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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

High voltage delivery and distribution for the NEXT-100 Time Projection Chamber

A critical element in the realization of large liquid andgas time projection chambers (TPCs) is the delivery and distributionof high voltages into and around the detector. Such experimentsrequire of order tens of kilovolts to enable electron drift overmeter-scale distances. This paper describes the design andoperation of the cathode feedthrough and high voltage distributionthrough the field cage of the NEXT-100 experiment, an undergroundTPC that will search for neutrinoless double beta decay0νββ. The feedthrough has been demonstrated to holdpressures up to 20 bar and sustain voltages as high as -65 kV.The TPC is operating stably at its design high voltages. The systemhas been realized within the constraints of a stringent radiopuritybudget and is now being used to execute a suite of sensitive doublebeta decay analyses.

Adams, C. [Argonne]↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless ββ Decay (LEGEND-1000 Preconceptual Design Report)

We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless ββ Decay. This experiment is an international project designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the 76 Ge isotope of interest operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground lab. The experiment is designed to achieve a discovery potential that covers the inverted-ordering neutrino mass scale region. The baseline design assumes installation in the SNOLAB cryopit. A similar experimental setup could also be realized at the LNGS alternative site.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

The detection of marine microseismic activity with the CUORE tonne-scale cryogenic experiment

Vibrations from experimental setups and the environment are a persistent source of noise for low-temperature calorimeters searching for rare events, including neutrinoless double beta ( 0νββ ) decay or dark matter interactions. Such noise can significantly limit experimental sensitivity to the physics case under investigation. Here, we report the detection of marine microseismic vibrations using mK-scale calorimeters. This study employs a multi-device analysis correlating data from CUORE, the leading experiment in the search for 0νββ decay with mK-scale calorimeters, and the Copernicus Earth Observation program, revealing the seasonal impact of Mediterranean Sea activity on CUORE’s energy thresholds, resolution, and sensitivity over four years. The detection of marine microseisms underscores the need to address faint environmental noise in ultra-sensitive experiments. Understanding how such noise couples to the detector and developing mitigation strategies is essential for next-generation experiments. We demonstrate one such strategy: a noise decorrelation algorithm implemented in CUORE using auxiliary sensors, which reduces vibrational noise and improves detector performance. Enhancing sensitivity to 0νββ decay and to rare events with low-energy signatures requires identifying unresolved noise sources, advancing noise reduction methods, and improving vibration suppression systems, all of which inform the design of next-generation rare event experiments.

experimental nuclear physics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Comprehensive study of radon progeny attachment to surfaces

Low energy, low rate experiments, such as searches for neutrinoless double β decay and dark matter, require unprecedentedly low levels of background in order to deliver their full science potential. 210 Po driven, neutron induced background, caused by nuclear (α, n) reactions on low-Z materials, direct background contributions of the 210 Po α radiation and desorption of the 210 Pb progeny 210 Bi from surfaces into the detector medium are of particular of concern. These backgrounds depend on details of the components’ exposure to radon-loaded laboratory air and, thus, their handling history. The attachment rates of airborne radon progeny to surfaces, needed for the estimation of these background rates, are poorly understood. This article reports the results of a campaign comprising of more than 1200 attachment measurements, performed for nine different materials. Correlations of the attachment with environmental parameters such as air exchange rate, electrical surface potential, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity have been studied and found to be significant only in case of the first two. Attachment modeling, using the Jacobi model, is compared to data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of 136 Xe and Related Nuclear Structure Studies (Final Scientific Report)

