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At least 1,603 records · Page 89
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Fracture under combined modes in 4340 steel

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the interaction of combined modes of loading on crack instability in the presence of the opening and sliding modes of stress intensity factors, the opening and tearing modes of stress intensity factors, and all three modes of stress intensity factors. Through-cracked and surface-cracked flat and round specimens, and round notched bar specimens fabricated from high strength 4340 steel were used for the investigation. The results are evaluated to determine fracture criteria under the combined modes of stress intensity factors for the 4340 steel. These results are compared with the results of other investigators obtained for different materials.

Shah, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A review of surface-crack fracture testing

A brief historical review of surface-crack testing and analysis is given together with some examples of service failures due to surface cracks. The factors which complicate the analysis and interpretation of surface-crack fracture data are discussed. Current efforts to develop consensus recommendations for tensile testing of surface-crack specimens are summarized.

Orange, T. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Fracture and fatigue of discontinuously reinforced copper/tungsten composites

The strength, toughness and resistance to cyclic crack propagation of composites consisting of copper reinforced with short tungsten wires of various lengths have been studied and the results compared with the behavior of continuously reinforced composites manufactured by the same method, i.e., by vacuum hot-pressing. It has been found that whereas the resistance to fatigue crack growth of continuously reinforced composites is very similar to that of continuous Al/stainless steel composites reported elsewhere, the addition of short fibers completely changes the mode of fracture, and no direct comparisons are possible. In effect, short fibers inhibit single crack growth by causing plastic flow to be distributed rather than localized, and although these composites are much less strong than continuous fiber composites, they nevertheless have much greater fatigue resistance.

Harris, B.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Large fracture toughness boron-epoxy composites

The high tensile strengths of strong interfacial bonding may be combined with the large fracture toughness of weak interfacial bonding in brittle fiber/brittle matrix composites by intermittently coating the filaments before layup so as to have random alternate weak and strong regions. Appropriate coating materials enable Cook-Gordon Mode I interfacial debonding to take place, which produces very long pull-out lengths with an associated large contribution to toughness. Unidirectional boron-epoxy composites have been so made which have toughnesses greater than 200 kJ/sq m while retaining rule of mixtures tensile strengths. Similar trends have been observed for crossply layups.

Atkins, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Ultrasonic measurement of fracture toughness

Inexpensive nondestructive method ranks materials by crack toughness. Method can reduce expenses involved in conventional mechanical destructive testing and can be inspection tool in determining local variations of materials in fracture-prone components.

Vary, A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Mechanical test in-situ fracture device for Auger electron spectroscopy

An in-situ fracture device for Auger spectroscopy was described. The device is designed to handle small tensile specimens or small double cantilever beam specimens and is fully instrumented with load and displacement transducers so that quantitative stress-strain measurements can be made directly. Some initial test results for specimens made from 4130 and 1020 steel were presented.

Moorhead, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The effect of adhesive layer elasticity on the fracture mechanics of a blister test specimen

An analytical model of a blister type specimen for evaluating adhesive bond strength was developed. Plate theory with shear deformation was used to model the deformation of the plate, and elastic deformation of the adhesive layer is taken into account. It is shown that the inclusion of the elastic deformation of the adhesive layer can have a significant influence in the energy balance calculations of fracture mechanics.

Updike, D. P.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Wide range stress intensity factor expressions for ASTM E 399 standard fracture toughness specimens

For each of the two types of specimens, bend and compact, described previously for plane strain fracture toughness of materials, E 399, a polynominal expression is given for calculation of the stress intensity factor, K, from the applied force, P, and the specimen dimensions. It is explicitly stated, however, that these expressions should not be used outside the range of relative crack length, a/W, from 0.45 to 0.55. While this range is sufficient for the purpose of E 399, the same specimen types are often used for other purposes over a much wider range of a/W; for example, in the study of fatigue crack growth. Expressions are presented which are at least as accurate as those in E 399-74, and which cover much wider ranges of a/W: for the three-point bend specimen from 0 to 1; and for the compact specimen from 0.2 to 1. The range has to be restricted for the compact specimen because of the proximity of the loading pin holes to the crackline, which causes the stress intensity factor to be sensitive to small variations in dimensions when a/W is small. This is a penalty inherently associated with the compactness of the specimen.

Srawley, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Application of EREP imagery to fracture-related mine safety hazards in coal mining and mining-environmental problems in Indiana

The author has identified the following significant results. This investigation evaluated the applicability of a variety of sensor types, formats, and resolution capabilities to the study of both fuel and nonfuel mined lands. The image reinforcement provided by stereo viewing of the EREP images proved useful for identifying lineaments and for mined lands mapping. Skylab S190B color and color infrared transparencies were the most useful EREP imagery. New information on lineament and fracture patterns in the bedrock of Indiana and Illinois extracted from analysis of the Skylab imagery has contributed to furthering the geological understanding of this portion of the Illinois basin.

