Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Expenditure”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Space shuttle auxiliary propulsion system design study. Phase A report: Requirements definition

The analyses and rationale used to develop requirements for the oxygen-hydrogen auxiliary propulsion systems to be used with the space shuttle are presented. The requirements apply to a fully reusable space shuttle vehicle system using internal, reusable main engine propellant tanks in both the orbiter and booster stages. Requirements of principal interest are engine thrust, number of engines, maximum system thrust, total impulse, and total impulse expenditure history.

Orton, G. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Application of ERTS-1 data to the protection and management of New Jersey's coastal environment

The author has identified the following significant results. Rates of erosion and accretion of the shoreline are being calculated for two test areas along the New Jersey coast. Measurements are made on aerial photographs taken over the last 20 years and processed by computer. The rates are presented in graphic form on an ERTS-1 base map at a scale of 1:125,000. These rates are being used to determine the effectiveness of various shore protection structures at preventing sand removal and encouraging sand accumulation. Information on maintenance and construction expenditures is being used to obtain a cost effectiveness ratio for various shore protection devices. The relationship of erosion rates, property value, and project cost are all criteria for selection of site type and extent of a shore protection structure. Compilation and evaluation of historical data will identify past decision making patterns. The effectiveness of these decisions with respect to erosion rates, property value, and project cost, can be used as an added criteria for future allocation of money and the selection of site and type of structure to be built.

Yunghans, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Simulation studies and the design of the First GARP Global Experiment

Simulation studies have played an increasingly important role in planning for the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) during the last two years by providing information on the meteorological impact of various untested or incompletely tested elements of the GARP observing system. The studies are intended to provide information to FGGE planners on the capabilities of alternature systems for meeting a specific FGGE requirement. The simulation studies also provide a valuable input to cost-effectiveness studies by indicating tradeoffs of one possible type of observing platform against another, such as constant-level balloons vs buoys. These tradeoffs can lead to major gains in research yield per dollar of expenditure on the observing system.

Jastrow, R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Hypoxia, an adjunct in helium-cold hypothermia - Sparing effect on hepatic and cardiac metabolites.

Investigation of the effect of hypoxia on the depletion of metabolites that occurs in helium-aided induction of hypothermia. Hypoxic slowing of the heart of a hamster while exposed to cold helox is demonstrated. An attempt is made to evaluate the relative importance of cardiac slowing and limitation of thermogenesis in determining the effect of hypoxia. In explanation of the results presented, it is suggested that hypoxia limits the energy expenditure by the heart during induction.

Anderson, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Skylab experiments. Volume 4: Life sciences

The life sciences experiments conducted during Skylab missions are discussed. The general categories of the experiments are as follows: (1) mineral and hormonal balance, (2) hematology and immunology, (3) cardiovascular status, (4) energy expenditure, (5) neurophysiology, and (7) biology. Each experiment within the general category is further identified with respect to the scientific objectives, equipment used, performance, and data to be obtained.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1973

High resolution planetary observation

High-resolution ground-based planetary observations, visual and photographic, have, for several decades, seemed to have reached a rather firm limit. The causes for this restriction are briefly reviewed. At the time when space probes make major advances possible, at incomparably higher levels of expenditure, the need arises to re-examine the limiting factors of earth-based planetary resolution. In addition to familiar refinements (of which seven are listed) carried somewhat further, a specific approach, yet insufficiently developed, is the study of the atmospheric boundary layer over the observatory site and the use of an appropriately elevated station.

Kuiper, G. P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Inclusion of known integrals in the optimal trajectory problem

The classical problem of determination of the rocket trajectory which minimizes mass expenditure during motion between two points in the field of a single gravitating body is analyzed. The known integrals of the system are incorporated into the adjoint equations resulting in a reduction from a seventh-order adjoint system to a third-order adjoint system. The first case which is treated in that of planar motion under specific end conditions. In this case a regularization of the recently derived equations is achieved. The general three-dimensional case is also reduced from a seventh-order adjoint system to a third-order adjoint system. In this case a regularization has not been found.

Burns, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

An evaluation of contractor projected and actual costs

GSFC contractors with cost-plus contracts provide cost estimates for each of the next four quarters on a quarterly basis. Actual expenditures over a two-year period were compared to the estimates, and the data were sorted in different ways to answer several questions and give quantification to observations, such as how much does the accuracy of estimates degrade as they are made further into the future? Are estimates made for small dollar amounts more accurate than for large dollar estimates? Other government agencies and private companies with cost-plus contracts may be interested in this analysis as potential methods of contract management for their organizations. It provides them with the different methods one organization is beginning to use to control costs.

