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DOE OSTI2020

CBETA: The first multi-pass superconducting linear accelerator with energy recovery

Energy recovery has been achieved in a multipass linear accelerator, demonstrating a technology for more compact particle accelerators operating at higher currents and reduced energy consumption. Energy delivered to the beam during the first four passes through the accelerating structure was recovered during four subsequent decelerating passes. High-energy efficiency was achieved by the use of superconducting accelerating cavities and permanent magnets. The fixed-field alternating-gradient optical system used for the return loop successfully transported electron bunches of 42, 78, 114, and 150 MeV in a common vacuum chamber. This new kind of accelerator, an eight-pass energy recovery linac, has the potential to accelerate much higher current than existing linear accelerators while maintaining small beam dimensions and consuming much less energy per electron.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Multiplication of freestanding III-V semiconductor membranes from a single wafer by alternating growth with amorphous graphene interlayer

Freestanding single-crystalline III-V compound semiconductors are important building blocks for functional devices due to their high electron mobilities, a wide range of bandgaps, and excellent optoelectronic properties. Despite efforts to produce such membranes by detaching epitaxial layers from donor wafers, current methods suffer from either slow processes or poor material quality. Here, we demonstrate a technique to grow and harvest multiple epitaxial membranes with extremely high throughput at the wafer scale. For this, a process to directly grow amorphous graphene on III-V substrates in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition reactors is developed, which enables an advanced remote epitaxy scheme comprised of multiple alternating layers of amorphous graphene and III-V epitaxial layers that can be formed by a single epitaxy run. Each epilayer in the multi-stack structure is then harvested by layer-by-layer peeling, producing multiple freestanding membranes with unprecedented throughput from a single wafer. Because amorphous graphene provides a weak van der Waals interface that allows peeling at the interface without damaging the epilayer or the substrate, wafers can be reused for subsequent membrane production. Therefore, this work represents a meaningful step toward high-throughput and low-cost production of single-crystal membranes that can be heterointegrated.

Han, Ne Myo↗

DOE OSTI2022

Multiplication of freestanding III-V semiconductor membranes from a single wafer by alternating growth with amorphous graphene interlayer

Han, Ne Myo↗

DOE OSTI2023

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Trends from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator: Third Quarter 2022

Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure continues to rapidly change and grow. Using data from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Alternative Fueling Station Locator, this report provides a snapshot of the state of EV charging infrastructure in the United States in the third calendar quarter of 2022 (Q3 2022) by charging level, network, and location. Additionally, this report measures the current state of charging infrastructure compared with two different 2030 infrastructure requirement scenarios. This information is intended to help transportation planners, policymakers, researchers, infrastructure developers, and others understand the rapidly changing landscape of EV charging infrastructure. This is the eleventh report in a series. Reports from previous quarters can be found in the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) publication databases, as well as the AFDC Charging Infrastructure Trends page (https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_trends.html).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Trends from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator (Fourth Quarter 2022)

Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure continues to rapidly change and grow. Using data from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Alternative Fueling Station Locator, this report provides a snapshot of the state of EV charging infrastructure in the United States in the fourth calendar quarter of 2022 (Q4 2022) by charging level, network, and location. Additionally, this report measures the current state of charging infrastructure compared with two different 2030 infrastructure requirement scenarios. This information is intended to help transportation planners, policymakers, researchers, infrastructure developers, and others understand the rapidly changing landscape of EV charging infrastructure. This is the twelfth report in a series. Reports from previous quarters can be found in the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) publication databases, as well as the AFDC Charging Infrastructure Trends page (https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_trends.html).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

