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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Search for dark matter from the center of the Earth with 10 years of IceCube data

The nature of dark matter remains unresolved in fundamental physics. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), which could explain the nature of dark matter, can be captured by celestial bodies like the Sun or Earth, leading to enhanced self-annihilation into Standard Model particles including neutrinos detectable by neutrino telescopes such as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. This article presents a search for muon neutrinos from the center of the Earth performed with 10 years of IceCube data using a track-like event selection. We considered a number of WIMP annihilation channels (χχ→τ+τ-$$\chi \chi \rightarrow \tau ^+\tau ^-$$/W+W-$$W^+W^-$$/bb¯$$b\bar{b}$$) and masses ranging from 10 GeV to 10 TeV. No significant excess over background due to a dark matter signal was found while the most significant result corresponds to the annihilation channel χχ→bb¯$$\chi \chi \rightarrow b\bar{b}$$ for the mass mχ=250$$m_{\chi }=250$$ GeV with a post-trial significance of 1.06σ$$1.06\sigma $$. Our results are competitive with previous such searches and direct detection experiments. Our upper limits on the spin-independent WIMP scattering are world-leading among neutrino telescopes for WIMP masses mχ>100$$m_{\chi }>100$$ GeV.

Abbasi, R↗
DOE OSTI2024

Data and scripts associated with a manuscript on residence time distribution simulation in two 10-kilometer long river sections

This data package is associated with the publication “On the Transferability of Residence Time Distributions in Two 10-km Long River Sections with Similar Hydromorphic Units” submitted to the Journal of Hydrology (Bao et al. 2024).Quantifying hydrologic exchange fluxes (HEFs) at the stream-groundwater interface, along with their residence time distributions (RTDs) in the subsurface, is crucial for managing water quality and ecosystem health in dynamic river corridors. However, directly simulating high-spatial resolution HEFs and RTDs can be a time-consuming process, particularly for watershed-scale modeling. Efficient surrogate models that link RTDs to hydromorphic units (HUs) may serve as alternatives for simulating RTDs in large-scale models. One common concern with these surrogate models, however, is the transferability of the relationship between the RTDs and HUs from one river corridor to another. To address this, we evaluated the HEFs and the resulting RTD-HU relationships for two 10-kilometer-long river corridors along the Columbia River, using a one-way coupled three-dimensional transient surface-subsurface water transport modeling framework that we previously developed. Applying this framework to the two river corridors with similar HUs allows for quantitative comparisons of HEFs and RTDs using both statistical tests and machine learning classification models. This data package includes the model inputs files and the simulation results data. This data package contains 10 folders. The modeling simulation results data are in the folders 100H_pt_data and 300area_pt_data, for the study domain Hanford 100H and 300 area respectively. The remaining eight folders contain the scripts and data to generate the manuscript figures. The file-level metadata file (Bao_2024_Residence_Time_Distribution _flmd.csv) includes a list of all files contained in this data package and descriptions for each. The data dictionary file (Bao_2024_Residence_Time_Distribution _dd.csv) includes column header definitions and units of all tabular files.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Patch-level CO2 and CH4 fluxes and porewater concentrations in experimental wetlands, 5 and 10 PPT saltwater intrusion simulations, Louisiana 2023-2024

This dataset containes carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) flux measurements collected from wetland vegetation patches dominated by Typha domingensis and Panicum hemitomon to assess greenhouse gas flux responses to experimental saltwater intrusion (SWI) pulses. Measurements were conducted before, during, and after simulated SWI events at target salinities of approximately 5 parts per thousand (ppt) with durations of 6, 10, and 17 days and 10 ppt with a duration of 48 days, alongside a control wetland (with no salinity added, flood manipulation only). These data were generated to evaluate how the magnitude and duration of SWI alter wetland carbon exchange and related biogeochemical and plant responses. This data package includes flux measurements from the wetland surface (i.e, soil/water surface and enclosed vegetation) and from the soil/water surface only; porewater and surface water concentrations of CO2 and CH4; salinity, pH, electrical conductivity collected in porewater (at 5, 10, and 20 cm soil depths) and in surface water; soil redox potential; leaf spectral indices, leaf vapor pressure deficit, stomatal conductance; water level, salinity, and photosynthetically active radiation; and aboveground biomass.