The search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0nbb) explores new physics by directly probing the unknown mass scale and possible Majorana nature of the neutrino. The nEXO experiment, one of the two leading proposed ton-scale projects in the US, has a projected sensitivity to the 136 Xe 0nbb half-life of 10 28 years. The interpretation of possible signals in this next generation of experiments would be complicated by significant variations in theoretical calculations of the nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) of the decay, and nuclear structure measurements testing those theories can help address that uncertainty. We have 136 Xe(p,n) 136 Cs reaction at TUNL to deduce the level-scheme of states in 136 Cs through which the lowest-lying 1+ state decays. We find that over 99% of such decays will proceed through at least one isomeric state with a lifetime of order 100ns, which would enable large xenon detectors to employ a delayed-coincidence technique to search for charge-exchange processes including solar neutrino interactions. We have carried out measurements at TUNL of the 134 Xe( 3 He,n) 136 Ba and 136 Xe( 3 He,n) 138 Ba reactions to low-lying 0 + states in the residuals to probe the BCS assumption for QRPA NME calculations for the initial and final nuclei in 136 Xe 0nbb. While the analyses of these reactions is not yet complete and is ongoing, our initial results indicate tension with the BCS assumption. We have assembled a thermosyphon cooling R&D system for nEXO which has demonstrated up to 500 W of cooling in vacuum. We have developed a simple thermosyphon cooling simulation for nEXO and planned laboratory tests with the R&D system to benchmark it.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Controlling T c of iridium films using the proximity effect

A superconducting Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) with low-$T_c$ is essential in a high resolution calorimetric detection. With a motivation of developing sensitive calorimeters for applications in cryogenic neutrinoless double beta decay searches, we have been investigating methods to reduce the $T_c$ of an Ir film down to 20 mK. Utilizing the proximity effect between a superconductor and a normal metal, we found two room temperature fabrication recipes of making Ir-based low-$T_c$ films. In the first approach, an Ir film sandwiched between two Au films, a Au/Ir/Au trilayer, has a tunable $T_c$ in the range of 20-100 mK depending on the relative thicknesses. In the second approach, a paramagnetic Pt thin film is used to create Ir/Pt bilayer with a tunable $T_c$ in the same range. We present detailed study of fabrication and characterization of Ir-based low-$T_c$ films, and compare the experimental results to theoretical models. We show that Ir-based films with predictable and reproducible critical temperature can be consistently fabricated for use in large scale detector applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

KamNet: An integrated spatiotemporal deep neural network for rare event searches in KamLAND-Zen

Rare event searches allow us to search for new physics at energy scales inaccessible with other means by leveraging specialized large-mass detectors. Machine learning provides a new tool to maximize the information provided by these detectors. The information is sparse, which forces these algorithms to start from the lowest level data and exploit all symmetries in the detector to produce results. In this work we present KamNet, which harnesses breakthroughs in geometric deep learning and spatiotemporal data analysis to maximize the physics reach of KamLAND-Zen, a kiloton scale spherical liquid scintillator detector searching for 0⁢νβ⁢β. Using a simplified background model for KamLAND, we show that KamNet outperforms a conventional convolutional neural network (CNN) on benchmarking Monte Carlo simulations with an increasing level of robustness. Using simulated data, we then demonstrate KamNet's ability to increase KamLAND-Zen's sensitivity to 0ν⁢ββ and 2⁢ν⁢β⁢β decay to excited states. A key component of this work is the addition of an attention mechanism to elucidate the underlying physics KamNet is using for the background rejection.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Determination of the $^8\mathrm{B}$ neutrino energy spectrum using trapped ions

We report the β + decay of 8 B provides the dominant source of solar neutrinos above 2 MeV. Consequently, experiments that detect neutrinos from the sun require an accurate determination of the 8 B neutrino energy spectrum. In this work, the β -decay Paul trap surrounded by double-sided silicon strip detectors was utilized to precisely measure the decay products of trapped 8 B ions. The results were used to determine the 8 Be final-state distribution and to reconstruct the neutrino energy spectrum. This measurement using trapped ions is the first of its kind and puts the neutrino energy spectrum on much firmer footing by discriminating between recently reported values for the maximum of the final-state distribution.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of selenium imaging detectors toward a definitive search for neutrinoless ββ decay

