SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “mass function”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,585 records · Page 88

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2017

Liquid-gas phase transitions and C K symmetry in quantum field theories

A general field-theoretic framework for the treatment of liquid-gas phase transitions is developed. Starting from a fundamental four-dimensional field theory at nonzero temperature and density, an effective three-dimensional field theory is derived. The effective field theory has a sign problem at finite density. Although finite density explicitly breaks charge conjugation C , there remains a symmetry under C K , where K is complex conjugation. Here, we consider four models: relativistic fermions, nonrelativistic fermions, static fermions and classical particles. The interactions are via an attractive potential due to scalar field exchange and a repulsive potential due to massive vector exchange. The field-theoretic representation of the partition function is closely related to the equivalence of the sine-Gordon field theory with a classical gas. The thermodynamic behavior is extracted from C K -symmetric complex saddle points of the effective field theory at tree level. In the cases of nonrelativistic fermions and classical particles, we find complex saddle point solutions but no first-order transitions, and neither model has a ground state at tree level. The relativistic and static fermions show a liquid-gas transition at tree level in the effective field theory. The liquid-gas transition, when it occurs, manifests as a first-order line at low temperature and high density, terminated by a critical end point. The mass matrix controlling the behavior of correlation functions is obtained from fluctuations around the saddle points. Due to the C K symmetry of the models, the eigenvalues of the mass matrix are not always real but can be complex. This then leads to the existence of disorder lines, which mark the boundaries where the eigenvalues go from purely real to complex. The regions where the mass matrix eigenvalues are complex are associated with the critical line. In the case of static fermions, a powerful duality between particles and holes allows for the analytic determination of both the critical line and the disorder lines. Depending on the values of the parameters, either zero, one, or two disorder lines are found. Our numerical results for relativistic fermions give a very similar picture.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Encapsulation of highly viscous CO 2 capture solvents for enhanced capture kinetics: Modeling investigation of mass transfer mechanisms

The encapsulation of highly viscous liquid-like Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials (NOHMs) inside a gas permeable polymer to form SIPs (Solvent Impregnated Polymers) significantly enhanced the CO 2 capture kinetics of NOHMs, leading to a remarkable 50-fold increase in CO 2 flux compared to the neat NOHMs. To understand the mechanism for enhanced CO 2 mass transfer within these hybrid materials, kinetic modeling of CO 2 uptake into SIPs containing polyethylenimine functionalized NOHMs, denoted NPEI-SIP, was conducted. CO 2 mass transfer into NPEI-SIP films was found to conform, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with a diffusion-controlled moving front model. The diffusion-controlled model was also used to simulate CO 2 uptake within a fixed bed containing polydisperse NPEI-SIP particles, and this model accurately predicted experimentally measured breakthrough curves at 25 °C and 50 °C. The 50-fold increase in gas flux was shown to be a consequence of the very large CO 2 permeability within the polymer–solvent composite. Furthermore, the increase in gas flux is also dependent on the diffusion–reaction regime in which the chemical solvent operates, and the largest improvement will occur when immobilizing solvents, such as NOHMs, which operate in the instantaneous-reaction regime. The CO 2 capacity (~3 mol CO 2 /kg) and saturation time (~5 min) of 430 μm SIP particles were comparable to popular CO 2 chemisorption materials such as amine grafted silicates, in spite of the slow kinetics of NOHM-I-PEI in liquid form (CO 2 saturation time ~24 h for a 1 mm thin film).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Predicting the stability of atom-like and molecule-like unit-charge Coulomb three-particle systems

Non-relativistic quantum chemical calculations of the particle mass, m{sub 2}{sup ±}, corresponding to the dissociation threshold in a range of Coulomb three-particle systems of the form (m{sub 1}{sup ±}m{sub 2}{sup ±}m{sub 3}{sup ∓}), are performed variationally using a series solution method with a Laguerre-based wavefunction. These masses are used to calculate an accurate stability boundary, i.e., the line that separates the stability domain from the instability domains, in a reciprocal mass fraction ternary diagram. This result is compared to a lower bound to the stability domain derived from symmetric systems and reveals the importance of the asymmetric (mass-symmetry breaking) terms in the Hamiltonian at dissociation. A functional fit to the stability boundary data provides a simple analytical expression for calculating the minimum mass of a third particle required for stable binding to a two-particle system, i.e., for predicting the bound state stability of any unit-charge three-particle system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Anisotropic hybridization in CeRhSn

