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NASA NTRS2024

Multidisciplinary Analytics, Visualization, and Reporting Interface for Integrated Countermeasures

Exploration class missions will have communication latency requiring crew members to make decisions more autonomously, with less support from ground personnel. Therefore, new software is needed to provide crew the ability to not only visualize their countermeasures data, but to also derive comprehensive, nuanced, and multidisciplinary insights regarding the health and performance informatics throughout a mission. The Multidisciplinary Analytics, Visualization, and Reporting Interface for Integrated Countermeasures (MAVRIIC) software seeks to establish a centralized approach to countermeasure data visualization that will facilitate a more holistic understanding of crew members' well-being and performance and enable the development of informed and autonomous decision-making support systems aligned with the evolving requirements of Exploration missions. The culmination of MAVRIIC phase 1 (end of FY23) marked the release of a full-stack, cloud-based ground tool displaying visualizations of in-flight exercise data, exercise ground testing, and exercise MEDB reports. Phase 2 of MAVRIIC (FY24) focuses on beginning the expansion of data contents to domains outside of exercise, including functional fitness, sensorimotor, food/nutrition, radiation, bone, and cardio/vision. Phase 3 and phase 4 will comprise enhanced analytics integration and initiation of flight tool development for infusion into the Artemis Program and eventually the Mars Transit Habitat.

Kent Lawrence Kalogera↗

DOE OSTI2014

Draft Electric Rule 21 Test Protocols for Advanced Inverter Functions

Disclaimer: The following document includes draft certification protocols and should not be viewed as a consensus-based performance standard. Distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, when deployed in a large scale, are capable of significantly influencing the operation of bulk and local power systems. Looking to the future, European and American stakeholders are working on standards to make it possible to manage the potentially complex interactions between DER and the power system. One of the jurisdictions considering modifications to the DER interconnection requirements is California. To determine what changes could improve electric grid reliability and allow greater penetrations of renewable energy, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and the California Energy Commission (CEC), in conjunction with consultant Frances Cleveland, convened the Smart Inverter Working Group (SIWG) in January 2013. The SIWG--composed of state agencies, utility engineers, national laboratories, manufacturers, trade associations, and advocacy groups--provided the CPUC a set of recommendations in early 2014 1 . The recommendations included specific advanced DER functions and interoperability requirements, along with a proposed timeline, for California to add new capabilities to grid-interconnected DER. On August 18, 2014 the three California Investor-Owned Utilities (IOUs)--Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), Southern California Edison Company (SCE) and San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E)--drafted a Advice Letter filing to the CPUC setting forth revisions to Electric Tariff Rule 21 to conform to the seven recommendations made by the Working Group 2 . After a comment period, the CPUC issued an update to the IOU recommendations 3 . At the time of this publication, there was no final legal ruling on the CPUC Rulemaking (R.) 11-09-011 ("Order Instituting Rulemaking on the Commission's Own Motion to improve distribution level interconnection rules and regulations for certain classes of electric generators and electric storage resources"). In the U.S., Nationally Recognized Test Laboratories (NRTLs) independently verify products to safety and functional standards. PV inverters are certified to Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Standard 1741 4 . However, new advanced inverter functions described in the SIWG and IOU proposals are not included in this standard, so there is a critical need to develop test protocols for these functions in preparation of a positive ruling by the CPUC. Through a California Solar Initiative Grant, Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia or SNL), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI), Xanthus Consulting, SunSpec Alliance, Loggerware, and utility and PV inverter manufacturers have collaborated to draft this certification protocol for the Rule 21 SIWG Phase 1 advanced inverter functions. This report also includes test procedures for Phase 2 and Phase 3 functions that will be demonstrated later in the CSI4 project. This collaborative effort was performed in close junction with the UL 1741 Standards Technical Panel (STP) working group. This document represents a snapshot of the draft testing protocols at the time of publication and not a consensus certification protocol for advanced inverters. 1 California Public Utilities Commission, "Recommendations for Updating the Technical Requirements for Inverters in Distributed Energy Resources, Smart Inverter Working Group Recommendations," Filed 7 Feb 2014. 2 J.J. Newlander, R.G. Litteneker, S.W. Walter, M. Dwyer, Joint motion of Pacific Gas and Electric Company (U 39 E), Southern California Edison Company (U 338 E) and San Diego Gas & Electric Company (U 902 E) regarding implementation of smart inverter functionalities, Rulemaking 11-09-011 Advice Letter, 18 July, 2014. 3 J.T. Sullivan, CPUC Rulemaking 11-09-011 Agenda ID #13460, 13 Nov, 2014. 4 Underwriters Laboratories Std. 1741 Ed. 2, "Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for use with Distributed Energy Resources," 2010.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS1990