Imaging sensors made from an ionization target layer of amorphous selenium (aSe) coupled to a silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel array for charge readout are a promising technology for neutrino physics. The high spatial resolution in a solid-state target provides unparalleled rejection of backgrounds from natural radioactivity in the search for the neutrinoless ββ decay of 82 Se. With this grant, we experimentally determined two crucial factors necessary for the realization of this novel technology: i) the intrinsic energy response of aSe to ionizing electrons, and ii) the feasibility to couple a target layer of aSe to a CMOS active pixel sensor to image electron tracks.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Quantum Nature of the Neutrino

Over the last 100 years we have learned much about the neutrino, but there remain interesting questions about this weakly interacting particle. In particular, at LLNL we are developing an experiment to measure the quantum nature of the neutrino. The 2015 long range plan recom mended tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta decay experiments as the top new project priority and this experiment will target the quantum nature of the neutrino. The LLNL team is motivated and focused on developing the best technology for this experiment which is a liquid xenon time projection chamber called nEXO. Work on nEXO at LLNL started in 2015 with an LDRD and program development funds to de velop the nEXO concept, publish sensitivity predictions, explore alternatives and risks, and to build a credible project team and this effort is on going. In addition, we received research funding from DOE-SC NP and LLNL manages pre-conceptual R&D for the nEXO collaboration a portion of which is executed at LLNL. LLNL has a long history of building large projects, science projects and time projection chambers, but nEXO is in fact the first project of this scale that LLNL is prepared to lead for DOE-SC NP. We have the tools, skills, people and motivation to make nEXO a reality. The current program devel opment dollars are used to prepare the nEXO concept for down select and CD1. These internal LLNL dollars pay for a number of things including project staff to organize the nEXO collaboration for the various reviews, to develop the draft plans and structure to manage the project as well as setting up external advisory committees. The DOE-SC NP base funding is targeted at simulation and analysis of the nEXO concept in preparation for the down select and refinement of the under standing of the detector as well as scientific effort on the large xenon test stand (LXTS) that will burn down one of the largest risks to the nEXO project. Lastly, LLNL is leading the pre-conceptual R&D effort and managing the funds for the nEXO collaboration. LLNL continues to build the best scientific team for nEXO and this year that includes adding Ethan Bernard to lead the efforts on the LXTS. We will also soon add a new postoc, Samuel Hedges, in the fall to the LLNL nEXO team. The effort this year was influenced by the portfolio review, and there were a number of scientific activities led by LLNL to prepare for this review. In addition, we again took a lead role on the new sensitivity paper as well as publishing a paper based analyzing the effects of skin xenon in nEXO. LLNL leads the software and analysis for the project and we continued work in this area as well. High voltage remains a significant risk for the project and we continue to make progress on the LXTS that will mitigate this risk. Lastly we remain active in looking at how to scale the technology to larger scales, and expect to produce a paper on this topic in the near future.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

PROSPECT: A Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment

Nuclear reactors are a source of copious amounts of electron antineutrinos. They are emitted in the beta decays of the fission products and their energies depend on the isotopic composition of the reactor. In recent years a number of reactor antineutrino experiments including Daya Bay, Double Chooz, and RENO reported a deficit in the measured flux of antineutrinos from reactors compared to expectation and a spectral deviation in the measured energy spectra compared to model predictions. These observations led to the hypothesis of sterile neutrino oscillation as an explanation of the flux deficit. New physics or incomplete nuclear models may explain the origin of the spectral deviation. PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, is a novel neutrino experiment at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) designed to address two major scientific objectives: 1. Perform a search for eV-scale sterile neutrinos independent of reactor neutrino models by searching for the oscillation signature of massive, sterile neutrino states beyond the 3 known active neutrino species. The discovery of sterile neutrinos would indicate a new form of matter and require physics beyond the Standard Model. 2. Perform the first modern precision measurement of the antineutrino spectrum from a Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) 235 U reactor to benchmark our understanding of the neutrino emission from nuclear reactors and to understand the isotopic origin of spectral deviations observed in previous reactor neutrino experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Quantum Nature and Mass of the Neutrino. FY20 Annual Laboratory Continuation Progress Report