EARTH SCIENCE > AGRICULTURE > SOILS > SOIL RESPIRA↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evaluation of Sludge Solids Returns Impacts on Sludge Batch 10 Flammability, Glass Quality, and Glass Processability

The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) is currently preparing to return ≤ 20 kgs of sludge solids collected over time from Tank Farm characterization activities and demonstrations of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) flowsheets (nitric-formic and nitric-glycolic). These sludge solids will be transported and added to Tank 51 which is currently preparing Sludge Batch (SB) 10. DWPF plans to operate the under the nitric-glycolic flowsheet for the processing of SB10. The hydrogen generation rate for the nitric-glycolic flowsheet is 0.024 lb h -1 . The addition of ≤20 kg of sludge solids returns to SB 10 does not have an impact on flammability in the DWPF Chemical Process Cell (CPC) or glass quality and processability. The relatively low mass of the addition (≤20 kg) is insufficient to detect a significant analytical change to the expected SB 10 compositions.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

SAS4A/SASSYS-1 Validation with the FFTF LOFWOS Tests #10-12

The FFTF liquid sodium cooled test reactor was built to assist the development and testing of advanced fuels and material for fast reactors. The goals of the FFTF Passive Safety Testing program included confirming the safety margins of FFTF as a liquid metal reactor, providing data for computer code validation, and demonstrating the inherent and passive safety benefits of its specific design features. The program included thirteen unprotected loss of flow without scram tests. The results of modeling and simulation of LOFWOS Tests #10, #11, and #12 are presented in this report to support validation of Argonne’s SAS4A/SASSYS-1 fast reactor safety analysis code. These three tests did not use the primary loop pony motors and thus transitioned to natural circulation flow rates from varying initial power levels. This validation activity leverages modeling and simulation efforts that originated under an International Atomic Energy Agency Coordinated Research Project (CRP) for benchmark analysis of the FFTF LOFWOS Test #13. The SAS4A/SASSYS-1 model originally developed for the CRP has been extended to include LOFWOS Tests #10-12 and modernized to utilize new code features and modeling practices. Predicted results from SAS4A/SASSYS-1 were compared to measured test data and differences were investigated. Overall, it was concluded that, for LOFWOS Tests #10-12, there was good agreement between the flow, power, and temperature predictions and the measured data.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

LLNS Request for Variance from 10 CFR 851 for Construction of LLNL Digital Infrastructure Capabilities Expansion Project

Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) requests variance to 10 CFR 851 (the Rule) for the construction of the Digital Infrastructure Capabilities Expansion (DICE) project. The request isin continued support of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) “pilot” to streamline the delivery of commercial-like line-item construction projects under $50 million. This pilot is aligned with the approved NA-50 safety approach. Experience gained in the construction of the new Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Emergency Operations Facility (EOC) under the variance granted in June 2020 is very encouraging. While detailed analysis will be forthcoming after that project is completed, there are strong indicators that a benefit has been realized by the subcontractors executing the work. The variance has permitted local/regional construction businesses contracted to Management & Operation contractor operated facilities and lower tier subcontractors to bid, operate, execute, and comply with safety and health standards they utilize in their business outside of the Department of Energy (DOE) Complex. While compliance to standards that are as safe and healthful as those in 10 CFR 851: confusion, additional cost, and inefficiencies associated with the burden of compliance to an unfamiliar regulatory spectrum has been avoided. Safety and health performance on the EOC construction project including the number of inspection and surveillance issues is comparable to other subcontractors and projects at LLNL executed under 10 CFR 851.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

LLNS Request for Variance From 10 CFR 851 for Construction of LLNL Emergency Operations Center

Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) is submitting the following variance application requesting the use of the State of California’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Cal/OSHA) Regulations in lieu of Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 851 (10 CFR 851, the Rule), Worker Safety and Health Program, Subpart B (Program Requirements), Subpart C (Specific Program Requirements), and Appendix A (Worker Safety and Health Functional Areas), solely with respect to the construction of the new Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Emergency Operations Center (EOC) facility. The request is in support of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) “pilot” to streamline the delivery of commercial-like line item construction projects under $50 million. This pilot is aligned with the approved NA-50 safety approach for the projects in the pilot. This pilot is to test and demonstrate innovation leading to a reduced cost of construction for building commercial type structures at Department of Energy (DOE)/NNSA facilities. The variance proposes to permit local/regional construction businesses contracted to Management & Operation contractor operated facilities to bid, operate, execute, and comply with safety and health standards they utilize in their business outside of the DOE Complex. This will permit compliance to standards that are as safe and healthful as those in 10 CFR 851 without confusion, additional cost, and inefficiencies associated with the burden of compliance to an unfamiliar regulatory spectrum.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Monte Carlo Modeling and Design of Photon Energy Attenuation Layers for >10× Quantum Yield Enhancement in Si-Based Hard X-ray Detectors

High-energy (>20 keV) X-ray photon detection at high quantum yield, high spatial resolution, and short response time has long been an important area of study in physics. Scintillation is a prevalent method but limited in various ways. Directly detecting high-energy X-ray photons has been a challenge to this day, mainly due to low photon-to-photoelectron conversion efficiencies. Commercially available state-of-the-art Si direct detection products such as the Si charge-coupled device (CCD) are inefficient for >10 keV photons. Here, we present Monte Carlo simulation results and analyses to introduce a highly effective yet simple high-energy X-ray detection concept with significantly enhanced photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies composed of two layers: a top high-Z photon energy attenuation layer (PAL) and a bottom Si detector. We use the principle of photon energy down conversion, where high-energy X-ray photon energies are attenuated down to ≤10 keV via inelastic scattering suitable for efficient photoelectric absorption by Si. Our Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that a 10–30× increase in quantum yield can be achieved using PbTe PAL on Si, potentially advancing high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray detection using PAL-enhanced Si CMOS image sensors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deep-blue emitting 9,10-bis(perfluorobenzyl)anthracene

A new deep-blue emitting and highly fluorescent anthracene (ANTH) derivative containing perfluorobenzyl (Bn F ) groups, 9,10-ANTH(Bn F ) 2 , was synthesized in a single step reaction of ANTH or ANTH(Br) 2 with Bn F I, using either a high-temperature Cu-/Na 2 S 2 O 3 -promoted reaction or via a room-temperature photochemical reaction. Its structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. The latter revealed no π–π interaction between neighboring ANTH cores. A combination of high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 0.85 for 9,10-ANTH(Bn F ) 2 , its significantly improved photostability compared to ANTH and 9,10-ANTH derivatives, and a simple synthetic access makes it an attractive material as a deep-blue OLED emitter and an efficient fluorescent probe.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2023

Galaxy Populations in Groups and Clusters: Evidence for a Characteristic Stellar Mass Scale at M * ~ 10 9.5 M ⊙

We use the DR9 of the DESI legacy imaging survey and SDSS galaxy groups to measure the conditional luminosity function (CLF) for groups with halo mass Mh ≥ 10 12 M ⊙ and redshift 0.01 ≤ z ≤ 0.08, down to a limiting r-band magnitude of M r = –10 to –12. For given halo masses we measure the CLF for the total populations and for the red and blue populations classified using the (g – z) color. We find a clear faint-end upturn in the CLF of red satellites, with a slope α ≈ –1.8, which is almost independent of halo mass. This faint-end upturn is not seen for the blue and total populations. Our stellar population synthesis modeling shows that (g – z) provides a clean red/blue division and that red group galaxies defined by (g – z) are all dominated by old stellar populations. The fraction of old galaxies as a function of galaxy luminosity shows a minimum at M r ~ –18, corresponding to M * ~ 10 9.5 M ⊙ . This scale is independent of halo mass and is comparable to the characteristic luminosity at which galaxies show a dichotomy in surface brightness and size, suggesting that the dichotomy in the old fraction and in galaxy structure may have a common origin. The rising of the old fraction at the faint end for Milky Way (MW)–sized halos is in good agreement with the quenched fraction measured for the MW/M31 system and from the ELVES survey. We discuss the implications of our results for the formation and evolution of low-mass galaxies and for the stellar mass functions of low-mass galaxies to be observed at high redshift.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

