior. The ultraviolet exposure process improves the abnormal sensor readout data by placing the selected sensor side of the module directly under the UV light inside a controlled box. In addition to laboratory testing and ultraviolet experiments, I developed a Python-based data tool that connects to a module database and allows selected testing conditions and module information to be retrieved and displayed efficiently. These different testing procedures, experimental processes, and computational tools support the broader goal of identifying module issues and improving modules that will be used in the CMS Outer Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade.

Siddiqui, Hooriya [DuPage Coll.; Fermilab] (ORCID:↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Comprehensive Survey of Readout Strategies for SiPMs Used in Nuclear Imaging Systems

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) offer advantages such as lower relative cost, smaller size, and lower operating voltages compared to photomultiplier tubes. A SiPM’s readout circuit topology can significantly affect the characteristics of an imaging array. In nuclear imaging and detection, energy, timing, and position are the primary characteristics of interest. Nuclear imaging has applications in the medical, astronomy, and high energy physics fields, making SiPMs an active research area. This work is focused on the circuit topologies required for nuclear imaging. We surveyed the readout strategies including the front end preamplification topology choices of transimpedance amplifier, charge amplifier, and voltage amplifier. In addition, a review of circuit topologies suitable for energy, timing, and position information extraction was performed along with a summary of performance limitations and current challenges.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Testing of the ITER Central Solenoid Modules

The ITER Central Solenoid is under fabrication by the U.S. ITER organization and its subcontractors. U.S. ITER will supply seven modules to ITER IO, six of which will be assembled in a stack that forms the ITER Central Solenoid. The first modules that were built by GA at their facility, went into high voltage testing, including Paschen testing in the vacuum, and then they were tested at 4.5 K and up to 40 kA to demonstrate compliance of the coil with the ITER requirements. In this article, we present the Test Plan and results of the central solenoid (CS) module’s performance, especially at the full current. We measured critical temperatures in several pancakes, we measured ac losses, joint resistance, and hydraulic characteristics of the coils. We also measured displacements of the coil height and hoop strain of the CS module (CSM) to verify the structural mechanical characteristics of the coil along with the cooldown shrinkage of the coil. We studied the performance of the cowound quench detectors and confirmed their effectiveness in the suppression of inductive noise. This information is necessary for verification of the stack behavior of CS in ITER operation. The test results and preliminary analyses are presented, compared to expectations, and discussed.

Martovetsky, Nicolai↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance of prototype GE1/1 chambers for the CMS muon spectrometer upgrade

The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will result in ten times higher particle background than measured during the first phase of LHC operation. In order to fully exploit the highly-demanding operating conditions during HL-LHC, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration will use Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector technology. The technology will be integrated into the innermost region of the forward muon spectrometer of CMS as an additional muon station called GE1/1. The primary purpose of this auxiliary station is to help in muon reconstruction and to control level-1 muon trigger rates in the pseudo-rapidity region 1.6 ≤ |η| ≤ 2.2. The new station will contain trapezoidal-shaped GEM detectors called GE1/1 chambers. The design of these chambers is finalized, and the installation is in progress during the Long Shutdown phase two (LS-2) that started in 2019. Several full-size prototypes were built and operated successfully in various test beams at CERN. Here, we describe performance measurements such as gain, efficiency, and time resolution of these prototype chambers, developed after years of R&D, and summarize their behavior in different gas compositions as a function of the applied voltage.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Quench Detection and Monitoring System for Superconducting Magnets at Fermilab