Wier, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Fracture of composite orthotropic plates for materials type 2

The fracture problem of laminated plates which consist of orthotropic layers is considered. Symmetrical cracks are located normal to the bimaterial interfaces. The external loads are applied away from the crack region. Three cases are considered: (a) the case of internal cracks; (b) the case of broken laminates; and (c) case of a crack crossing the interface. A general formulation of the problem is given for plane strain and generalized plane stress cases. The singular behavior of stresses at the crack tips and at the interfaces is studied. In each case the stress intensity factors are computed for various crack geometries.

Delale, F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Fracture of plates which consist of periodic dissimilar strips

In this paper the fracture problem of a composite plate which consists of perfectly bonded parallel load carrying laminates and buffer strips is considered. It is assumed that the fatigue cracks may appear and spread in main laminates or in buffer strips or in both perpendicular to the interfaces. The external load is applied to the plate parallel to the strips and away from the crack region. The problem is solved for fully imbedded cracks and for broken laminates or strips and the corresponding stress intensity factors are calculated.

Erdogan, F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Fracture and contact problems for an elastic wedge

The paper deals with the plane elastostatic contact problem for an infinite elastic wedge of arbitrary angle. The medium is loaded through a frictionless rigid wedge of a given symmetric profile. Using the Mellin transform formulation the mixed boundary value problem is reduced to a singular integral equation with the contact stress as the unknown function. With the application of the results to the fracture of the medium in mind, the main emphasis in the study has been on the investigation of the singular nature of the stress state around the apex of the wedge and on the determination of the contact pressure.

Erdogan, F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

On surface energy and the continuum thermodynamics of brittle fracture

When a separating body is viewed as a nonequilibrium thermodynamic process, the full thermodynamic nature of the surface energy induced by crack propagation becomes apparent. Within such a general framework it is no longer possible to view the surface energy as a material constant. For the self-propagating crack the induced surface energy is shown to depend explicitly on the square of the crack propagation speed. It is also shown that a separating body produces entropy even though the mechanical response of the solid may be elastic. The introduction of surface quantities such as surface energy into the continuum description of the fracture process forces a major departure from the mechanics appropriate to the nonseparating body. Local equations of balance are no longer obtainable as derived consequences of postulated global balance equations. They must instead be imposed as separate additional postulates.

Eftis, J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Fracture in macro-molecules

Techniques available for the observation of molecular bond rupture during fracture of polymers are briefly outlined. Additional pertinent information can also often be inferred from microscopic and macroscopic measures.

Devries, K. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A study of the effect of subcritical crack growth on the geometry dependence on nonlinear fracture toughness parameters

The effect of subcritical crack growth on the geometry dependence of nonlinear fracture toughness parameters was studied by comparing the toughness values for different specimen geometries at the onset of subcritical crack growth and at the initiation of unstable crack propagation. Center-cracked thin sheet specimens of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys were tested by varying the specimen length L, width w, and crack length-to-width ratio c/w. When the onset of unstable crack propagation was selected as the critical point, the nonlinear energy toughness and the R curve toughness increased with increasing w and decreasing L and c/w. However, when the onset of subcritical crack growth was taken as the critical point, energy toughness and the linear toughness values were independent of these geometrical variables.

Jones, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The role of fracture mechanics in the design of fuel tanks in space vehicles

With special reference to design of fuel tanks in space vehicles, the principles of fracture mechanics are reviewed. An approximate but extremely simple relationship is derived among the operating stress level, the length of crack, and the number of cycles of failure. Any one of the variables can be computed approximately from the knowledge of the other two, if the loading schedule (mission of the tank) is not greatly altered. Two sample examples illustrating the procedures of determining the allowable safe operating stress corresponding to a set of assumed loading schedule are included. The selection of sample examples is limited by the relatively meager available data on the candidate material for various stress ratios in the cycling.

Denton, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Three dimensional finite-element analysis of finite-thickness fracture specimens

The stress-intensity factors for most of the commonly used fracture specimens (center-crack tension, single and double edge-crack tension, and compact), those that have a through-the-thickness crack, were calculated using a three dimensional finite-element elastic stress analysis. Three-dimensional singularity elements were used around the crack front. The stress intensity factors along the crack front were evaluated by using a force method, developed herein, that requires no prior assumption of either plane stress or plane strain. The calculated stress-intensity factors from the present analysis were compared with those from the literature whenever possible and were generally found to be in good agreement. The stress-intensity factors at the midplane for all specimens analyzed were within 3 percent of the two dimensional plane strain values. The stress intensity factors at the specimen surfaces were considerably lower than at the midplanes. For the center-crack tension specimens with large thickness to crack-length ratios, the stress-intensity factor reached a maximum near the surface of the specimen. In all other specimens considered the maximum stress intensity occurred at the midplane.

Raju, I. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Monitoring crack extension in fracture toughness tests by ultrasonics

An ultrasonic method was used to observe the onset of crack extension and to monitor continued crack growth in fracture toughness specimens during three-point bend tests. A 20-MHz transducer was used with commercially available equipment to detect average crack extension less than 0.09 mm. The material tested was a 300-grade maraging steel in the annealed condition. A crack extension resistance curve was developed to demonstrate the usefulness of the ultrasonic method for minimizing the number of tests required to generate such curves.

Klima, S. J.↗