ML-driven Strong Lens Discoveries: Down to θ E ~ $0^{_{''}}_{^.}03$ and M halo < 10 11 M ⊙

We present results on extending the strong lens discovery space down to much smaller Einstein radii ( θ E ≲ $0^{_{''}}_{^.}03$) and much lower halo mass (M halo < 10 11 M ⊙ ) through the combination of JWST observations and machine learning (ML) techniques. First, we forecast detectable strong lenses with JWST using CosmoDC2 as the lens catalog, and a source catalog down to 29th magnitude. By further incorporating the VELA hydrodynamical simulations of high-redshift galaxies, we simulate strong lenses. We train a ResNet on these images, achieving near-100% completeness and purity for “conventional” strong lenses ( θ E ≳ $0^{_{''}}_{^.}05$), applicable to JWST, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Roman Space Telescope, and Euclid VIS. For the first time, we also search for very low halo mass strong lenses (M halo < 10 11 M ⊙ ) in simulations, with θ E << $0^{_{''}}_{^.}05$, down to the best resolution ($0^{_{''}}_{^.}03$) and depth (10,000 s) limits of JWST using ResNet. A U-Net model is employed to pinpoint these small lenses in images, which are otherwise virtually impossible for human detection. Our results indicate that JWST can find ∼17/deg 2 such low-halo-mass lenses, with the locations of ∼1.1/deg 2 of these detectable by the U-Net at ∼100% precision (and ∼7.0/deg 2 at a 99.0% precision). To validate our model for finding “conventional” strong lenses, we apply it to HST images, discovering two new strong lens candidates previously missed by human classifiers in a crowdsourcing project (E. O. Garvin et al. 2022). This study demonstrates the (potentially “superhuman”) advantages of ML combined with current and future space telescopes for detecting conventional, and especially, low-halo-mass strong lenses, which are critical for testing cold dark matter models.

Silver, Ethan [Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (↗
DOE OSTI2022

Carbonylative Co- and Terpolymerizations of 10-Undecen-1-ol: A Route to Polyketoesters with Tunable Compositions

A strategy to synthesize branched polyketoesters from the carbonylative polymerization of bifunctional α,ω-alkenols such as 10-undecen-1-ol is presented. This strategy hinges on the competitive application of two related catalytic manifolds, alternating alkene/CO copolymerization, and alkene hydroesterification, which share a common metal acyl intermediate. Small molecule model studies of cationic Pd-catalyzed alkene carbonylation in the presence of alcohols demonstrate that the relative rates of ketone formation (through alternating alkene/CO insertion) and ester formation (through metal acyl alcoholysis) can be tuned across a wide range through judicious bis(phosphine) ligand design. Carbonylative polymerization of 10-undecen-1-ol with a (dppp(3,5-CF 3 ) 4 )Pd(OTs) 2 catalyst (dppp(3,5-CF 3 ) 4 = 1,3-bis[bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-phosphino]propane) led to the formation of high molecular weight polyketoesters with intermediate dispersity (M n > 20,000 g/mol, D- = 2.6) and a ketone/ester microstructure ratio of approximately 1:2. In these polymerization reactions, deploying electron-deficient bis(phosphines) to suppress deleterious alkene isomerization was the key to accessing the high molecular weight polymer. Further, terpolymerization reactions of 1-hexene/10-undecen-1-ol/CO or 1-fluoro-10-undecene/10-undecen-1-ol/CO by (dppp(3,5-CF 3 ) 4 )Pd(OTs) 2 were also successful. Furthermore, this proof of concept polymerization unlocks access to tunable polymer microstructures without extensive postpolymerization treatment.