The optical conductivity σ⁡(ω, T) of CeRhSn was studied by broadband infrared spectroscopy. Temperature-dependent spectral weight transfer occurs over high energy (0.8 eV) and temperature (~500 K) scales, classifying CeRhSn as a mixed-valent compound. The optical conductivity reveals a substantial anisotropy in the electronic structure. Renormalization of σ⁡(ω, T) occurs as a function of temperature to a coherent Kondo state with concomitant effective mass generation. Associated spectroscopic signatures were reproduced remarkably well by the combination of density functional theory and dynamical mean-field theory using a momentum-independent self-energy. The theory shows that the anisotropy for energies > 10 meV is mainly driven by the bare three-dimensional electronic structure that is renormalized by local electronic correlations. The possible influence of magnetic frustration and quantum criticality is restricted to lower energies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Double-Wiebe Function for Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using Reformate Diesel

Abstract Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion has previously been proposed as a method to achieve high fuel conversion efficiency and reduce engine emissions. A single-fuel RCCI combustion strategy can have decreased fuel system complexity by using a reformate fuel for port fuel injection and the parent fuel (diesel) for direct injection. This paper presents a one-dimensional computational model of a compression ignition engine with single-fuel RCCI. A Wiebe function is used to predict the combustion process by representing the mass fraction burned (MFB) on a crank angle resolved basis. One single-Wiebe function (SWF) and two double-Wiebe functions(DWFs) were fitted to experimentally derive MFB data using the least-square method. The fitted results were compared with MFBs calculated from experimental data to verify the accuracy. The SWF did not fully capture the MFB curve with high fidelity while the detailed DWF captured the MFB curve within a root mean square error of 1.4%. The reduced double-Wiebe function (RDWF) also resulted in a predicted combustion profile with similar accuracy. Hence, the RDWF was used in a GT-power thermodynamic study to understand the effects of the low-temperature heat release (LTHR) fraction and combustion phasing on combustion characteristics. At optimum phasing of 5–10 crank angle degree after the top dead center, increasing the LTHR fraction from 20% to 60% resulted in the fuel conversion efficiency increasing from 39.5% to 41.1%, thus suggesting that the reformate fuel-based RCCI strategy is viable to unlock improved combustion performance.

Energy & Fuels↗

DOE OSTI2015

A New Approach to Reduce Uncertainties in Space Radiation Cancer Risk Predictions

The prediction of space radiation induced cancer risk carries large uncertainties with two of the largest uncertainties being radiation quality and dose-rate effects. In risk models the ratio of the quality factor (QF) to the dose and dose-rate reduction effectiveness factor (DDREF) parameter is used to scale organ doses for cosmic ray proton and high charge and energy (HZE) particles to a hazard rate for γ-rays derived from human epidemiology data. In previous work, particle track structure concepts were used to formulate a space radiation QF function that is dependent on particle charge number Z, and kinetic energy per atomic mass unit, E. QF uncertainties where represented by subjective probability distribution functions (PDF) for the three QF parameters that described its maximum value and shape parameters for Z and E dependences. Here I report on an analysis of a maximum QF parameter and its uncertainty using mouse tumor induction data. Because experimental data for risks at low doses of γ-rays are highly uncertain which impacts estimates of maximum values of relative biological effectiveness (RBE max ), I developed an alternate QF model, denoted QF γAcute where QFs are defined relative to higher acute γ-ray doses (0.5 to 3 Gy). The alternate model reduces the dependence of risk projections on the DDREF, however a DDREF is still needed for risk estimates for high-energy protons and other primary or secondary sparsely ionizing space radiation components. Risk projections (upper confidence levels (CL)) for space missions show a reduction of about 40% (CL~50%) using the QF γAcute model compared the QFs based on RBE max and about 25% (CL~35%) compared to previous estimates. In addition, I discuss how a possible qualitative difference leading to increased tumor lethality for HZE particles compared to low LET radiation and background tumors remains a large uncertainty in risk estimates.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

Alicyclic carboxylic acids in soil humic acid as detected with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and multi-dimensional NMR