NASA NTRS2004

Stirling Engine Controller

Stirling technology is being developed to replace RTG s (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators), more specifically a stirling convertor, which is a stirling engine coupled to a linear alternator. Over the past three decades, the stirling engine has been designed to perform different functions. Stirling convertors have been designed to decrease fuel consumption in automobiles. They have also been designed for terrestrial and space applications. Currently NASA Glenn is using the convertor for space based applications. A stiring converter is a better means of power for deep space mission and "dusty" mission, like the Mars Rovers, than solar panels because it is not affected by dust. Spirit and Opportunity, two Mars rovers currently navigating the planet, are losing their ability to generate electricity because dust is collecting on their solar panels. Opportunity is losing more energy because its robotic arm has a heater with a switch that can not be turned off. The heater is not needed at night, but yet still runs. This generates a greater loss of electricity and in turn diminishes the performance of the rover. The stirling cycle has the potential to provide very efficient conversion of heat energy to electric a1 energy, more so than RTG's. The stirling engine converts the thermal energy produced by the decaying radioisotope to mechanical energy; the linear alternator converts this into electricity. convertor. Since the early 1990's tests have been performed to maximize the efficiency of the stirling converter. Many months, even years, are dedicated to preparing and performing tests. Currently, two stirling convertors #'s 13 and 14, which were developed by Stirling Technology Company, are on an extended operation test. As of June 7th, the two convertors reached 7,500 hours each of operation. Before the convertors could run unattended, many safety precautions had to be examined. So, special instrumentation and circuits were developed to detect off nominal conditions and also safely shutdown the engines. The test will last for a period of 8000 to 9000 hours. Other types of tests that have been performed are: performance mapping, controller development, launch environment, and vibration emissions testing. Currently, the thermo-mechanical system branch is housing a RG-350, a stirling convertor. The convertor was used in previous tests such as a Hall Thruster test, world s first integrated test of a dynamic power system with electric propulsion. Another test performed was to conclude if free piston stirling convertors can be synchronized for vibration balancing, with no thermodynamic or electrical connections and not cause both to shutdown if one failed. The ability to reduce vibration by synchronizing convertor operation but still be able to operate when one partner fails is pertinent in space and terrestrial applications. The convertor is now being brought back into operation and a controller is in the process of being developed. This convertor will be used as a testbed for new controllers. I worked with Mary Ellen Roth on the electric engineering aspects of the RG-350. My main goal was to enhance the data collection process. I worked on different aspects of the RG-350, with a main focus on the engine controller. I drew a schematic of the wire connections in the engine controller, using PCB Express, so that a plan could be devised to connect the power meter properly between the output of the engine and the engine controller. I measured the power using two different instruments: Valhalla Scientific power meter and Ohio Semitronics power measurement device. The convertor is connected to an Agilent 34970A Data Acquisition/Switch Unit, which allows the user to measure, record, and monitor voltage, current, frequency, and temperature. I assisted in preparing the Data Acquisition for general operation. I also helped test a panel of transducers, which will be placed in the rack that powers and monitors the convertor.

Blaze, Gina M.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Reexamination of Cumulative Fatigue Damage Laws

Treatment of accumulated fatigue damage in materials and structures subjected to a history of nonsimple repetitive loadings has received a large amount of attention in recent years. A method used for the treatment of complex loading is known as linear damage rule. It was recognized that, this method could result in unconservative predictions of material and structural behavior. An intense flurry of activity followed in the pursuit of alternative methods of analysis that would predict behavior more accurately. So many methods were introduced that it became necessary periodically to prepare review papers placing all the new methods into perspective. The current integrated view regarding the state of the art as it applies to this effort is discussed. The more recently proposed cumulative damage life prediction methods are reviewed. The double linear damage rule (DLDR), which has evolved over the past 20 years, is reexamined with the intent of improving its accuracy and applicability to engineering problems. Modifications are introduced to the analytical formulation to achieve greater compatibility between the DLDR and the so-called damage curve approach, which is an alternative continuous representation of the DLDR.

Halford, G. R.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Benchmarking thermal energy storage cost for industrial process heat

Process heat accounts for roughly half of industrial energy demand, and currently 95% of process heat is derived from the combustion of natural gas, oil, and coal. Electrification of industrial heating could be an alternative, potentially expanding locations suitable for manufacturing; however, industrial facility owners may desire energy storage to stabilize energy costs. In this work, the economic benefits of pairing thermal storage with electrified process heat to reduce the average price paid for energy are analyzed. Cost savings focus on energy arbitrage, or leveraging flexible energy pricing schemes, alone. The cost of natural gas combustion across decades (2019-2060) is compared to the costs of electricity and thermal energy storage in four United States Independent System Operator (ISO) regions. Systems installed today may not yield positive net present value (NPV) compared to the use of natural gas. However, using estimated electricity prices, systems installed in 2030 using arbitrage alone could be profitable when compared to natural gas in some regions of the U.S. Furthermore, if capital expenditures could be reduced by 50% for sensible thermal storage systems by 2030, profitable systems are found across all regions. This implies that electrification of industrial process heat, when paired with inexpensive thermal energy storage systems, could be less expensive than brownfield natural gas systems, using arbitrage as the only source of revenue and without a dependency on any future policy drivers such as pricing externalities that could further incentivize the electrification of industrial process heat.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Mitocans induce lipid flip-flop and permeabilize the membrane to signal apoptosis