A quench detection system was developed for protecting and monitoring the superconducting solenoids for the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e) at Fermilab. The quench system was designed for a high level of dependability and long-term continuous operation. It is based on three tiers: Tier-I, FPGA-based Digital Quench Detection (DQD); Tier-II, Analog Quench Detection (AQD); and Tier-3, the quench controls and data management system. The Tier-I and Tier-II are completely independent and fully redundant systems. The Tier-3 system is based on National Instruments (NI) C-RIO and provides the user interface for quench controls and data management. It is independent from Tiers I & II. The DQD provides both quench detection and quench characterization (monitoring) capability. Both DQD and AQD have built-in high voltage isolation and user programmable gains and attenuations. The DQD and AQD also includes user configured current dependent thresholding and validation times. A 1 st article of the three-tier system was fully implemented on the new Fermilab magnet test stand for the HL-LHC Accelerator Up-grade Project (AUP). It successfully provided quench protection and monitoring (QPM) for a cold superconducting bus test in November 2020. The Mu2e quench detection design has since been implemented for production testing of the AUP magnets. A detailed description of the system along with results from the AUP superconducting bus test will be presented.

monitoring↗
DOE OSTI2021

Growth of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te 1-y Se y Single Crystals for Room Temperature Gamma-Ray Detection

Quaternary Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te 1-y Sey (CZTS) single crystals, a novel room-temperature nuclear radiation detector semiconductor material, have been grown using a modified vertical Bridgman method (VBM) and a travelling heater method (THM). The percentage concentration of selenium in the VBM-grown crystal was 3% and that in the THM-grown crystal was 2%. While the THM Frisch collar detector (4.4 × 4.4 × 10.7 mm 3 ) produced a highly resolved pulse height spectra (PHS) with a resolution of ~1.06% for 662-keV gamma rays without any correction, the VBM-grown detector (10 × 10 × 2 mm 3 ) offered a high energy resolution of ~2% after application of a digital biparametric correction. The high-resolution performance of these detectors has been attributed to the addition of Se in the Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te (CZT) matrix. Ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) also confirmed that the addition of Se in the CZT matrix helps to reduce the formation of TeCd and the TeZn anti-sites. The VBM-grown crystals were characterized using powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). While XRD results revealed sharp diffraction peaks confirming the crystalline nature of the grown crystal, the EDS results confirmed the targeted stoichiometry of the elemental composition. The bulk resistivity of the grown crystal was calculated to be ~3 × 10 10 Ω-cm from current-voltage characteristics recorded at room temperature in a planar configuration, ensuring that the grown CZTS crystals have low dark current as required for detector-grade crystals.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sensor response and radiation damage effects for 3D pixels in the ATLAS IBL Detector

Pixel sensors in 3D technology equip the outer ends of the staves of the Insertable B Layer (IBL), the innermost layer of the ATLAS Pixel Detector, which was installed before the start of LHC Run 2 in 2015. 3D pixel sensors are expected to exhibit more tolerance to radiation damage and are the technology of choice for the innermost layer in the ATLAS tracker upgrade for the HL-LHC programme. While the LHC has delivered an integrated luminosity of ≃ 235 fb -1 since the start of Run 2, the 3D sensors have received a non-ionising energy deposition corresponding to a fluence of ≃ 8.5 × 10 14 1 MeV neutron-equivalent cm -2 averaged over the sensor area. This paper presents results of measurements of the 3D pixel sensors' response during Run 2 and the first two years of Run 3, with predictions of its evolution until the end of Run 3 in 2025. Data are compared with radiation damage simulations, based on detailed maps of the electric field in the Si substrate, at various fluence levels and bias voltage values. These results illustrate the potential of 3D technology for pixel applications in high-radiation

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Strip sensor performance in prototype modules built for ATLAS ITk

ATLAS experiment is preparing an upgrade of its detector for High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operation. The upgrade involves installation of the new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). In the context of the ITk preparations, more than 80 strip modules were built with prototype barrel sensors. They were tested with electrical readout on a per-channel basis. In general, an excellent performance was observed, consistent with previous ASIC-level and sensor-level tests. However, the lessons learned included two phenomena important for the future phases of the project. First was the need to store and test the modules in a dry environment due to humidity sensitivity of the sensors. The second was an observation of high noise regions for 2 modules. The high noise regions were tested further in several ways, including monitoring the performance as a function of time and bias voltage. Additionally, direct sensor-level tests were performed on the affected channels. The inter-strip resistance and bias resistance tests showed low values, indicating a temporary loss of the inter-strip isolation. A subsequent recovery of the noise performance was observed. Here we present the test details, an analysis of how the inter-strip isolation affects the module noise, and the relationship with sensor-level quality control tests.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