Kwiatkowski, K. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Space shuttle/payload interface analysis. (Study 2.4) Volume 4: Business Risk and Value of Operations in Space (BRAVO). Part 2: User's manual

The BRAVO User's Manual is presented which describes the BRAVO methodology in terms of step-by-step procedures, so that it may be used as a tool for a team of analysts performing cost effectiveness analyses on potential future space applications. BRAVO requires a relatively general set of input information and a relatively small expenditure of resources. For Vol. 1, see N74-12493; for Vol. 2, see N74-14530.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

Optimizing subsystem test programs

The goal of reduction of space system costs is pursued in the areas of standardization of subsystem test requirements as well as overall subsystem test program resource requirements. A number of standard components are being developed by NASA. The rationale for the various environmental tests applicable to future missions and launch vehicles is discussed. The need for and approach to developing standard component specifications is presented. In addition, a method for reduction of test expenditures utilizing indexes of mission effect and hardware history as indicators of test requirements is proposed.

Meyer, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Gas exchange and the coagulation system of the blood during the effect on the body of high concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Maximum permissible concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a controlled atmosphere were determined by evaluating their effects on human gas exchange, blood coagulation, and tolerances to acute hypoxia, acceleration, and physical loads. It was found that functional disturbances depend on the concentration of respiratory gases and the length of stay in an altered atmosphere. By changing the atmospheric composition and by bringing the gaseous environment into accordance with the work and rest regimen and energy expenditures, the general reactivity of the body changes favorably.

Palosh, L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

On the effect of emotional states on operator thinking

A combination sonic and electrical skin stimuli stress test is reported that is suitable for the psychological selection of individuals to perform operator functions. The behavior of these people is characterized by a fighting spirit, increased work capacity, minimum expenditure of strength and insignificant fatigue.

Solodkova, A. V.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Planetary mission applications for space storable propulsion

This paper presents the results of a study to compare space-storable with earth-storable spacecraft propulsion systems, space-storable with solid kick stages, and several space-storable development options on the basis of benefits received for cost expenditures required. The results show that, for a launch vehicle with performance less than that of Shuttle/Centaur, space-storable spacecraft propulsion offers an incremental benefit/cost ratio between 1.0 and 5.5 when compared to earth-storable systems for three of the four missions considered. In the case of VOIR 83, positive benefits were apparent only for a specific launch vehicle-spacecraft propulsion combination. A space-storable propulsion system operating at thrust of 600 lbf, 355 units of specific impulse, and with blowdown pressurization, represents the best choice for the JO 81 mission on a Titan/Centaur if only spacecraft propulsion modifications are considered. For still higher performance, a new solid-propellant kick stage with space-storable spacecraft propulsion is preferred over a system which uses space-storable propellants for both the kick stage and the spacecraft system.

Chase, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effect of potassium depletion in normal males - An Apollo 15 simulation

In the course of Apollo 15, physiologic abnormalities, manifested by ectopic activity on the ECG and unusual alterations in exercise tolerance, occurred in the crew of the Lunar Excursion Module. These were associated with decreases in total body potassium, measured by K-42, of 10% and 15%. The possibility of inadequate potassium (K+) intake existed. A simulation study was performed prior to Apollo 16, corresponding in duration to Apollo 15. Subjects endured the same sleep aberrations and caloric expenditure as the Apollo 15 astronauts. Subjects consumed a diet containing only 15 mEq/d of K+ during the entire 12 days of absolute bedrest. Study implications and reasons for discrepancies between K+ loss measured by balance techniques and K-42 are reviewed.

Hyatt, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Mission profile of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

A brief overview is presented of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The mission objectives are summarized, and the mission profile is described. Other topics discussed include the reasons why the U.S. built the docking module, Soviet expenditures, use of the ATS-6 relay satellite to improve communications and television coverage, crew training, and safety aspects of the Soyuz spacecraft. It is noted that technology transfer has been minimal and that joint U.S.-Soviet space exploration may be a result of the project.

Lee, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

An evaluation of differential Omega for general aviation area navigation

This paper reports on a study which compared the expected cost and performance of Differential Omega with that of Loran-C and VORTAC for general aviation area navigation. Analysis is directed toward a comparison of the systems with respect to specified performance parameters and the cost-effectiveness of each system in relation to the specifications. Loran-C offers the highest performance with respect to accuracy. Differential Omega requires the least expenditure. It was found cost ineffective to attempt to obtain complete coverage by expanding the existing VORTAC system.

Hollister, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Clinical aspects of crew health

While the primary goal of the Apollo Program was to land men on the moon and return them safely to Earth, there were other very important medical objectives. The earlier Mercury and Gemini programs bad raised some concerns about the health and safety of future crews. For example, the high metabolic energy expenditure of extravehicular activity during the Gemini missions was unexpected. Before Apollo astronauts could safely explore the lunar surface, reliable predictors of energy cost and real-time monitoring techniques had to be developed. Physiological changes were noted in individual crewmen, some more consistently than others. The most important of these changes was in cardiopulmonary status demonstrated by decreased exercise capacity, loss of red blood cell mass, and cardiovascular deconditioning demonstrated by a decrease in the effectiveness of antigravity cardiovascular responses during postflight stress testing.

W. Royce Hawkins↗