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DOE OSTI2019

A hardware-based heat pump water heater design model for quasi-steady-state simulation

A storage heat pump water heater (HPWH) comprises a vapor compression system and a hot water tank. It can lead to more than 70% energy saving, compared to electric resistance heating. HPWH usually uses a wrapped-tank coil as the water heater. The wrapped coil has a strong interaction with the water tank and impose a new challenge for the engineering design and simulation study. Based on the US DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM), a component-based thermal system modelling platform, a segment-to-segment wrapped-tank coil model and a one-dimensional stratified water tank model were developed, which facilitates modeling and design HPWHs having various configurations and components. In the paper, the new HPWH system design model was used to investigate effects of compressor size, refrigerant charge, water draw pattern, and refrigerant type, etc., for predicting 24-hour energy factors and first-hour rating. The HPWH system model was proved to be an effective equipment design tool.

Shen, Bo↗

DOE OSTI2020

Cosmological Constant in Coherent Quantum Gravity

It is argued that quantum states of geometry, like those of particles, should be coherent on light cones of any size. An exact classical solution, the gravitational shock wave of a relativistic point particle, is used to estimate gravitational drag from coherent energy flows, and the expected gravitational effect of virtual transverse vacuum energy fluctuations on surfaces of causal diamonds. It is proposed that the appropriately spacetime-averaged gravitational effect of the Standard Model vacuum state leads to the observed small nonzero value of the cosmological constant, dominated by gravitational drag of virtual gluonic strings at the strong interaction scale.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of N* Cross-Sections from Single-Pion Electroproduction at low Q 2

Measurements of nucleon electroexcitation resonance cross-sections give unique insight into the dynamics of the strong interaction and our knowledge of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The analysis of exclusive electroproduction data is an important tool in understanding the structure of the nucleon and its excited states. Exclusive channels give a clear way to extract the desired resonant contributions from non-resonant contributions. A gap in the helicity amplitudes extracted from single-pion cross-section data exists for virtual photon momentum transfers (Q 2 ) in the range of 1- 2 GeV 2 . Using data collected by the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) detector with a beam energy of 4.8 GeV, the reaction channel y*r → nπ + is used in this study to investigate the kinematic region covering W=[1.1,1.82)GeV and Q 2 = [1.1,3.5)GeV 2 . This work expands on the previous kinematic coverage for charged single-pion electroproduction and increases the angular coverage of previously extracted kinematic bins.

Tyler, Nicholas↗

DOE OSTI2020

Monte Carlo Global QCD Analyses of the Pion Parton Distribution Functions

As the lightest hadron, the pion presents itself as a dichotomy. While being the pseudo Goldstone boson associated with chiral symmetry breaking, it is simultaneously regarded as the lightest pseudoscalar meson typically composed of constituent quark and antiquark. As the chiral symmetry shares the same global symmetry as QCD, studying the pion and its internal structure is key in understanding one of the four fundamental forces of nature, namely the quantum chromodynamic strong interaction. We study the pion's parton distribution functions (PDFs), which are universal quantities that describe the structure of the pion in terms of its constituent quarks, antiquarks, and gluons. Our goal is to discover what the available data reveal for these universal quantities, namely the PDFs. Through the use of factorization theorems and perturbative QCD, we use Monte Carlo (MC) methods to extract the PDFs from the available Drell-Yan (DY) and leading neutron (LN) data. While the DY process involves two hadrons colliding, the LN electroproduction involves an electron beam incident on a target nucleon. We can constrain well the pion PDFs at large momentum fraction using DY data, and at low momentum fraction using LN data. We also use threshold resummation in the DY process to gather predictable higher order terms associated with the soft gluon radiation because their contributions to the cross section are nontrivial. In this dissertation, we parametrize the pion PDFs and fit those parameters to the available data. We make use of Bayesian inference and use MC techniques to sample the parameter space. Three sets of results are presented. We first extract the pion PDFs by fitting the DY and LN data. Then, we include transverse momentum dependent DY data in conjunction with the DY and LN data to extract the pion PDFs. Finally, we apply various methods of threshold resummation to the DY cross section and extract pion PDFs. The pion PDFs presented here are the first global QCD analyses performed as well as the first MC extracted pion PDFs, which are at the forefront of the pion PDF community.