10-undecen-1-ol↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K2MgB12(H2O3)10 by Materials Project

K2MgB12(H2O3)10 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two H1+ and eight O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.91 Å) and one longer (3.07 Å) K–H bond lengths. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.11 Å. Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four BO4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and four longer (2.15 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.37 Å) and two longer (1.38 Å) B–O bond length. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.36–1.39 Å. In the third B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form BO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one MgO6 octahedra and corners with two BO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 54°. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.44–1.52 Å. In the fourth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form BO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one MgO6 octahedra and corners with two BO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 51°. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.46–1.51 Å. In the fifth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.37 Å) and two longer (1.38 Å) B–O bond length. In the sixth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.46–1.53 Å. There are ten inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.62 Å) H–O bond length. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.64 Å) H–O bond length. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. There are fifteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+, one B3+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and two B3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two B3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one B3+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two B3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and two B3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+, one B3+, and one H1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one B3+, and one H1+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one K1+, one Mg2+, and two H1+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two B3+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one B3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three B3+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one K1+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two B3+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one B3+ and two H1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mn2Hg(CO)10 by Materials Project

Mn2Hg(CO)10 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one Mn2Hg(CO)10 cluster. Mn2+ is bonded to one Hg2+ and five C+1.40+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing MnHgC5 square pyramids. The Mn–Hg bond length is 2.65 Å. There is one shorter (1.82 Å) and four longer (1.86 Å) Mn–C bond length. Hg2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Mn2+ atoms. There are five inequivalent C+1.40+ sites. In the first C+1.40+ site, C+1.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+1.40+ site, C+1.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+1.40+ site, C+1.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+1.40+ site, C+1.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fifth C+1.40+ site, C+1.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mn2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.40+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.40+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.40+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.40+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+1.40+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Na3(TiS2)10 by Materials Project

Na3(TiS2)10 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Na3(TiS2)10 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six S2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–S bond distances ranging from 2.86–2.94 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six S2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–S bond distances ranging from 2.84–2.97 Å. There are six inequivalent Ti+3.70+ sites. In the first Ti+3.70+ site, Ti+3.70+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiS6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.48 Å. In the second Ti+3.70+ site, Ti+3.70+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiS6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.47 Å. In the third Ti+3.70+ site, Ti+3.70+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiS6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.47 Å. In the fourth Ti+3.70+ site, Ti+3.70+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiS6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.48 Å. In the fifth Ti+3.70+ site, Ti+3.70+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiS6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.48 Å. In the sixth Ti+3.70+ site, Ti+3.70+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiS6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.48 Å. There are twelve inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Na1+ and three Ti+3.70+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SNa2Ti3 square pyramids. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Na1+ and three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the fifth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the sixth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two Na1+ and three Ti+3.70+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SNa2Ti3 trigonal bipyramids. In the seventh S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the eighth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Na1+ and three Ti+3.70+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SNa2Ti3 trigonal bipyramids. In the ninth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two Na1+ and three Ti+3.70+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SNa2Ti3 trigonal bipyramids. In the tenth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the eleventh S2- site, S2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Na1+ and three Ti+3.70+ atoms. In the twelfth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti+3.70+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaH16C4(NO)10 by Materials Project

CaC4H16(NO)10 is Protactinium structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two CaC4H16(NO)10 clusters. Ca2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.32 Å) and two longer (2.37 Å) Ca–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent C4+ sites. In the first C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N+1.40- and one O2- atom. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.35 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.27 Å. In the second C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N+1.40- and one O2- atom. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.35 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.28 Å. There are five inequivalent N+1.40- sites. In the first N+1.40- site, N+1.40- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C4+ and two H1+ atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the second N+1.40- site, N+1.40- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C4+ and two H1+ atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.01 Å. In the third N+1.40- site, N+1.40- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C4+ and two H1+ atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the fourth N+1.40- site, N+1.40- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C4+ and two H1+ atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the fifth N+1.40- site, N+1.40- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.25–1.29 Å. There are eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ca2+ and one N+1.40- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.40- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ca2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ca2+ and one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li9(NiO2)10 by Materials Project