Preliminary Subsystem Designs for the Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV), volumes 1-3

A long term manned facility in space must include provisions for the safety of the crew. The resolution of this need was the design of an Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV). The main focus is on the braking and landing system of the ACRV. This subsystem of the ACRV was divided into three phases. The Phase 1 analysis showed that the use of a tether to aid in the reentry of the ACRV was infeasible due to cost and efficiency. Therefore, a standard rocket would be used for reentry. It was also found that the continental United States was an achievable landing site for the ACRV. The Phase 2 analysis determined the L/D of the vehicle to be 1.8, thus requiring the use of a lifting body for reentry. It was also determined that shuttle tiles would be used for the thermal protection system. In addition, a parachute sequence for further deceleration was included, namely a ringslot drogue chute, a pilot chute, and finally a ringsail main parachute. This sequence was found to be capable of slowing the vehicle to a descent velocity of 9 to 10 m/s, which is the required velocity for aerial recovery. The Phase 3 analysis proved that a Sikorsky CH-53E helicopter is capable of retrieving the ACRV at 5.5 km altitude with minimal g-forces induced on the ACRV and minimal induced moments on the helicopter upon hookup. The helicopter would be modified such that it could stabilize the ACRV close to the bottom of helicopter and carry it to the nearest designated trauma center.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1985

Space station long-term lubrication analysis

The objectives of this program are: (1) to perform a complete tribology survey of every point of contact in the space station subject to relative motion regarding the materials, environment, and operation characteristics, (2) to review each point of relative motion regarding the selected materials and lubricants from the standpoint of the required operating characteristics and environmental conditions, (3) to make recommendations for improvements where the lubricants and/or materials are not considered optimum, and (4) to perform or recommend simulated or full-scale tests on components where problems are possible or likely because of new designs, significant design extensions beyond current practice, or sensitivity of other components to problems with a particular point of contact. The project is to be conducted over a 3-year time frame in two phases. Phase 1 will be a preliminary analysis conducted during the preliminary design phases of the Space Station. Phase 2 will be a more detailed analysis conducted during the period when the design becomes more established.

Dufrane, K. F.↗

DOE OSTI2018

First measurements of beam backgrounds at SuperKEKB

The high design luminosity of the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider is expected to result in challenging levels of beam-induced backgrounds in the interaction region. Properly simulating and mitigating these backgrounds is critical to the success of the Belle~II experiment. We report on measurements performed with a suite of dedicated beam background detectors, collectively known as BEAST II, during the so-called Phase 1 commissioning run of SuperKEKB in 2016, which involved operation of both the high energy ring (HER) of 7 GeV electrons as well as the low energy ring (LER) of 4 GeV positrons. We describe the BEAST II detector systems, the simulation of beam backgrounds, and the measurements performed. The measurements include standard ones of dose rates versus accelerator conditions, and more novel investigations, such as bunch-by-bunch measurements of injection backgrounds and measurements sensitive to the energy spectrum and angular distribution of fast neutrons. We observe beam-gas, Touschek, beam-dust, and injection backgrounds. We do not observe significant synchrotron radiation, as expected. Measured LER beam-gas backgrounds and Touschek backgrounds in both rings are slightly elevated, on average three times larger than the levels predicted by simulation. HER beam-gas backgrounds are on on average two orders of magnitude larger than predicted. Systematic uncertainties and channel-to-channel variations are large, so that these excesses constitute only 1-2 sigma level effects. Neutron background rates are higher than predicted and should be studied further. We will measure the remaining beam background processes, due to colliding beams, in the imminent commissioning Phase 2. These backgrounds are expected to be the most critical for Belle II, to the point of necessitating replacement of detector components during the Phase 3 (full-luminosity) operation of SuperKEB

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2015

Experimental Plan for Crystal Accumulation Studies in the WTP Melter Riser

This experimental plan defines crystal settling experiments to be in support of the U.S. Department of Energy – Office of River Protection crystal tolerant glass program. The road map for development of crystal-tolerant high level waste glasses recommends that fluid dynamic modeling be used to better understand the accumulation of crystals in the melter riser and mechanisms of removal. A full-scale version of the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) melter riser constructed with transparent material will be used to provide data in support of model development. The system will also provide a platform to demonstrate mitigation or recovery strategies in off-normal events where crystal accumulation impedes melter operation. Test conditions and material properties will be chosen to provide results over a variety of parameters, which can be used to guide validation experiments with the Research Scale Melter at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and that will ultimately lead to the development of a process control strategy for the full scale WTP melter. The experiments described in this plan are divided into two phases. Bench scale tests will be used in Phase 1 (using the appropriate solid and fluid simulants to represent molten glass and spinel crystals) to verify the detection methods and analytical measurements prior to their use in a larger scale system. In Phase 2, a full scale, room temperature mockup of the WTP melter riser will be fabricated. The mockup will provide dynamic measurements of flow conditions, including resistance to pouring, as well as allow visual observation of crystal accumulation behavior.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Utility of Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) For The Rapid Manufacture of Customized Electric Vehicles

This Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Manufacturing Development Facility (MDF) technical collaboration project was conducted in two phases as a CRADA with Local Motors Inc. Phase 1 was previously reported as Advanced Manufacturing of Complex Cyber Mechanical Devices through Community Engagement and Micro-manufacturing and demonstrated the integration of components onto a prototype body part for a vehicle. Phase 2 was reported as Utility of Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) for the Rapid Manufacture of Customized Electric Vehicles and demonstrated the high profile live printing of an all-electric vehicle using ONRL's Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) technology. This demonstration generated considerable national attention and successfully demonstrated the capabilities of the BAAM system as developed by ORNL and Cincinnati, Inc. and the feasibility of additive manufacturing of a full scale electric vehicle as envisioned by the CRADA partner Local Motors, Inc.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

NASA NTRS1992

WELDSMART: A vision-based expert system for quality control

This work was aimed at exploring means for utilizing computer technology in quality inspection and evaluation. Inspection of metallic welds was selected as the main application for this development and primary emphasis was placed on visual inspection, as opposed to other inspection methods, such as radiographic techniques. Emphasis was placed on methodologies with the potential for use in real-time quality control systems. Because quality evaluation is somewhat subjective, despite various efforts to classify discontinuities and standardize inspection methods, the task of using a computer for both inspection and evaluation was not trivial. The work started out with a review of the various inspection techniques that are used for quality control in welding. Among other observations from this review was the finding that most weld defects result in abnormalities that may be seen by visual inspection. This supports the approach of emphasizing visual inspection for this work. Quality control consists of two phases: (1) identification of weld discontinuities (some of which may be severe enough to be classified as defects), and (2) assessment or evaluation of the weld based on the observed discontinuities. Usually the latter phase results in a pass/fail judgement for the inspected piece. It is the conclusion of this work that the first of the above tasks, identification of discontinuities, is the most challenging one. It calls for sophisticated image processing and image analysis techniques, and frequently ad hoc methods have to be developed to identify specific features in the weld image. The difficulty of this task is generally not due to limited computing power. In most cases it was found that a modest personal computer or workstation could carry out most computations in a reasonably short time period. Rather, the algorithms and methods necessary for identifying weld discontinuities were in some cases limited. The fact that specific techniques were finally developed and successfully demosntrated to work illustrates that the general approach taken here appears to be promising for commercial development of computerized quality inspection systems. Inspection based on these techniques may be used to supplement or substitute more elaborate inspection methods, such as x-ray inspections.

Andersen, Kristinn↗

NASA NTRS1999

Transition to Glass: Pilot Training for High-Technology Transport Aircraft

This report examines the activities of a major commercial air carrier between 1993 and late 1996 as it acquired an advanced fleet of high-technology aircraft (Boeing 757). Previously, the airline's fleet consisted of traditional (non-glass) aircraft, and this report examines the transition from a traditional fleet to a glass one. A total of 150 pilots who were entering the B-757 transition training volunteered for the study, which consisted of three query phases: (1) first day of transition training, (2) 3 to 4 months after transition training, and (3) 12 to 14 months after initial operating experience. Of these initial 150 pilots, 99 completed all three phases of the study, with each phase consisting of probes on attitudes and experiences associated with their training and eventual transition to flying the line. In addition to the three questionnaires, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted. Although the primary focus of this study was on the flight training program, additional factors such as technical support, documentation, and training aids were investigated as well. The findings generally indicate that the pilot volunteers were highly motivated and very enthusiastic about their training program. In addition, the group had low levels of apprehension toward automation and expressed a high degree of satisfaction toward their training. However, there were some concerns expressed regarding the deficiencies in some of the training aids and lack of a free-play flight management system training device.