Barry, Patrick↗

DOE OSTI2020

Photoproduction of Cascade Baryons Using the GlueX Detector at Jefferson Laboratory

Multi-strange baryons have played an important role in understanding the strong interaction. Despite their importance to advancing quantum chromodynamics (QCD), little is known about such hyperons due to the lack of a strange probe. Almost all knowledge of Cascade baryons today stems from kaon-nucleon interactions in bubble chamber experiments performed in the 1960s and 1970s. The 1980s saw advancement in electronics and computational resources allowing for higher statistic experiments such as the MultiParticle Spectrometer (MPS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. From these previous experiments, the octet and decuplet ground states, Xi(1320) and Xi(1530) respectively, were well established with known properties and four excited states were well established. This research uses the GlueX experiment at Jefferson Laboratory to extend photoproduction cross section measurements for Xi(1320)- to higher beam energies to further understand the production mechanism, as well as to search for the first excited Cascade resonance observation in photoproduction through the decay Xi-* -> K-Lambda. The GlueX Spectrometer is a nearly hermetic detector used to study exclusive photoproduction reactions with photon beam energies up to 12 GeV. The first phase of GlueX running has recently been completed. Preliminary results for the total cross section and differential cross sections in terms of momentum transfer -t are shown within. Additionally, the first observation of an excited Cascade baryon, in particular Xi(1820)-, is shown.

Ernst, Ashley↗

DOE OSTI2022

Tensor networks for High Energy Physics: contribution to Snowmass 2021

Tensor network methods are becoming increasingly important for high-energy physics, condensed matter physics and quantum information science (QIS). We discuss the impact of tensor network methods on lattice field theory, quantum gravity and QIS in the context of High Energy Physics (HEP). These tools will target calculations for strongly interacting systems that are made difficult by sign problems when conventional Monte Carlo and other importance sampling methods are used. Further development of methods and software will be needed to make a significant impact in HEP. We discuss the roadmap to perform quantum chromodynamics (QCD) related calculations in the coming years. The research is labor intensive and requires state of the art computational science and computer science input for its development and validation. We briefly discuss the overlap with other science domains and industry.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Partial Wave Analysis of Meson Resonances That Decay K*K¯ Using Data from the GlueX Experiment

The GlueX experiment housed in Hall D of the Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory was created to map the light meson spectrum in order to contribute to the Standard Model of particle physics by strengthening our understanding of the strong interaction. GlueX is a medium-energy photoproduction experiment that utilizes a linearly polarized photon beam to create hadronic forms of matter.

Cole, Sebastian↗

DOE OSTI2021

Pair Fluctuation Effects on Quasiparticle Transport in Fermi Systems

The leading corrections to Fermi liquid theory for non-equilibrium quasiparticle transport near a Cooper instability arise from the virtual emission and absorption of incipient Cooper pairs. We formulate the corrections to the Landau-Boltzmann transport equation starting from Keldysh's field theory for non-equilibrium, strongly interacting Fermions. The theory is applicable to quasiparticle transport in conventional and unconventional superconductors, dense nuclear matter and the low temperature phases of liquid $^3$He. Validation of the theory is provided by our analysis, and quantitative agreement between theory and experiment, of the excess attenuation of zero sound in liquid $^3$He near the superfluid transition. We propose an additional experimental test of the theory based on the effects of a Zeeman field on the spectrum of pairing fluctuations for the Cooper instability in spin-triplet superfluids.

Lin, Wei-Ting↗

DOE OSTI2022

A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3

This manual describes the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator, the most recent version of an evolving physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics. The program is most often used to generate high-energy-physics collision "events", i.e. sets of particles produced in association with the collision of two incoming high-energy particles, but has several uses beyond that. The guiding philosophy is to produce and reproduce properties of experimentally obtained collisions as accurately as possible. The program includes a wide ranges of reactions within and beyond the Standard Model, and extending to heavy ion physics. Emphasis is put on phenomena where strong interactions play a major role. The manual contains both pedagogical and practical components. All included physics models are described in enough detail to allow the user to obtain a cursory overview of used assumptions and approximations, enabling an informed evaluation of the program output. A number of the most central algorithms are described in enough detail that the main results of the program can be reproduced independently, allowing further development of existing models or the addition of new ones. Finally, a chapter dedicated fully to the user is included towards the end, providing pedagogical examples of standard use cases, and a detailed description of a number of external interfaces. The program code, the online manual, and the latest version of this print manual can be found on the PYTHIA web page: https://www.pythia.org/