Over the last 100 years we have learned a much about the neutrino, but there remain interesting questions about this weakly interacting particle. In particular, at LLNL we are developing experiments to measure the mass and the quantum nature of the neutrino. The 2015 long range plan recommended tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta decay experiments as the top new project priority and this experiment will target the quantum nature of the neutrino. The LLNL team is motivated and focused on developing the best technology for this experiment which is a liquid xenon time project chamber called nEXO. On a longer time scale, LLNL is also developing technology to measure the neutrino mass with tritium decay experiments. Work on nEXO at LLNL started in 2015 with an LDRD and program development funds to develop the nEXO concept, publish sensitivity predictions, explore alternatives and risks, and to build a credible project team and this effort is on going. In addition, we received research funding from DOE-SC NP and LLNL manages pre-conceptual R&D for the nEXO collaboration a portion of which is executed at LLNL. The Project 8 effort is solely funded by LLNL LDRD, and ends this year. A second LDRD effort is focused on repurposing cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy for eV-scale X-ray detection. This second effort, while separated from Project 8, still has scientific and technical commonalities with Project 8. The funding for this X-ray detection effort will continue for one more year. LLNL has a long history of building large projects, science projects and time projection chambers, but nEXO is in fact the first project of this scale that LLNL is prepared to lead for DOE-SC NP.We have the tools, skills, people and motivation to make nEXO a reality. The current program development dollars are used to prepare the nEXO concept for down select and CD1. These internal LLNL dollars pay for a number of things including project staff to organize the nEXO collaboration for the various reviews that lie ahead, to develop the draft plans and structure to manage the project as well as setting up an external advisory committee. The current LDRD is exploring alternatives that effect the risk profile as well as possible performance improvements. The DOE-SC NP base funding is targeted at simulation and analysis of the nEXO concept in preparation for the down select and refinement of the understanding of the detector as well as scientific effort on the large xenon test stand (LXTS) that will burn down one of the largest risks to the nEXO project. Lastly, LLNL is leading the pre-conceptual R&D effort and managing the funds for the nEXO collaboration. The results of this effort are reported elsewhere, but the scope of this executed at LLNL will be reported here and is primarily the engineering and construction of the LXTS experiment. The primary technical contribution of LLNL to the Project 8 concept is the formation and study of atomic tritium. Atomic tritium is necessary for Project 8 to reach the ultimate sensitivity. LLNL has considerable experience with tritium and is well suited for this crucial work. Although the focus of this work is strictly fundamental science, there has already been one significant spinoff to develop a new means to measure radio xenon in the air

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Latest Results from the CUORE Experiment

Abstract The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the first cryogenic experiment searching for $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β decay that has been able to reach the one-tonne mass scale. The detector, located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy, consists of an array of 988 $${\mathrm{TeO}}_{2}$$ TeO 2 crystals arranged in a compact cylindrical structure of 19 towers. CUORE began its first physics data run in 2017 at a base temperature of about 10 mK and in April 2021 released its $$3{\mathrm{rd}}$$ 3 rd result of the search for $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β , corresponding to a tonne-year of $$\mathrm{TeO}_{2}$$ TeO 2 exposure. This is the largest amount of data ever acquired with a solid state detector and the most sensitive measurement of $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β decay in $${}^{130}\mathrm{Te}$$ 130 Te ever conducted . We present the current status of CUORE search for $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β with the updated statistics of one tonne-yr. We finally give an update of the CUORE background model and the measurement of the $${}^{130}\mathrm{Te}$$ 130 Te $$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β decay half-life and decay to excited states of $${}^{130}\mathrm{Xe}$$ 130 Xe , studies performed using an exposure of 300.7 kg yr.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Searching for millicharged particles with 1 kg of Skipper-CCDs using the NuMI beam at Fermilab

