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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,603 records · Page 89
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Final Scientific/Technical Report "Arc Tube Coating System for Color Consistency"

DOE has enabled the use of coating materials using low cost application methods on light sources to positively affect the output of those sources. The coatings and light source combinations have shown increased lumen output of LED fixtures (1.5%-2.0%), LED arrays (1.4%) and LED powered remote phosphor systems Philips L-Prize lamp (0.9%). We have also demonstrated lifetime enhancements (3000 hrs vs 8000 hrs) and shifting to higher CRI (51 to 65) in metal halide high intensity discharge lamps with metal oxide coatings. The coatings on LEDs and LED products are significant as the market is moving increasingly more towards LED technology. Enhancements in LED performance are demonstrated in this work through the use of available materials and low cost application processes. EFOI used low refractive index fluoropolymers and low cost dipping processes for application of the material to surfaces related to light transmission of LEDs and LED products. Materials included Teflon AF, an amorphous fluorinated polymer and fluorinated acrylic monomers. The DOE SSL Roadmap sets goals for LED performance moving into the future. EFOI's coating technology is a means to shift the performance curve for LEDs. This is not limited to one type of LED, but is relevant across LED technologies. The metal halide work included the use of sol-gel solutions resulting in silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide coatings on the quartz substrates of the metal halide arc tubes. The coatings were applied using low cost dipping processes.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2001

Novel Vertical Interconnects With 180 Degree Phase Shift for Amplifiers, Filters, and Integrated Antennas

In this paper, novel low loss, wide-band coplanar stripline technology for RF/microwave integrated circuits is demonstrated on high resistivity silicon wafer. In particular, the fabrication process for the deposition of spin-on-glass (SOG) as a dielectric layer, the etching of microvias for the vertical interconnects, the design methodology for the multiport circuits and their measured/simulated characteristics are graphically illustrated. The study shows that circuits with very low loss, large bandwidth and compact size are feasible using this technology. This multilayer planar technology has potential to significantly enhance RF/microwave IC performance when combined with semiconductor devices and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Goverdhanam, Kavita↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Principle for Highly Active Metal Oxide Catalysts via NaCl-Based Solid Solution

Toward the preparation of industrial metal oxide catalysts, sacrificial organic templates, excessive solvents, complex impregnation, and drying steps are generally required. Here, we report a versatile rule for the simple synthesis of highly porous metal oxides with well-dispersed noble metal species. Porous metal oxides (Co 3 O 4 , Fe x O y , and Cr 2 O 3 ) are obtained with some surface areas (e.g., Cr 2 O3: 224 m 2 ·g -1 ) beyond the record value. Surprisingly, small noble metal nanoparticles (e.g., Pd: 3.1 and Pt: 3.2 nm) could be incorporated by this solid-state process simultaneously. Corresponding Rh-Co 3 O 4 , Pd-Fe x O y , and Pt-Cr 2 O 3 exhibit excellent performance: CH 4 combustion (T90 = ~360°C and thermal stability: >100 h at 680°C), hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and derivatives (turnover number [TON] = 2.49 × 104, 300 mmol per run), and reversed water gas shift (RWGS) reaction (44% CO 2 conversion with ~98% CO selectivity and thermal stability: >100 h at 500°C), respectively. Therefore, current principle via a NaCl-based solid solution could provide a solid-state, fast, and efficient route for processing metal oxide catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Interactions between microbial diversity and substrate chemistry determine the fate of carbon in soil.

Microbial decomposition drives the transformation of plant-derived substrates into microbial products that form stable soil organic matter (SOM). Recent theories have posited that decomposition depends on an interaction between SOM chemistry with microbial diversity and resulting function. Here, we explicitly test these theories by coupling quantitative stable isotope probing and metabolomics to track the fate of 13C enriched substrates that vary in chemical composition as they are assimilated by microbes and transformed into new metabolic products in soil. We found that mycorrhizal-driven differences in forest nutrient economies (e.g., nutrient cycling, microbial competition) led to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soils harboring greater micro8ial diversity than ectomycorrhizal (ECM) soils. When incubated with 13C enriched substrates, substrate type drove shifts in the identity of active decomposers and their metabolic products in the highly diverse AM soils. The decomposition pathways were more static in the less diverse, ECM soil. Importantly, the majority of these shifts were driven by taxa only present in the AM soil suggesting a strong link between microbial identity and specialized function. Collectively, these results highlight an important interaction between ecosystem-level processes and microbial diversity; whereby the identity and function of active decomposers impacts the composition of decomposition products that can form stable SOM.