Wiener, Earl L.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Influence of Background Divergent Moisture Flux on the Frequency of North Pacific Atmospheric Rivers

The frequency of North Pacific atmospheric rivers (ARs) affects water supply and flood risk over western North America. Thus, understanding factors that affect the variability of landfalling AR frequency is of scientific and societal importance. This study aims at identifying the sources of the moisture for North Pacific ARs and assessing how different modes of variability modulate these sources. To this end, the sources and variability of the background divergent component of the integrated moisture flux (DIVT) in ARs are identified using MERRA reanalysis. It is shown that in the boreal winter, this background DIVT in ARs is related to the outflow from the subsidence over the subtropics which transports moisture northward, while in summer it is related to the Asian monsoon and it transports moisture northwestward. This leads to a seasonal northwest/southeast movement of the AR frequency climatology. At the intra-seasonal scale, propagation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation introduces an anti-clockwise rotation of the background DIVT, with northward transport in phases 1 and 2, westward in 3 and 4, southward in 5 and 6 and eastward in 7 and 8, making landfall over the west coast of North America most likely during the last two phases. Similarly, El Niño Southern Oscillation variability also affects the frequency of ARs through modulation of the westerly background DIVT, favoring landfall over the US west coast during strong El Niño phases. It is shown that in general the likelihood of AR landfall over the western US is correlated with the zonal background DIVT over northeastern Pacific.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2012

Kansas Consortium Plug-in Hybrid Medium Duty

On September 30, 2008, the US Department of Energy (DoE), issued a cooperative agreement award, DE-FC26-08NT01914, to the Metropolitan Energy Center (MEC), for a project known as “Kansas Consortium Plug-in Hybrid Medium Duty Certification” project. The cooperative agreement was awarded pursuant to H15915 in reference to H. R. 2764 Congressionally Directed Projects. The original agreement provided funding for The Consortium to implement the established project objectives as follows: (1) to understand the current state of the development of a test protocol for PHEV configurations; (2) to work with industry stakeholders to recommend a medium duty vehicle test protocol; (3) to utilize the Phase 1 Eaton PHEV F550 Chassis or other appropriate PHEV configurations to conduct emissions testing; (4) and to make an industry PHEV certification test protocol recommendation for medium duty trucks. Subsequent amendments to the initial agreement were made, the most significant being a revised Scope of Project Objectives (SOPO) that did not address actual field data since it was not available as originally expected. This project was mated by DOE with a parallel project award given to the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) in California. The SCAQMD project involved designing, building and testing of five medium duty plug-in hybrid electric trucks. SCAQMD had contracted with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to manage the project. EPRI provided the required match to the federal grant funds to both the SCAQMD project and the Kansas Consortium project. The rational for linking the two projects was that the data derived from the SCAQMD project could be used to validate the protocols developed by the Kansas Consortium team. At the same time, the consortium team would be a useful resource to SCAQMD in designating their test procedures for emissions and operating parameters and determining vehicle mileage. The years between award of the cooperative agreements and their completion were problematic for the US and world economies. This resulted in the President and Congress implementing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, abbreviated ARRA (Pub.L. 111-5), commonly referred to as the Stimulus or The Recovery Act. The stimulus money available for transportation projects encouraged the SCAQMD to seek additional funds. In August of 2009, they eventually were awarded an additional $45.5 M, and the scope of their project was expanded to 378 vehicles. However, as a consequence of the stimulus money and the inundation of DOE with applications for new project under the ARRA, the expected time table for producing and testing vehicles was significantly delayed. As a result, these vehicles were not available for validating the protocols developed by the Kansas Consortium. Therefore, in April of 2011, the Scope of Project Objectives (SOPO) for the project was revised, and limited to producing the draft protocol for PHEV certification as its deliverable.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2016

Independent University Study to Assess the Performance of a Humate Amendment for Copper Detoxification at the H-12 Outfall at Savannah River Site

The overarching objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the copper detoxification process that is in place at the Savannah River Site H-12 Outfall. The testing was performed in two phases; Phase 1 assessed the safety and potential for intrinsic toxicity of the humate amendment being used at the H-12 Outfall, Borregro HA-1, as well as an alternative amendment sodium humic acid. The second phase assessed the effectiveness of Borregro HA-1 in mitigating and reducing toxic effects of copper.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometers (mSHRS): Toward highly miniature chemical sensors for deployment on moving platforms (Final Report, Phase I)

This report covers phase 1 (year 1) of the mSHRS project. Our ultimate long-term goal is to develop highly miniature Raman analyzers, known as spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRS), that are deployable as in-situ chemical sensors on moving platforms. During Phase I (FY19/20) funding, our team focused our efforts solely on the key innovation needed toward realizing that goal: the development of the monolithic interferometer comprising the beam splitter and gratings with the appropriate design parameters and tolerances to enable Raman interferometry. We successfully developed and characterized the performance of the first monolithic SHRS devices including a monolithic version that incorporates field-widened optics. Our solid-state design approach integrated all optical components as a single monolithic unit for maintaining precise optical alignment during sensor operation, a requirement for operating in a vibration prone environment. This project has two principle activities: (1) Design and fabricate monolithic SHRS devices (i.e. monolithic device task) and (2) characterize the mSHRS devices in terms of performance (i.e. the Monolithic SHRS characterization task).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2018