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Theoretical and Phenomenological Studies of the Nucleon Structure in High Energy Reactions

The understanding of the internal structure of the proton and other strongly interacting particles is at the forefront of modern nuclear physics research. Generalized Parton Distribution Functions (GPDs) are a powerful tool to advance the understanding of hadron structure. In addition to the information about the one- dimensional collinear momentum distributions of partons (quarks, anti-quarks, and gluons) known from studies of high energy deep-inelastic reactions, GPDs also carry information on the distribution of partons in the transverse plane, and allow us in this way to access the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon. GPDs can be studied in hard-exclusive reactions and contain also information on the energy-momentum tensor form factors which will allow us to gain insights on quantities like pressure or angular momentum distribution inside the nucleon. The goal of this thesis is to deepen our understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon. We investigate energy-momentum tensor form factors and densities, and all leading-twist GPDs in the bag model. This quark model provides a consistent theoretical framework to investigate many general concepts that have recently attracted interest, and allows one to study insightful limits like the large-Nc limit, heavy-quark limit or the non-relativistic limit. Another important aspect of this thesis is the discussion of the monopole and quadrupole contributions to the angular momentum density. Finally, the description of pseudoscalar meson production in exclusive processes in terms of GPDs is discussed in the Goloskokov-Kroll model and implemented in the PARTONS framework, a software development project which will provide direct support for experiments at the Jefferson National Lab and the future Electron-Ion Collider.

Tezgin, Kemal↗

DOE OSTI2022

Report of the Snowmass 2021 Topical Group on Lattice Gauge Theory

Lattice gauge theory continues to be a powerful theoretical and computational approach to simulating strongly interacting quantum field theories, whose applications permeate almost all disciplines of modern-day research in High-Energy Physics. Whether it is to enable precision quark- and lepton-flavor physics, to uncover signals of new physics in nucleons and nuclei, to elucidate hadron structure and spectrum, to serve as a numerical laboratory to reach beyond the Standard Model, or to invent and improve state-of-the-art computational paradigms, the lattice-gauge-theory program is in a prime position to impact the course of developments and enhance discovery potential of a vibrant experimental program in High-Energy Physics over the coming decade. This projection is based on abundant successful results that have emerged using lattice gauge theory over the years: on continued improvement in theoretical frameworks and algorithmic suits; on the forthcoming transition into the exascale era of high-performance computing; and on a skillful, dedicated, and organized community of lattice gauge theorists in the U.S. and worldwide. The prospects of this effort in pushing the frontiers of research in High-Energy Physics have recently been studied within the U.S. decadal Particle Physics Planning Exercise (Snowmass 2021), and the conclusions are summarized in this Topical Report.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Excited Baryon Structure Using KY Exclusive Reactions with CLAS12

Studying excited nucleon structure via exclusive KY electroproduction will be an important tool for exploring the non-perturbative strong interaction. Electrocouplings for low-lying N? states (<1.7 GeV) have been determined from analyses of CLAS ?N and ??N data. This work made clear that consistency of independent analyses of exclusive channels with different couplings and non-resonant contributions is essential to have confidence in the extracted results. In terms of hadronic coupling, most high-lying N? states preferentially decay through the ??N channel instead of ?N. Data from the KY channels will therefore be critical to provide an independent analysis to compare the extracted electrocouplings for the high-lying N? states against those determined from the ??N channel from an already approved CLAS12 12-GeV experiment. A new experiment that will focus on N??KY decays using CLAS12 at JLab will be discussed that will measure differential cross sections to be used as input to extract the ?vNN? transition form factors for the most prominent N? states in the range of invariant energy W from 1.6 to 3~GeV in the virtually unexplored domain of momentum transfers Q2 up to 12~GeV2.