It has been well accepted that humic acids in soils comprise both aromatic and aliphatic structural units that harbor mainly oxygenated functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, and hydroxyl groups. Recent mass spectral data obtained from electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICRMS) suggest that the main functional groups in humic acids are carboxylic acids bound to both alicyclic and condensed aromatic molecules. It was suggested that these structural entities originate from oxidation of lignin. To provide additional support, detailed structural characteristics were obtained here using several multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to observe the molecular connectivity of humic acid components, with a focus on carboxylic acids in particular. The humic acid sample examined had been shown to exhibit structural characteristics similar to a larger set of soil humic acids. Here in this study, many carboxylic acid resonances were found to correlate with protons that could be assigned to aliphatic and alicyclic chemical shift regions. Functional groups with heteroatoms such as alcohols, some olefins and an assortment of methyl groups were found to correlate within 2–3 bonds of carboxylic acid groups. The collection of structural components and their proximity to a variety of carboxylic groups supports the occurrence of carboxylated alicyclic molecules as important elements of the aliphatic portion of soil humic acids and a pathway from lignin is consistent with recent findings.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2016

Decay constants $f_B$ and $f_{B_s}$ and quark masses $m_b$ and $m_c$ from HISQ simulations

We present a progress report on our calculation of the decay constants $f_B$ and $f_{B_s}$ from lattice-QCD simulations with highly-improved staggered quarks. Simulations are carried out with several heavy valence-quark masses on $(2+1+1)$-flavor ensembles that include charm sea quarks. We include data at six lattice spacings and several light sea-quark masses, including an approximately physical-mass ensemble at all but the smallest lattice spacing, 0.03 fm. This range of parameters provides excellent control of the continuum extrapolation to zero lattice spacing and of heavy-quark discretization errors. Finally, using the heavy-quark effective theory expansion we present a method of extracting from the same correlation functions the charm- and bottom-quark masses as well as some low-energy constants appearing in the heavy-quark expansion.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Extracting the effective mass of electrons in transparent conductive oxide thin films using Seebeck coefficient

A method is proposed that combines Seebeck coefficient and carrier concentration to determine the electron effective mass of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films. Experiments were conducted to test the validity of this approach on the transparent conductive Ga-doped ZnO thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering. An evident agreement of the calculated electron effective mass of the films is observed between the proposed approach and the previous studies. Besides, the optical carrier concentration and mobility derived from the calculated electron effective mass and spectroscopic ellipsometry using a complex dielectric function are consistent with those from direct Hall-effect measurement. The agreements suggest that Seebeck coefficient can serve as an alternative tool for extracting the effective mass of electrons in TCO films.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2022

A galaxy-driven model of type Ia supernova luminosity variations

ABSTRACT Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are used as standardizable candles to measure cosmological distances, but differences remain in their corrected luminosities which display a magnitude step as a function of host galaxy properties such as stellar mass and rest-frame U−R colour. Identifying the cause of these steps is key to cosmological analyses and provides insight into SN physics. Here we investigate the effects of SN progenitor ages on their light-curve properties using a galaxy-based forward model that we compare to the Dark Energy Survey 5-yr SN Ia sample. We trace SN Ia progenitors through time and draw their light-curve width parameters from a bimodal distribution according to their age. We find that an intrinsic luminosity difference between SNe of different ages cannot explain the observed trend between step size and SN colour. The data split by stellar mass are better reproduced by following recent work implementing a step in total-to-selective dust extinction ratio (RV) between low- and high-mass hosts, although an additional intrinsic luminosity step is still required to explain the data split by host galaxy U−R. Modelling the RV step as a function of galaxy age provides a better match overall. Additional age versus luminosity steps marginally improve the match to the data, although most of the step is absorbed by the width versus luminosity coefficient α. Furthermore, we find no evidence that α varies with SN age.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Measurements of normalized differential cross sections for t t ¯ production in p p collisions at ( s ) = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

We present measurements of normalized differential cross sections for top-quark pair production as a function of the top-quark transverse momentum, and of the mass, transverse momentum, and rapidity of the $t\bar{t}$ system, in proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √ s=7 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb ₋1 , recorded in 2011 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events are selected in the lepton + jets channel, requiring exactly one lepton and at least four jets with at least one of the jets tagged as originating from a b-quark. The measured spectra are corrected for detector efficiency and resolution effects and are compared to several Monte Carlo simulations and theory calculations. The results are in fair agreement with the predictions in a wide kinematic range. Nevertheless, data distributions are softer than predicted for higher values of the mass of the $t\bar{t}$ system and of the top-quark transverse momentum. Lastly, the measurements can also discriminate among different sets of parton distribution functions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2018