Raczka, Nanette↗
DOE OSTI2022

Resonance-enhanced x-ray multiple ionization of a polyatomic molecule

Extremely high charge states of atoms and molecules can be created when they are irradiated by intense x-ray pulses. At certain x-ray photon energies, electron ejection from atoms can be drastically enhanced by transient resonances created during the sequential ionization process. In this study we report on the observation of such resonance effects in a molecule, CH 3 I, and show the photon-energy-dependent shift of resonance-induced structures in ion charge state distributions. By comparing the ion charge state distribution of CH 3 I with that from ionization of atomic xenon, molecule-specific features are observed, which can be attributed to ultrafast intramolecular charge rearrangement. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate that the charge-rearrangement-enhanced x-ray ionization of molecules, previously found with hard x rays, also plays a role in the soft x-ray regime.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1989

A two dimensional power spectral estimate for some nonstationary processes

A two dimensional estimate for the power spectral density of a nonstationary process is being developed. The estimate will be applied to helicopter noise data which is clearly nonstationary. The acoustic pressure from the isolated main rotor and isolated tail rotor is known to be periodically correlated (PC) and the combined noise from the main and tail rotors is assumed to be correlation autoregressive (CAR). The results of this nonstationary analysis will be compared with the current method of assuming that the data is stationary and analyzing it as such. Another method of analysis is to introduce a random phase shift into the data as shown by Papoulis to produce a time history which can then be accurately modeled as stationary. This method will also be investigated for the helicopter data. A method used to determine the period of a PC process when the period is not know is discussed. The period of a PC process must be known in order to produce an accurate spectral representation for the process. The spectral estimate is developed. The bias and variability of the estimate are also discussed. Finally, the current method for analyzing nonstationary data is compared to that of using a two dimensional spectral representation. In addition, the method of phase shifting the data is examined.

Smith, Gregory L.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Two decades of bacterial ecology and evolution in a freshwater lake

Ecology and evolution are considered distinct processes that interact on contemporary time scales in microbiomes. Here, to observe these processes in a natural system, we collected a two-decade, 471-metagenome time series from Lake Mendota (Wisconsin, USA). We assembled 2,855 species-representative genomes and found that genomic change was common and frequent. By tracking strain composition via single nucleotide variants, we identified cyclical seasonal patterns in 80% and decadal shifts in 20% of species. In the dominant freshwater family Nanopelagicaceae, environmental extremes coincided with shifts in strain composition and positive selection of amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism genes. Further, these genes identify organic nitrogen compounds as potential drivers of freshwater responses to global change. Seasonal and long-term strain dynamics could be regarded as ecological processes or, equivalently, as evolutionary change. Rather than as distinct interacting processes, we propose a conceptualization of ecology and evolution as a continuum to better describe change in microbial communities.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Phase imaging of irradiated foils at the OMEGA EP facility using phase-stepping X-ray Talbot–Lau deflectometry

Abstract Diagnosing the evolution of laser-generated high energy density (HED) systems is fundamental to develop a correct understanding of the behavior of matter under extreme conditions. Talbot–Lau interferometry constitutes a promising tool, since it permits simultaneous single-shot X-ray radiography and phase-contrast imaging of dense plasmas. We present the results of an experiment at OMEGA EP that aims to probe the ablation front of a laser-irradiated foil using a Talbot–Lau X-ray interferometer. A polystyrene (CH) foil was irradiated by a laser of 133 J, 1 ns and probed with 8 keV laser-produced backlighter radiation from Cu foils driven by a short-pulse laser (153 J, 11 ps). The ablation front interferograms were processed in combination with a set of reference images obtained ex situ using phase-stepping. We managed to obtain attenuation and phase-shift images of a laser-irradiated foil for electron densities above ${10}^{22}\;{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$ . These results showcase the capabilities of Talbot–Lau X-ray diagnostic methods to diagnose HED laser-generated plasmas through high-resolution imaging.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Effect of Cofed Species on the Kinetics of Catalytic Methyl Lactate Dehydration on NaY

The catalytic dehydration of biomass-derived methyl lactate to acrylic acid is a renewable route to a high-value, high-volume monomer, but achieving high selectivity and production rates remains challenging. One roadblock is that the role of the species cofed with methyl lactate, typically water, in the dehydration mechanism over alkali-metal-exchanged zeolites remains unclear. Here, we determined the effects of protic and aprotic cofed species, including water, methanol, and methyl acetate, on the rate and selectivity of methyl lactate dehydration over NaY via kinetic and spectroscopic investigations. We show that water plays multiple competing roles in the mechanism: (1) generating the unselective Brønsted acid sites on NaY leading to acetaldehyde and coke formation; (2) suppressing the activity of the Lewis acid sites responsible for lactate dehydration; and (3) facilitating the displacement of adsorbed sodium acrylate by lactate, leading to the formation of acrylic acid. The first process increases the rate of side product formation, while the second and third processes decrease and increase the dehydration rate, respectively. As a result of these competing roles, the rate-limiting step of methyl lactate dehydration shifts from acrylate product recovery to sodium lactate dehydration as the concentration of water increases.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Soft and hybrid-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O{sub 3} ceramics under stress, electric field, and temperature loading