CMS HGCAL ECON-D ASIC : Impact of CMOS fabrication process tuning on performance and radiation tolerance

The CMS experiment’s High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) upgrade will replace CMS’s existing endcap calorimeters in preparation for the High Luminosity LHC. To effectively use over 6 million channels of this “imaging”calorimeter, CMS has developed two novel Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs to perform data compression/selection on detector. The ECON-D ASIC operates on the 750kHz data path, and the ECON-T ASIC on the 40MHz trigger path. These 65 nm CMOS ASICs are radiation tolerant to 200 Mrad and low power, operating at less than 2.5 mW/channel. The first full-functionality prototype ECONs were produced and characterized in 2021-23, and an initial engineering run was performed in 2024. ECON-D radiation testing for the engineering run revealed that the chip’s internal SRAMs produce intermittent read errors for a non-negligible fraction of chips. Further investigation indicated that the SRAM performance is highly sensitive to the exact parameters of the CMOS fabrication process. To both study this process sensitivity and mitigate SRAM performance issues, twenty ECON wafers were produced in 2025 with a range of doping concentrations designed to tune the underlying transistor threshold voltage by 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% from nominal. This talk will present first measurements of ECON-D performance, power consumption, and radiation tolerance for these four variations of CMOS process.

Syal, Chinar [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evaluation of 3D pixel silicon sensors for the CMS Phase-2 Inner Tracker

The high-luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC requires the replacement of the CMS tracking detector to cope with the increased radiation fluence while maintaining its excellent performance. An extensive R&D program, aiming at using 3D pixel silicon sensors in the innermost barrel layer of the detector, has been carried out by CMS in collaboration with the FBK (Trento, Italy) and CNM (Barcelona, Spain) foundries. The sensors will feature a pixel cell size of 25 × 100 µm 2 , with a centrally located electrode connected to the readout chip. The sensors are read out by the RD53A and CROCv1 chips, developed in 65 nm CMOS technology by the RD53 Collaboration, a joint effort between the ATLAS and CMS groups. This paper reports the results achieved in beam test experiments before and after irradiation, up to a fluence of approximately 2 . 6 × 1 0 16 n eq /cm 2 . Measurements of assemblies irradiated to a fluence of 1 × 10 16 n˙eq/cm 2 show a hit detection efficiency higher than 96% at normal incidence, with fewer than 2% of channels masked, across a bias voltage range greater than 50 V . Even after irradiation to a higher fluence of 1.6 × 10 16 n˙eq/cm 2 , similar performance is maintained over a bias voltage range of 30 V , remaining well within CMS requirements.

3D pixel↗
DOE OSTI2024

A method to observe field-region oxide charge and inter-electrode isolation from CV-characteristics of n-on-p devices

Abstract N-on-psilicon sensors will be utilized in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector's tracker and High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) in the High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Among their several advantages in terms of radiation hardness over the traditionalp-on-nsensors in the extreme radiation environment of the HL-LHC are electron collection instead of holes and overlapping maxima of weighting and electric fields at the charge-collecting electrodes. The disadvantage of the multi-channel SiO 2 -passivatedn-on-psensors is the generation of an inversion layer under the Si/SiO 2 -interface by a positive interface-oxide-charge (N ox ) that at high densities can compromise the position resolution by creating a conduction channel between the electrodes. This issue is typically addressed by including additional isolnts (p-stp,p-spray) between n + -electrodes. Focusing on the guard-ring regions ofn-on-psensors where no isolation implants are applied between the electrodes, a capacitance-voltage (CV) characterization study of both 6-inch wafer test diodes and 8-inch HGCAL prototype and pre-series sensors showed a distinct threshold voltage (V th,iso ) in theCV-characteristics of a biased n + -electrode when its enclosing guard-ring was left floating. When reproduced by simulations, the measuredV th,iso was found to contain information on the field-regionN ox and indicate the threshold where the two electrodes become electrically isolated by the influence of the reverse bias voltage. Together with previous studies on the inter-electrode isolation of irradiatedn-on-psensors, the results indicate that position sensitiven-on-psensors without isolation implants may be feasible in future HEP experiments.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2022