Li9(NiO2)10 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra, edges with five LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–12°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.24 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra, edges with five LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 5–15°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.18 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra, edges with five LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–15°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.18 Å. In the fourth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra, edges with six LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–8°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.17 Å. In the fifth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra, edges with six LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 5–7°. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and four longer (2.13 Å) Li–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent Ni+3.10+ sites. In the first Ni+3.10+ site, Ni+3.10+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO6 octahedra, edges with five LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 5–15°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.14 Å. In the second Ni+3.10+ site, Ni+3.10+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with five LiO6 octahedra, edges with five LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–12°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.14 Å. In the third Ni+3.10+ site, Ni+3.10+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO6 octahedra, edges with five LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–15°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.13 Å. In the fourth Ni+3.10+ site, Ni+3.10+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO6 octahedra, edges with six LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–7°. There are four shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (2.13 Å) Ni–O bond lengths. In the fifth Ni+3.10+ site, Ni+3.10+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with five LiO6 octahedra, edges with six LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–9°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–2.14 Å. In the sixth Ni+3.10+ site, Ni+3.10+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with four LiO6 octahedra, edges with six LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 4°. All Ni–O bond lengths are 1.89 Å. There are ten inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with five OLi3Ni3 octahedra, a cornercorner with one OLi2Ni3 square pyramid, edges with eight OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with four OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–6°. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with five OLi3Ni3 octahedra, a cornercorner with one OLi2Ni3 square pyramid, edges with eight OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with four OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi2Ni3 square pyramids that share corners with four OLi3Ni3 octahedra, corners with five OLi2Ni3 square pyramids, edges with seven OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one OLi2Ni3 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–6°. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi2Ni3 square pyramids that share corners with four OLi3Ni3 octahedra, corners with five OLi2Ni3 square pyramids, and edges with eight OLi3Ni3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–10°. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi2Ni3 square pyramids that share corners with four OLi3Ni3 octahedra, corners with five OLi2Ni3 square pyramids, and edges with eight OLi3Ni3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–8°. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with five OLi3Ni3 octahedra, a cornercorner with one OLi2Ni3 square pyramid, edges with eight OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with four OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with three OLi3Ni3 octahedra, corners with three OLi2Ni3 square pyramids, edges with nine OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with three OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with three OLi3Ni3 octahedra, corners with three OLi2Ni3 square pyramids, edges with ten OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with four OLi3Ni3 octahedra, corners with two OLi2Ni3 square pyramids, edges with ten OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with two OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+ and three Ni+3.10+ atoms to form OLi3Ni3 octahedra that share corners with five OLi3Ni3 octahedra, a cornercorner with one OLi2Ni3 square pyramid, edges with eight OLi3Ni3 octahedra, and edges with four OLi2Ni3 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–6°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on OsRh2(NCl)10 by Materials Project

OsRh2(NCl)10 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two OsRh2(NCl)10 ribbons oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. Os8+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Os–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.32 Å. Rh4+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five N+0.60- atoms. There are a spread of Rh–N bond distances ranging from 1.76–2.25 Å. There are three inequivalent N+0.60- sites. In the first N+0.60- site, N+0.60- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Rh4+ and one Cl1- atom. The N–Cl bond length is 2.57 Å. In the second N+0.60- site, N+0.60- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Rh4+ and one Cl1- atom. The N–Cl bond length is 1.55 Å. In the third N+0.60- site, N+0.60- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Rh4+ and one Cl1- atom. The N–Cl bond length is 1.64 Å. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent N+0.60- atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+0.60- atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Os8+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Os8+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Os8+ and two equivalent N+0.60- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