Pancratistatin (PST) and narciclasine (NRC) are natural therapeutic agents that exhibit specificity toward the mitochondria of cancerous cells and initiate apoptosis. Unlike traditional cancer therapeutic agents, PST and NRC are effective, targeted, and have limited adverse effects on neighboring healthy, noncancerous cells. Currently, the mechanistic pathway of action for PST and NRC remains elusive, which in part inhibits PST and NRC from becoming efficacious therapeutic alternatives. Herein, we use neutron and x-ray scattering in combination with calcein leakage assays to characterize the effects of PST, NRC, and tamoxifen (TAM) on a biomimetic model membrane. We report an increase in lipid flip-flop half-times (t 1/2 ) (≈12.0%, ≈35.1%, and a decrease of ≈45.7%) with 2 mol percent PST, NRC, and TAM respectively. An increase in bilayer thickness (≈6.3%, ≈7.8%, and ≈7.8%) with 2 mol percent PST, NRC, and TAM, respectively, was also observed. Lastly, increases in membrane leakage (≈31.7%, ≈37.0%, and ≈34.4%) with 2 mol percent PST, NRC, and TAM, respectively, were seen. Considering the maintenance of an asymmetric lipid composition across the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is crucial to eukaryotic cellular homeostasis and survival, our results suggest PST and NRC may play a role in disrupting the native distribution of lipids within the OMM. A possible mechanism of action for PST- and NRC-induced mitochondrial apoptosis is proposed via the redistribution of the native OMM lipid organization and through OMM permeabilization.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Microjet printing of metal salt or oxide targets for nuclear reaction studies on radionuclides

Radioactive targets for direct measurements of neutron-induced reactions are required to improve evaluated cross-section data and, ultimately, the fidelity of neutron reaction network simulations. Electrodeposition and molecular plating are the current state-of-the-art radioactive target production techniques, but not all metals can be electrodeposited or molecular plated with high yields. Alternative techniques can be expensive or may produce targets that are unsatisfactory in terms of thickness, yield, or purity. Microjet printing is a new, rather inexpensive technique that utilizes equipment with a small footprint and has the potential to produce thin, highly radioactive targets with good uniformity and minimal impurities from the target fabrication process. This study involved optimizing the process of producing microjet printed targets to allow for the fabrication of a stable vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5 ) target that was compared with an analogous electrodeposition V 2 O 5 target manufactured via the application of a vanadium chemical conversion coating on aluminum (Al) foil. Finally, the results from these studies suggest microjet printing could be used to produce relatively uniform target layers with adequate film thicknesses (< 15 μm). V 2 O 5 microjet printed targets, when compared with chemical conversion coating V 2 O 5 targets, appeared to be qualitatively less uniform and quantitatively larger in thickness (11.7(27) μm vs. 5.3(18) μm). However, the conversion coating target contained more impurities and the Al backing had a higher background contribution to measurements of neutron-induced reactions as opposed to targets produced via microjet printing. Overall, the results from this study suggest microjet printing has the capability to be an excellent alternative target production technique to the electrodeposition and molecular plating methods.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Experimental comparison of pyranometer, reflectometer, and spectrophotometer methods for the measurement of roofing product albedo

Albedo (solar reflectance) can be measured outdoors with a pyranometer or indoors with a hemispherical reflectometer or a spectrophotometer. The current study evaluates these methods and their applicability to roofing materials by measuring and comparing the ASTM E1918 (pyranometer), non-ASTM E1918A (alternative pyranometer), ASTM C1549 (reflectometer), and E903 (spectrophotometer) albedos of 10 roofing products, including three single-ply membranes, one asphalt shingle, three roofing aggregates, and three high-profile tiles. It uses full-size (4 m × 4 m) assemblies in the E1918 and E1918A trials; corrects the E1918 albedos to remove shadow and background errors; and evaluates C1549 and E903 albedos with two different irradiance spectra, one global horizontal and the other beam normal. E1918A albedos matched E1918 corrected (E1918_cor) albedos to within 0.036. Furthermore, agreement between C1549 air mass 1 global horizontal (C1549_G1) albedo and E1918_cor albedo was within 0.015 for membrane and shingle coupons, and within 0.031 for aggregates, though the uncertainty in the latter agreement was up to 0.043. After minor corrections, C1549_G1 albedos of flat or slightly convex tile chips were 0.032–0.052 higher than the E1918_cor albedos of their corresponding high-profile tile assemblies because high-profile surfaces have concavities. Switching to the beam-normal albedo C1549_1.5E increased the C1549 albedos of the 10 tested products by 0.004–0.054, with the largest increases (C1549_1.5E – C1549_G1) accruing to spectrally selective cool colors. Using C1549_1.5E albedo to characterize a chip of a cool-colored tile compounded the error induced by representing a high-profile surface by a flat or slightly convex specimen.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Untapped Benefits of Porous Liquids for Gas Capture: Low-Energy Regeneration