A maximum entropy principle for inferring the distribution of 3D plasmoids

The principle of maximum entropy, a powerful and general method for inferring the distribution function given a set of constraints, is applied to deduce the overall distribution of 3D plasmoids (flux ropes/tubes) for systems where resistive MHD is applicable and large numbers of plasmoids are produced. The analysis is undertaken for the 3D case, with mass, total flux, and velocity serving as the variables of interest, on account of their physical and observational relevance. The distribution functions for the mass, width, total flux, and helicity exhibit a power-law behavior with exponents of -4/3, -2, -3, and -2, respectively, for small values, whilst all of them display an exponential falloff for large values. In contrast, the velocity distribution, as a function of v=|v|, is shown to be flat for v→0, and becomes a power law with an exponent of -7/3 for v→∞. Most of these results are nearly independent of the free parameters involved in this specific problem. In conclusion, a preliminary comparison of our results with the observational evidence is presented, and some of the ensuing space and astrophysical implications are briefly discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

The effect of functional unit and co-product handling methods on life cycle assessment of an algal biorefinery

Microalgae are a promising feedstock for sustainable fuel and nutritional products. To be economically viable, algal biorefineries will need to produce multiple products, such as nutraceuticals and animal feed, in addition to fuel. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been applied widely to algal biorefineries, but results vary across studies. Here we address two methodological challenges that can lead to variability in LCAs of multi-product algal biorefineries: the choice of functional unit and the method used to handle co-products. LCA was conducted for an algal biorefinery that produces two representative products—fuel and animal feed—using three functional units: (1) 1 MJ fuel, (2) 1 kg animal feed, and (3) 1 ha of production area, coupled with the system expansion method. For the fuel-based functional unit, the system expansion method was compared to impact allocation based on mass, energy, and market value of the biorefinery products. The choice of functional unit affects the results for several environmental indicators. For ecosystem quality, the choice of functional unit can change the overall balance of environmental impacts from harmful to beneficial. The effect of functional unit on climate change depends on the boundary considered in the model—i.e., “well to gate” or “well to wheels”. When a fuel-based functional unit is used, the choice of co-product handling method (i.e., allocation versus the system expansion method) affects environmental impacts, such as ecosystem quality and climate change, differently. For LCAs that use a fuel-based functional unit to compare algal biofuel to other fuels, multiple co-product handling methods should be analyzed and presented to stakeholders. A land based functional unit coupled with the system expansion method can be used to improve LCAs that compare among multi-product algal biorefineries.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2015

AN INCREASE IN THE MASS OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS AROUND LOWER-MASS STARS

Trends in the planet population with host star mass provide an avenue to constrain planet formation theories. We derive the planet radius distribution function for Kepler stars of different spectral types, sampling a range in host star masses. We find that M dwarf stars have 3.5 times more small planets (1.0–2.8 R{sub ⨁}) than main-sequence FGK stars, but two times fewer Neptune-sized and larger (>2.8 R{sub ⨁}) planets. We find no systematic trend in the planet size distribution between spectral types F, G, and K to explain the increasing occurrence rates. Taking into account the mass–radius relationship and heavy-element mass of observed exoplanets, and assuming those are independent of spectral type, we derive the inventory of the heavy-element mass locked up in exoplanets at short orbits. The overall higher planet occurrence rates around M stars are not consistent with the redistribution of the same mass into more, smaller planets. At the orbital periods and planet radii where Kepler observations are complete for all spectral types, the average heavy-element mass locked up in exoplanets increases roughly inversely with stellar mass from 4 M{sub ⨁} in F stars to 5 M{sub ⨁} in G and K stars to 7 M{sub ⨁} in M stars. This trend stands in stark contrast with observed protoplanetary disk masses that decrease toward lower mass stars, and provides a challenge for current planet formation models. Neither models of in situ formation nor migration of fully formed planets are consistent with these results. Instead, these results are indicative of large-scale inward migration of planetary building blocks—either through type-I migration or radial drift of dust grains—that is more efficient for lower mass stars, but does not result in significantly larger or smaller planets.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Lattice Gauge Theories Within and Beyond the Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics has been very successful in describing fundamental interactions up to the highest energies currently probed in particle accelerator experiments. However, the Standard Model is incomplete and currently exhibits tension with experimental data for interactions involving $B$~mesons. Consequently, $B$-meson physics is of great interest to both experimentalists and theorists. Experimentalists worldwide are studying the decay and mixing processes of $B$~mesons in particle accelerators. Theorists are working to understand the data by employing lattice gauge theories within and beyond the Standard Model. This work addresses the theoretical effort and is divided into two main parts. In the first part, I present a lattice-QCD calculation of form factors for exclusive semileptonic decays of $B$~mesons that are mediated by both charged currents ($B \to \pi \ell \nu$, $B_s \to K \ell \nu$) and neutral currents ($B \to \pi \ell^+ \ell^-$, $B \to K \ell ^+ \ell^-$). The results are important for constraining or revealing physics beyond the Standard Model. This work uses MILC's (2+1+1)-flavor ensembles, with the HISQ action for the up, down, strange, and charm sea and valence quarks, and the clover action in the Fermilab interpretation for the $b$~quark. Simulations are carried out on five ensembles at three lattice spacings down to $\approx 0.088$~fm, with both physical and unphysical sea-quark masses. I present results for correlation-function fits and describe the chiral-continuum extrapolation and $z$~expansion of the form factors. In the second part, I present the status of an ongoing lattice calculation of $SU(3)$ gauge theory with eight and 12 fundamental fermions, in which I search for the endpoint of the line of first-order phase transitions in the mass--coupling plane. The results are important for understanding the phase diagram of these models, with possible applications to physics beyond the Standard Model. This work uses the staggered action and the nHYP-improved stagge! red action for the fermions, as well as the Wilson action in the fundamental and fundamental--adjoint representations for the gauge bosons. With the unimproved actions, I present results for a small lattice and describe the ongoing effort on larger lattices. I also discuss the shift symmetry on lattices with and without improved actions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Method and apparatus for monitoring a hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reduction device