We investigated the influence of uniaxial pressure (0-1000 bars) applied parallelly or perpendicularly to the ac or dc electric field (in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional manner) on dielectric and ferroelectric properties of selected soft and hybrid-doped PZT ceramics (1 mol. % Gd, 1 mol. % La and 1 mol. % (La+Fe)-doped Pb(Zr{sub 0.54}Ti{sub 0.46}) O{sub 3}). Applying uniaxial pressure leads to a reduction of the peak intensity of the electric permittivity ({epsilon}), of the frequency dispersion, and of the dielectric hysteresis. The peak intensity of {epsilon} becomes diffused and shifts to a higher temperatures with increasing pressure. Simultaneous application of uniaxial pressure and dc electric field (perpendicular to each other) in the poling process implies in improvement of the ferroelectric properties, indicating a new possibility for poling materials with a high coercive field and/or high electric conductivity. It was also found that simultaneous application of uniaxial pressure and dc electric field (perpendicular to each other) allowed observation of the space charge in the depolarization process. The electrostrictive coefficient Q{sub 11} and differential permittivity were evaluated from obtained data. Our results show that applying uniaxial pressure induces similar effects as increasing the Ti-ion concentration in the PZT system. We interpreted our results based on the Cochran soft-mode and domain switching processes under the action of pressure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE DIFFERENCES IN THE 16 CYGNI BINARY SYSTEM: A SIGNATURE OF GAS GIANT PLANET FORMATION?

The atmospheric parameters of the components of the 16 Cygni binary system, in which the secondary has a gas giant planet detected, are measured accurately using high-quality observational data. Abundances relative to solar are obtained for 25 elements with a mean error of {sigma}([X/H]) = 0.023 dex. The fact that 16 Cyg A has about four times more lithium than 16 Cyg B is normal considering the slightly different masses of the stars. The abundance patterns of 16 Cyg A and B, relative to iron, are typical of that observed in most of the so-called solar twin stars, with the exception of the heavy elements (Z > 30), which can, however, be explained by Galactic chemical evolution. Differential (A-B) abundances are measured with even higher precision ({sigma}({Delta}[X/H]) = 0.018 dex, on average). We find that 16 Cyg A is more metal-rich than 16 Cyg B by {Delta}[M/H] = +0.041 {+-} 0.007 dex. On an element-to-element basis, no correlation between the A-B abundance differences and dust condensation temperature (T{sub C}) is detected. Based on these results, we conclude that if the process of planet formation around 16 Cyg B is responsible for the observed abundance pattern, the formation of gas giants produces a constant downward shift in the photospheric abundance of metals, without a T{sub C} correlation. The latter would be produced by the formation of terrestrial planets instead, as suggested by other recent works on precise elemental abundances. Nevertheless, a scenario consistent with these observations requires the convective envelopes of {approx_equal} 1 M{sub sun} stars to reach their present-day sizes about three times quicker than predicted by standard stellar evolution models.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A DATA-DRIVEN MODEL FOR SPECTRA: FINDING DOUBLE REDSHIFTS IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We present a data-driven method-heteroscedastic matrix factorization, a kind of probabilistic factor analysis-for modeling or performing dimensionality reduction on observed spectra or other high-dimensional data with known but non-uniform observational uncertainties. The method uses an iterative inverse-variance-weighted least-squares minimization procedure to generate a best set of basis functions. The method is similar to principal components analysis (PCA), but with the substantial advantage that it uses measurement uncertainties in a responsible way and accounts naturally for poorly measured and missing data; it models the variance in the noise-deconvolved data space. A regularization can be applied, in the form of a smoothness prior (inspired by Gaussian processes) or a non-negative constraint, without making the method prohibitively slow. Because the method optimizes a justified scalar (related to the likelihood), the basis provides a better fit to the data in a probabilistic sense than any PCA basis. We test the method on Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra, concentrating on spectra known to contain two redshift components: these are spectra of gravitational lens candidates and massive black hole binaries. We apply a hypothesis test to compare one-redshift and two-redshift models for these spectra, utilizing the data-driven model trained on a random subset of all SDSS spectra. This test confirms 129 of the 131 lens candidates in our sample and all of the known binary candidates, and turns up very few false positives.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION IN AN X1.0 FLARE ON 2014 MARCH 29 OBSERVED WITH IRIS AND EIS