Focusing Ions at Atmospheric Pressure using Nonlinear DC Voltage Sequences Applied to a Stacked Ring Ion Guide

Many modern ion mobility (IM) and mass spectrometers (MS) operate under low pressure (= 10 Torr) and employ high voltage radiofrequencies (RF) to provide ion confinement. Unfortunately, RF effectiveness drastically decreases as pressure increases, and few techniques for focusing ions at elevated pressures exist. Here we demonstrate a new approach for focusing ions at atmospheric pressure (AP) by applying nonlinear DC voltage sequences following quadratic and power (exponential) functions to a stacked ring ion guide. We used ion trajectory simulations to rigorously explore how ions react to nonlinear electric fields and validate the simulations with a set of ion current measurements performed at AP. Ion trajectory simulations show that ions initially defocus near the entrance of the device but then become intensely focused as they travel through the device. Contour plots for both nonlinear voltage sequences show electric field lines that increasingly curve inwards as a function of distance, resulting in spatial ion focusing. Experimental ion current and spot size measurements were performed at AP using a 10-cm stacked ring ion guide and a segmented Faraday cup detector. Quadratic sequences produced ~5% smaller spot sizes (~22.8 mm) and ~25% higher ion current compared to a linear voltage sequence (~24.0 mm). Alternatively, power sequences produced ~64% smaller spot sizes (~8.7 mm), albeit with ~10x lower ion current. However, both nonlinear voltage sequences produced similar ion currents at the center of the Faraday cup detector, indicating that higher ion densities are achieved when using nonlinear voltage gradients. These results demonstrate a new way to focus ions at AP, and the capabilities demonstrated here provide fundamental insights on how to keep ions inside analytical devices at elevated pressures without RF.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Focusing ions at atmospheric pressure using nonlinear DC voltage sequences applied to a stacked ring ion guide

Many modern ion mobility (IM) and mass spectrometers (MS) operate under low pressure (= 10 Torr) and employ high voltage radiofrequencies (RF) to provide ion confinement. Unfortunately, RF effectiveness drastically decreases as pressure increases, and few techniques for focusing ions at elevated pressures exist. Here we demonstrate a new approach for focusing ions at atmospheric pressure (AP) by applying nonlinear DC voltage sequences following quadratic and power (exponential) functions to a stacked ring ion guide. In this work, we used ion trajectory simulations to rigorously explore how ions react to nonlinear electric fields and validate the simulations with a set of ion current measurements performed at AP. Ion trajectory simulations show that ions initially defocus near the entrance of the device but then become intensely focused as they travel through the device. Contour plots for both nonlinear voltage sequences show electric field lines that increasingly curve inwards as a function of distance, resulting in spatial ion focusing. Experimental ion current and spot size measurements were performed at AP using a 10-cm stacked ring ion guide and a segmented Faraday cup detector. Quadratic sequences produced ~5% smaller spot sizes (~22.8 mm) and ~25% higher ion current compared to a linear voltage sequence (~24.0 mm). Alternatively, power sequences produced ~64% smaller spot sizes (~8.7 mm), albeit with ~10x lower ion current. However, both nonlinear voltage sequences produced similar ion currents at the center of the Faraday cup detector, indicating that higher ion densities are achieved when using nonlinear voltage gradients. These results demonstrate a new way to focus ions at AP, and the capabilities demonstrated here provide fundamental insights on how to keep ions inside analytical devices at elevated pressures without RF.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