Grid Ready: Strategies for Interconnecting Large-Scale PV in New York City

This Grid Ready Solar project is intended to help create transparency for building owners and developers, so they can better understand and more quickly navigate the interconnection process for large-scale photovoltaic (PV) projects on Con Edison's electrical grid in New York City. Phase 1 of the project provided high-level technical screens of grid interconnection requirements in an attempt to streamline the interconnection of large-scale solar PV systems to the New York City grid. In Phase 2 of the Grid Ready project, the focus of this report, Sustainable CUNY worked with NREL to evaluate a range of solutions for improving the economics of large-scale (over 200 kW) PV within the five boroughs of New York City that are in Con Edison's service territory, as identified on the NY Solar Map.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS2020

Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) Test: Galveston, Texas Risk Reduction for Future Community Testing with a Low-Boom Flight Demonstration Vehicle

The Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) Program was designed to develop tools and methods for demonstration of overland supersonic flight with an acceptable sonic boom, and collect a large dataset of responses from a representative sample of the population. Phase 1 provided the basis for a low amplitude sonic boom testing in six different climate regions that will enable international regulatory agencies to draft a noise-based standard for certifying civilian supersonic overland flight. Phase 2 successfully executed a large scale test in Galveston, Texas, developed well documented data sets, calculated dose response relationships, yielded lessons, and identified future risk reduction activities.

Galveston↗

NASA NTRS2020

Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) Test: Galveston, Texas Risk Reduction for Future Community Testing with a Low-Boom Flight Demonstration Vehicle

Galveston↗

DOE OSTI2016

Carbon-Ion Radiation Therapy for Pelvic Recurrence of Rectal Cancer

Purpose: Investigation of the treatment potential of carbon-ion radiation therapy in pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer. Methods and Materials: A phase 1/2 dose escalation study was performed. One hundred eighty patients (186 lesions) with locally recurrent rectal cancer were treated with carbon-ion radiation therapy (CIRT) (phase 1/2: 37 and 143 patients, respectively). The relapse locations were 71 in the presacral region, 82 in the pelvic sidewalls, 28 in the perineum, and 5 near the colorectal anastomosis. A 16-fraction in 4 weeks dose regimen was used, with total dose ranging from 67.2 to 73.6 Gy(RBE); RBE-weighted absorbed dose: 4.2 to 4.6 Gy(RBE)/fraction. Results: During phase 1, the highest total dose, 73.6 Gy(RBE), resulted in no grade >3 acute reactions in the 13 patients treated at that dose. Dose escalation was halted at this level, and this dose was used for phase 2, with no other grade >3 acute reactions observed. At 5 years, the local control and survival rates at 73.6 Gy(RBE) were 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80%-93%) and 59% (95% CI, 50%-68%), respectively. Conclusion: Carbon-ion radiation therapy may be a safe and effective treatment option for locally recurrent rectal cancer and may serve as an alternative to surgery.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Metastable Radioxenon Verification Laboratory (MRVL) Year-End Report

This is the year end report that is due to the client. The MRVL system is designed to measure multiple radioxenon isotopes ( 135 Xe, 133 Xe, 133 mXe and 133 mXe) simultaneously. The system has 12 channels to load samples and make nuclear measurements. Although the MRVL system has demonstrated excellent stability in measurements of Xe-133 and Xe-135 over the year of evaluation prior to delivery, there has been concern about system stability over measurements performed on samples with orders of magnitude different radioactivity, and samples containing multiple isotopes. To address these concerns, a series of evaluation test have been performed at the end-user laboratory. The evaluation was performed in two separate phases. Phase 1 made measurements on isotopically pure Xe-133 from high radioactivity down to the system background levels of activity, addressing the potential count rate dependencies when activities change from extreme high to very low. The second phase performed measurements on samples containing multiple isotopes (Xe-135, Xe-133 and Xe-133m), and addressed concerns about the dependence of isotopic concentrations on the presence of additional isotopes. The MRVL showed a concentration dependence on the Xe-133 due to the amount of Xe-133m that was in the sample. The dependency is due to the decay of Xe-133m into Xe-133. This document focuses on the second phase and will address the analysis used to account for ingrowth of Xe-133 from Xe-133m.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