A method for monitoring a hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reactor device of an exhaust aftertreatment system of an internal combustion engine operating lean of stoichiometry includes injecting a reductant into an exhaust gas feedstream upstream of the hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reactor device at a predetermined mass flowrate of the reductant, and determining a space velocity associated with a predetermined forward portion of the hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reactor device. When the space velocity exceeds a predetermined threshold space velocity, a temperature differential across the predetermined forward portion of the hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reactor device is determined, and a threshold temperature as a function of the space velocity and the mass flowrate of the reductant is determined. If the temperature differential across the predetermined forward portion of the hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reactor device is below the threshold temperature, operation of the engine is controlled to regenerate the hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reactor device.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Search for high-mass resonances in final states with a τ-lepton and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector

A search for high-mass resonances decaying into a τ-lepton and a neutrino using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV is presented. The full run 2 data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb -1 recorded by the ATLAS experiment in the years 2015–2018 is analyzed. The τ-lepton is reconstructed in its hadronic decay modes and the total transverse momentum carried out by neutrinos is inferred from the reconstructed missing transverse momentum. The search for new physics is performed on the transverse mass between the τ-lepton and the missing transverse momentum. No excess of events above the Standard Model expectation is observed and upper exclusion limits are set on the W' →τ⁢v production cross section. Heavy W' vector bosons with masses up to 5.0 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, assuming that they have the same couplings as the Standard Model W boson. For nonuniversal couplings, W' bosons are excluded for masses less than 3.5–5.0 TeV, depending on the model parameters. In addition, model-independent limits on the visible cross section times branching ratio are determined as a function of the lower threshold on the transverse mass of the τ-lepton and missing transverse momentum.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2016

ESTIMATING THE GeV EMISSION OF MILLISECOND PULSARS IN DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES

We estimate the conventional astrophysical emission from dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies (dSphs) of the Milky Way (MW), focusing on millisecond pulsars (MSPs), and evaluate the potential for confusion with dark matter (DM) annihilation signatures at GeV energies. In low-density stellar environments, such as dSphs, the abundance of MSPs is expected to be proportional to stellar mass. Accordingly, we construct the γ -ray luminosity function (LF) of MSPs in the MW disk, where >90 individual MSPs have been detected with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), and scale this LF to the stellar masses of 30 dSphs to estimate the cumulative emission from their MSP populations. We predict that MSPs within the highest stellar mass dSphs, Fornax and Sculptor, produce a γ -ray flux >500 MeV of ∼10{sup −11} ph cm{sup −2} s{sup −1}, which is a factor ∼10 below the current LAT sensitivity at high Galactic latitudes. The MSP emission in ultra-faint dSphs, including targets with the largest J-factors, is typically several orders of magnitude lower, suggesting that these targets will remain clean targets for indirect DM searches in the foreseeable future. For a DM particle of mass 25 GeV annihilating to b quarks at the thermal relic cross section (consistent with DM interpretations of the Galactic Center excess), we find that the expected γ -ray emission due to DM exceeds that of MSPs in all of the target dSphs. Using the same MW MSP population model, we also estimate the Galactic foreground MSP coincidence probability along the same sightlines to the dSphs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