Chromospheric evaporation refers to dynamic mass motions in flare loops as a result of rapid energy deposition in the chromosphere. These motions have been observed as blueshifts in X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectral lines corresponding to upward motions at a few tens to a few hundreds of km s{sup −1}. Past spectroscopic observations have also revealed a dominant stationary component, in addition to the blueshifted component, in emission lines formed at high temperatures (∼10 MK). This is contradictory to evaporation models predicting predominant blueshifts in hot lines. The recently launched Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) provides high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations that focus on the chromosphere and transition region in the UV passband. Using the new IRIS observations, combined with coordinated observations from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer, we study the chromospheric evaporation process from the upper chromosphere to the corona during an X1.0 flare on 2014 March 29. We find evident evaporation signatures, characterized by Doppler shifts and line broadening, at two flare ribbons that are separating from each other, suggesting that chromospheric evaporation takes place in successively formed flaring loops throughout the flare. More importantly, we detect dominant blueshifts in the high-temperature Fe xxi line (∼10 MK), in agreement with theoretical predictions. We also find that, in this flare, gentle evaporation occurs at some locations in the rise phase of the flare, while explosive evaporation is detected at some other locations near the peak of the flare. There is a conversion from gentle to explosive evaporation as the flare evolves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

CANDELS: THE COSMIC ASSEMBLY NEAR-INFRARED DEEP EXTRAGALACTIC LEGACY SURVEY

The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) is designed to document the first third of galactic evolution, over the approximate redshift (z) range 8-1.5. It will image >250,000 distant galaxies using three separate cameras on the Hubble Space Telescope, from the mid-ultraviolet to the near-infrared, and will find and measure Type Ia supernovae at z > 1.5 to test their accuracy as standardizable candles for cosmology. Five premier multi-wavelength sky regions are selected, each with extensive ancillary data. The use of five widely separated fields mitigates cosmic variance and yields statistically robust and complete samples of galaxies down to a stellar mass of 10{sup 9} M{sub Sun} to z Almost-Equal-To 2, reaching the knee of the ultraviolet luminosity function of galaxies to z Almost-Equal-To 8. The survey covers approximately 800 arcmin{sup 2} and is divided into two parts. The CANDELS/Deep survey (5{sigma} point-source limit H = 27.7 mag) covers {approx}125 arcmin{sup 2} within Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS)-N and GOODS-S. The CANDELS/Wide survey includes GOODS and three additional fields (Extended Groth Strip, COSMOS, and Ultra-deep Survey) and covers the full area to a 5{sigma} point-source limit of H {approx}> 27.0 mag. Together with the Hubble Ultra Deep Fields, the strategy creates a three-tiered 'wedding-cake' approach that has proven efficient for extragalactic surveys. Data from the survey are nonproprietary and are useful for a wide variety of science investigations. In this paper, we describe the basic motivations for the survey, the CANDELS team science goals and the resulting observational requirements, the field selection and geometry, and the observing design. The Hubble data processing and products are described in a companion paper.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a leading-edge experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE-Dual Phase (DP) is a 6 × 6 × 6 m$^{3}$ liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the DUNE far detector. In ProtoDUNE-DP, the scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, we present the performance of the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system, comparing different wavelength-shifting techniques and the use of xenon-doped LAr as a promising option for future large LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and compared to simulations, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

A single-atom quantum memory in silicon

Long coherence times and fast gate operations are desirable but often conflicting requirements for physical qubits. This conflict can be resolved by resorting to fast qubits for operations, and by storing their state in a ‘quantum memory’ while idle. The 31 P donor in silicon comes naturally equipped with a fast qubit (the electron spin) and a long-lived qubit (the 31 P nuclear spin), coexisting in a bound state at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we demonstrate storage and retrieval of quantum information from a single donor electron spin to its host phosphorus nucleus in isotopically-enriched 28 Si. The fidelity of the memory process is characterised via both state and process tomography. We report an overall process fidelity Fp ! 81%, a memory fidelity Fm ! 92%, and memory storage times up to 80 ms. These values are limited by a transient shift of the electron spin resonance frequency following highpower radiofrequency pulses.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2010

Diffraction at a time grating in above-threshold ionization: The influence of the Coulomb potential

We analyze the photoelectron emission spectrum in atomic above-threshold ionization by a linearly polarized short-laser pulse. Direct electrons can be characterized by both intracycle and intercycle interferences. The former results from the coherent superposition of two different electron trajectories released in the same optical cycle, whereas the latter is the consequence of the superposition of multiple trajectories released in different cycles. In the present article, a semiclassical analytical expression for the complete (both intracycle and intercycle) interference pattern is derived. We show that the recently proposed semiclassical description in terms of a diffraction process at a time grating remains qualitatively unchanged in the presence of the long-range Coulomb potential. The latter causes only a phase shift of the intracycle interference pattern. We verify the predictions of the semiclassical model by comparison with full three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent Schroedinger equation (TDSE) solutions. One key finding is that the subcycle interference structures originating from trajectories launched within a time interval of less than 1 femtosecond should be experimentally observable also in low-resolution spectra for longer multicycle pulses.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