Current liquid-phase gas capture materials incur high operational costs due to energy-intensive regeneration processes, creating an industrial need for alternative materials that retain engineering benefits while reducing energy requirements. Porous liquids (PLs), liquid-phase materials with permanent internal porosity, have emerged as promising replacements with excellent gas absorption capacity and selectivity. Despite these benefits, evaluation of regeneration in PLs remains rare. In this Perspective, we evaluate the effects of solvent interactions, mass transport, and binding site formation that control PL regeneration. While conventional regeneration methods exist in PLs, the diversity of PL compositions allows for novel regeneration processes including light irradiation via use of photosensitive azobenzene-based cages, isostatic compression to collapse internal pore structures, and localized heating via sonication for gas desorption. In conclusion, the wide variability in porous host materials that generate the internal porosity in PLs facilitates innovative low-energy regeneration pathways, positioning them as a transformative solution in separation technologies.

gas capture↗

DOE OSTI2021

Accelerated optimization of pure metal and ligand compositions for light-driven hydrogen production

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a promising alternative to traditional hydrogen production. To implement photocatalytic hydrogen production the development of efficient, sustainable, and stable catalysts is necessary, and overcoming the current challenges surrounding high dimensional search spaces requires both computational and experimental efforts. Utilizing photo driven processes, stable colloidal metal catalysts can be formed in situ for efficient hydrogen production from water. When considering colloidal catalysts, stability is typically a concern solved through the addition of supports or ligands. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether thiol acts as a stabilizing ligand eliminating the need for catalyst supports while providing stable and active nanoparticle catalysts for more than 45 hours of reaction time and illumination. These systems utilize molecular photosensitizers, water reduction catalysts, stabilizing ligands, water, a sacrificial reductant, and organic solvents, posing new challenges pertaining to the optimization of multi-variable systems. Design of experiments (DOE) is applied to accelerate the understanding of variable interactions and is used as a tool to rapidly optimize the compositions of Au, Cu, Ni, and Fe containing systems. Through a collaboration leveraging computation and experimentation (both high throughput and characterizations), optimized performance peaks were obtained for each of these metals alongside distinct mapping of expected activity associated with photosensitizer, metal, and ligand concentration variations. With the highly digitized workflow, this study allowed for comparative generalizations to be made regarding photo driven hydrogen production for all four metals.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2022

Adaptive evolution of Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum to grow in the presence of rhamnolipids improves fatty acid and rhamnolipid production from CH4

Abstract Rhamnolipids (RLs) are well-studied biosurfactants naturally produced by pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Current methods to produce RLs in native and heterologous hosts have focused on carbohydrates as production substrate; however, methane (CH4) provides an intriguing alternative as a substrate for RL production because it is low cost and may mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we demonstrate RL production from CH4 by Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum DSM19304. RLs are inhibitory to M. alcaliphilum growth (<0.05 g/l). Adaptive laboratory evolution was performed by growing M. alcaliphilum in increasing concentrations of RLs, producing a strain that grew in the presence of 5 g/l of RLs. Metabolomics and proteomics of the adapted strain grown on CH4 in the absence of RLs revealed metabolic changes, increase in fatty acid production and secretion, alterations in gluconeogenesis, and increased secretion of lactate and osmolyte products compared with the parent strain. Expression of plasmid-borne RL production genes in the parent M. alcaliphilum strain resulted in cessation of growth and cell death. In contrast, the adapted strain transformed with the RL production genes showed no growth inhibition and produced up to 1 μM of RLs, a 600-fold increase compared with the parent strain, solely from CH4. This work has promise for developing technologies to produce fatty acid-derived bioproducts, including biosurfactants, from CH4.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Comparison of spontaneous emission in trapped-ion multiqubit gates at high magnetic fields