Oscura is a planned light-dark matter search experiment using Skipper-CCDs with a total active mass of 10 kg. As part of the detector development, the collaboration plans to build the Oscura Integration Test (OIT), an engineering test with 10% of the total mass. Here we discuss the early science opportunities with the OIT to search for millicharged particles (mCPs) using the NuMI beam at Fermilab. mCPs would be produced at low energies through photon-mediated processes from decays of scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector mesons, or direct Drell-Yan productions. Estimates show that the OIT would be a world-leading probe for mCPs in the ~MeV mass range.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measurement of the 136 Xe two-neutrino double-β-decay half-life via direct background subtraction in NEXT

Here, we report a measurement of the half-life of the 136 Xe two-neutrino double-β decay performed with a novel direct-background-subtraction technique. The analysis relies on the data collected with the NEXT-White detector operated with 136 Xe-enriched and 136 Xe-depleted xenon, as well as on the topology of double-electron tracks. With a fiducial mass of only 3.5 kg of Xe, a half-life of 2.34$_{-0.46}^{+0.80}$(stat)$_{-0.17}^{+0.30}$(sys)×10 21 yr is derived from the background-subtracted energy spectrum. The presented technique demonstrates the feasibility of unique background-model-independent neutrinoless double-β-decay searches.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhanced sensitivity to trace 238 U impurity of sapphire via coincidence neutron activation analysis

Sapphire has mechanical and electrical properties that are advantageous for the construction of internal components of radiation detectors such as time projection chambers and bolometers. However, it has proved difficult to assess its 232 Th and 238 U content down to the picogram per gram level. Here, this work reports an experimental verification of a computational study that demonstrates 𝛾⁢𝛾 coincidence counting, coupled with neutron activation analysis (NAA), can reach ppt sensitivities. Combining results from 𝛾⁢𝛾 coincidence counting with those of earlier single-𝛾 counting based NAA shows that a sample of Saint Gobain sapphire has 232 Th and 238 U concentrations of <0.26 ppt and <2.3 ppt, respectively; the best constraints on the radiopurity of sapphire.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Radio frequency and DC high voltage breakdown of high pressure helium, argon, and xenon

Motivated by the possibility of guiding daughter ions from double beta decay events to single-ion sensors for barium tagging, the NEXT collaboration is developing a program of R&D to test radio frequency (RF) carpets for ion transport in high pressure xenon gas. This would require carpet functionality in regimes at higher pressures than have been previously reported, implying correspondingly larger electrode voltages than in existing systems. This mode of operation appears plausible for contemporary RF-carpet geometries due to the higher predicted breakdown strength of high pressure xenon relative to low pressure helium, the working medium in most existing RF carpet devices. In this paper we present the first measurements of the high voltage dielectric strength of xenon gas at high pressure and at the relevant RF frequencies for ion transport (in the 10 MHz range), as well as new DC and RF measurements of the dielectric strengths of high pressure argon and helium gases at small gap sizes. We find breakdown voltages that are compatible with stable RF carpet operation given the gas, pressure, voltage, materials and geometry of interest.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

First results of the CAST-RADES haloscope search for axions at 34.67 μ eV

We present results of the Relic Axion Dark-Matter Exploratory Setup (RADES), a detector which is part of the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST), searching for axion dark matter in the 34.67 μeV mass range. A radio frequency cavity consisting of 5 sub-cavities coupled by inductive irises took physics data inside the CAST dipole magnet for the first time using this filter-like haloscope geometry. An exclusion limit with a 95% credibility level on the axion-photon coupling constant of g aγ ≳ 4 × 10 -13 GeV -1 over a mass range of 34.6738 μeV < m a < 34.6771 μeV is set. This constitutes a significant improvement over the current strongest limit set by CAST at this mass and is at the same time one of the most sensitive direct searches for an axion dark matter candidate above the mass of 25 μeV. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of exploring a wider mass range around the value probed by CAST-RADES in this work using similar coherent resonant cavities.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