Carman, Daniel↗

DOE OSTI2014

Excited Baryon Structure Using KY Exclusive Reactions with CLAS12

Carman, Daniel↗

DOE OSTI2018

3D Structure from Jlab12 to EIC

Understanding the dynamics of partons in general, and non perturbative sea, in particular, will be crucial for the understanding of strong interactions. Correlations of the spin of the target or/and the momentum and the spin of quarks, combined with final state interactions define the azimuthal distributions of produced particles. Production of correlated hadron pairs, in addition, will play an increasingly important role in the interpretation of pion electroproduction data. Studies of the nucleon structure beyond the traditional leading twist and current fragmentation, provide qualitatively new tools to study the nucleon structure and extension of large x region well covered by JLab, to large Q2 at EIC will be very important in interpretation of the data from JLab. The large acceptance of the EIC combined with clear separation of target and current fragmentation regions will also provide a unique possibility to study the nucleon structure in the target fragmentation region and correlations of target and current fragmentation regions.

Avagyan, Harutyun↗

DOE OSTI2015

Excited Baryon Structure Using Exclusive Reactions with CLAS12

Studying excited nucleon structure through exclusive electroproduction reactions is an important avenue for exploring the nature of the non-perturbative strong interaction. Electrocouplings for $N^*$ states in the mass range below 1.8~GeV have been determined from analyses of CLAS $\pi N$, $\eta N$, and $\pi \pi N$ data. This work made it clear that consistency of independent analyses of exclusive channels with different couplings and non-resonant backgrounds but the same $N^*$ electro-excitation amplitudes, is essential to have confidence in the extracted results. In terms of hadronic coupling, many high-lying $N^*$ states preferentially decay through the $\pi \pi N$ channel instead of $\pi N$. Data from the $KY$ channels will therefore be critical to provide an independent analysis to compare the extracted electrocouplings for the high-lying $N^*$ states against those determined from the $\pi N$ and $\pi \pi N$ channels. A program to study excited $N^*$ decays to non-strange and strange exclusive final states using CLAS12 will measure differential cross sections to be used as input to extract the $\gamma_vNN^*$ transition form factors for the most prominent $N^*$ states in the range of invariant energy $W$ up 3~GeV in the virtually unexplored domain of momentum transfers $Q^2$ up to 12~GeV$^2$.

Carman, Daniel↗

DOE OSTI2015

Graphical Methods for Separating Beam and Target Fragmentation Regions

For reactions involving three or more final-state particles, graphical methods can help to elucidate the dominant reaction mechanism. Van Hove [1] introduced a longitudinal phase space plot, which categorizes reaction products in terms of their longitudinal moments. We review the construction of such plots, and show how they are useful in separating beam and target fragmentation regimes. We summarize the information that can be obtained from Van Hove plots, and use these plots to analyze reactions with three or four strongly-interacting particles in the final state. As an example, we apply these methods to simulated data for the reaction ??+p???+?(??)+p. We show how cuts in the Van Hove plot can be utilized to isolate various two-body processes that contribute to this reaction. We also show how the dominant reaction processes change with the beam energy.\\[4pt] [1] L. Van Hove, Phys. Lett. B28, 429 (1969).

Londergan, J.T.↗

DOE OSTI2017

GPD and TMD measurements at the EIC: Mapping the position and motion of quarks and gluons

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is envisioned as the next-generation U.S. facility to study quarks and gluons in strongly interacting matter. The broad physics program of the EIC aims to precisely image quarks and gluons in nucleons and nuclei and to reveal the origin of the nucleon spin by colliding polarized electrons with polarized protons, polarized light ions, and heavy nuclei at high luminosity. In my presentation, I will discuss why the EIC is not only the next natural step for our field but also why it has the potential to revolutionize nuclear physics. I will focus on the study of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse-momentum distributions (TMDs) which allow to map the position and motion of quarks and gluons in nuclear matter.

Diefenthaler, Markus↗

DOE OSTI2013

From QCD to Nuclear Physics

Lattice QCD offers the promise of quantitatively connecting low-energy nuclear physics with the fundamental theory of strong interactions. Significant progress in achieving this goal has been made in the last few years, with, for example, the first definitive calculations of light nuclei recently appearing. There remain significant challenges which must be overcome to connect these calculations to experimental results, including the ability to perform calculations with physical pion masses. I will review lattice QCD calculations of multi-hadron systems, providing a status report as well as future prospects.

Walker-Loud, Andre↗