Penning traps have been used for performing quantum simulations and sensing with hundreds of ions and provide a promising route toward scaling up trapped ion quantum platforms because of the ability to trap and control hundreds or thousands of ions in two- and three-dimensional crystals. In both Penning traps and the more common RF Paul traps, lasers are often used to drive multi-qubit entangling operations. A leading source of decoherence in these operations is off resonant spontaneous emission. While many trapped ion quantum computers or simulators utilize clock qubits, other systems, especially those with high magnetic fields such as Penning traps, rely on Zeeman qubits, which require a more complex calculation of this decoherence. We therefore examine theoretically the impacts of spontaneous emission on quantum gates performed with trapped-ion ground state Zeeman qubits in a high magnetic field. In particular, we consider two types of gates—light-shift ($\hat{σ}^z_i$ $\hat{σ}^z_j$) gates and Mølmer-Sørensen ($\hat{σ}^x_i$ $\hat{σ}^x_j$) gates—obtained with laser beams directed approximately perpendicular to the magnetic field (the quantization axis) and compare the decoherence errors in each. Within each gate type, we also compare different operating points with regards to the detunings, polarizations, and required intensity of the laser beams used to drive the gates. Here, we show that both gates can have similar performance at their optimal operating conditions at high magnetic fields and examine the experimental feasibility of various operating points. By examining the magnetic field dependence of each gate, we demonstrate that, when the P state fine structure splitting is large compared to the Zeeman splittings, the theoretical performance of the Mølmer-Sørensen gate is significantly better than that of the light-shift gate. Additionally, for the light-shift gate, we make an approximate comparison between the fidelities that can be achieved at high fields with the fidelities of state-of-the-art two-qubit trapped ion quantum gates. We show that, with regards to spontaneous emission, the achievable fidelity of the current NIST configuration is about an order of magnitude below that of the best low-field gates, but we also discuss several alternative configurations with potential error rates that are comparable with those for state-of-the art trapped ion gates.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2020

Controllable Solar Flux Heating for Freeze Recovery in Molten Salt Parabolic Trough Collectors

In molten-salt parabolic trough plants, the melting process is particularly important for freeze recovery of salt that is solidified in a collector loop, should such an event occur. Currently impedance heating is expected for freeze recovery of the collector loops, but this method can be expensive. Here, a lower-cost alternative is proposed to use controllable concentrated solar flux directly from the parabolic mirrors to thaw salt that is frozen in the collector. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to explore the solidification and melting processes of molten salt in a parabolic trough receiver and to assess the viability of this concept. Results indicate that concentrated solar heating has the potential to melt frozen salt in 5.6 h, compared to that in 8.8 h for a 300 W m –1 impedance heating system. At the same time, controllable solar flux heating introduces nonuniform solar fluxes on the receiver surface, which can induce significant thermal stress on the receiver tube. A preliminary stress analysis indicates that the temperature difference across the receiver tube should be maintained below about 70 °C for heating up to 300 °C at internal pressures ≤10 bar. At these conditions, freeze recovery using solar flux heating will not significantly affect receiver lifetime. These results suggest that controllable solar flux heating could effectively supplement or replace impedance heating in the freeze recovery system. Incorporating this methodology in future parabolic trough concentrating solar power plants is an opportunity for capital and operational cost-savings.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Designing an impedance-based technique for studying corrosion on cladding materials

In nuclear cladding materials, changes in structure and chemistry over the lifetime of claddings can have a significant impact on fuel and reactor performance. Currently, chemical evolution over the lifetime of the fuel and cladding materials can only be inferred using post-irradiation examination. As an alternative to post-irradiation measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can provide an in-pile measurement of changes in chemistry in oxides and hydrides. The objective of this study is to develop an impedance based sensing technology for measuring spatial- and time-resolved in-pile changes in cladding chemistry in order to understand the mechanisms of hydride formation, hydride dealloying and associated cladding corrosion so that a mitigation strategy and technology can be developed for reactor safe operation. Two prototype impedance-based sensors were designed and assembled using Zr-4 as working electrode and Pt as counter and reference electrode. One sensor is tubular type and the other one is plate-type. These sensors will be tested in static autoclave to investigate the effects of various environmental conditions (including temperature, pressure, and water chemistry) on cladding material corrosion mechanisms. These in-situ EIS sensors would provide corrosion-layer parameters in high-temperature water, such as (1) total layer thickness, (2) the evolution of oxide structures as uniform layer dielectric or sublayer(s), and (3) the possible electrochemistry of the volume corrosion process and the solid/liquid interface, such as the cyclic nature of corrosion of Zr alloys in high-temperature water. This work was focused on electrochemical sensor development, targeting cladding oxides/hydrides under thermodynamic equilibria; characterization of samples using Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to provide high-resolution co-localized characterization of zirconium oxide and metal/oxide interface.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Thermolytic Production of Hydrogen from Glycolate and Common Tank Farm Organics in Simulated Waste

The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has performed testing to investigate the thermolytic production of hydrogen gas from organic species present in the Savannah River Site (SRS) Concentration, Storage, and Transfer Facilities (CSTF). SRNL designed an experimental apparatus to measure the timedependent concentration of hydrogen in the headspace over a reacting mixture of simulated caustic waste media and organic compounds as well as a methodology to calculate a steady-state hydrogen generation rate (HGR) from this data. Special focus was given to glycolate, which is not currently present in CSTF waste but will be contained in the recycle stream from the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) under the upcoming alternate reductant flowsheet.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