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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Degradation science: Integrating modeling and experiments to predict localized corrosion processes (Annual Progress Report)

Additively manufactured (AM) eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs), such as nano-lamellar AlCoCrFeNi 2.1 , have excellent strength, ductility, and wear resistance even at elevated temperatures, but their corrosion behavior in aggressive acids at different length scales remain poorly understood. This work investigates the corrosion behavior of laser powder bed–fused (L-PBF) AlCoCrFeNi 2.1 as a function of annealing temperatures, probing degradation mechanisms from nanoscopic to macroscopic length scales. The alloy is dual phase consisting of a ductile FCC L1 2 phase and a high-strength BCC B2 phase. Rapid solidification during L-PBF produces a far-from-equilibrium nano-lamellar structure with nearly homogeneous elemental distribution, which tends to evolve upon annealing toward Cr/Co/Fe-enriched FCC and Al/Ni-enriched B2. Three conditions were studied: as-printed, 600 °C/5 h, and 1000 °C/1 h, over which B2 lamellae coarsen, lamellar spacing increases, and elemental segregation becomes more prominent. Microstructure and chemistry were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), while in-situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) was used to link early (<5 h) local dissolution to microstructure after exposure in sulfuric acid. EC-AFM highlights preferential dissolution of the BCC/B2 phase where the surrounding matrix is Cr-depleted and directly quantifies the dissolution rates within individual phases, tracks the transition from early nano-scale attack to partial repassivation, to correlate height differences with current and impedance responses. To monitor longer-term behavior (up to 96 h), ex-situ AFM, SEM, and confocal imaging were combined with conventional bulk electrochemical tests, bridging nanoscale observations to micro/meso-scale damage morphologies. At the meso-scale, the deepest dissolution channels align with the build-direction lamellae and melt-pool boundaries, indicating that printing directionality guides the propagation of these localized corrosion sites. Annealing modifies corrosion by restructuring BCC/FCC phase fractions, lamellar spacing, and Cr/Al segregation, thereby changing the cathode/anode ratio and passive film stability. The results clarify how as-printed and annealed nano-lamellar architectures differ in their susceptibility to selective dissolution; how elemental segregation competes with residual stresses along the build direction. With these insights, future work will use CALPHAD-guided alloy modification to stabilize higher Cr contents in the B2 phase while retaining a dominant FCC+B2/BCC microstructure, with the goal of designing mechanically robust, corrosion-resistant EHEAs for safety-critical applications to leverage the LLNL’s broader national and global security mission.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Production of warm ions in electron beam generated E × B plasma

Several recent experiments have demonstrated low-damage processing of 2D materials, such as graphene and single crystal diamond, using electron beam (e-beam) generated plasmas with applied crossed electric and magnetic (E × B) fields. Here, the low damage of these sensitive materials is commonly attributed to the low energy of ions incident to the substrate surface and the ion confinement in E x B fields. In this work, measurements of atom and ion velocity distribution functions in an e-beam E × B plasma at sub-mTorr argon pressures using a laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic revealed the presence of a warm population of ions with temperatures of ~ 1 eV that are sufficient to destroy the ion confinement in E × B fields and drive the ion flux by cross field diffusion in the direction opposite to the applied electric field, toward the plasma-bounded walls or substrate. Thus, it is this nearly ambipolar diffusion process that is responsible for the flux of charged particles impinging on the wall/substrate surface.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Terrestrial laser scanning data (Levels 0 and 1) from Urban Biogeochemistry Pilot Project sites, Knoxville, Tennessee, Jul 2024 - Jul 2025

This data package contains data from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) at five urban park sites in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. All parks include open-grown and/or closed-canopy trees and mixed nearby land use. These study sites were established as part of the Urban Biogeochemistry Pilot Project, which has an overall goal of better understanding how hydrobiogeochemical cycling is altered within the human environment. These five sites represent a gradient of urbanization, and were instrumented to understand hydrological and biogeochemical cycling (e.g., soil moisture, soil physical properties and biogeochemistry, tree transpiration, species type). The TLS data archived here were collected to provide detailed, three-dimensional information about forest structure. Specifically, data were collected to allow tree- and stand-level characterization of woody structure and leaf area. TLS scans were placed to capture the area around trees with sap flow sensors, and as much of a 50 m radius area around the meteorological station as possible given site property limits. Derived products will allow upscaling of water content and transpiration data. This data package contains the following data: - High-level files document further details of the campaign and data package: 1_CampaignSummary.csv provides details about the campaign and study site, 2_ScanAreasDetail.csv provides details about each separate scan area (groups of scans post-processed into a single point cloud), 3_TerrestrialLidarSensor.csv provides further technical details about the Riegl VZ-400i TLS sensor, TLS_CSV_dd.csv is a CSV Data Dictionary providing information about the fields in CSV files following the ESS-DIVE CSV File Formatting Guidelines Reporting Format, TLS_flmd.csv is a File Level Metadata file providing information about each file in the data package following the ESS-DIVE File Level Metadata Reporting Format, and README.txt is a text file describing the overall project and file structure. - Level 0 data are the raw data (.PROJ folders) as recorded by the Riegl VZ-400i TLS instrument before scan co-registration and post-processing with the Riegl's proprietary RiSCAN PRO software, which requires a license. - Level 1 data contain post-processed, co-registered data from each scan area. The "PointClouds" folder for each scan area contains a .las file with 1 cm resolution point cloud data exported from RiSCAN PRO. These are the main files likely to be of interest to most users and can be further processed with any software capable of manipulating .las files (e.g. Python, R CloudCompare). The "Project Information" folder contains log files from post-processing in RiSCAN PRO that may be of interest to users who want to see detailed records of post-processing, including all PDF reports generated by RiSCAN PRO. The "ScanPositions" folder contains information about the final position of all TLS scans, after post-processing, in multiple formats. The file ScanPositions_*.csv provides final geo-referenced scan positions, and the file SOP_backup_*.csv can be used in RiSCAN PRO to restore the co-registered scan positions if users wish to re-process raw data (Level 0 .PROJ folders) with RiSCAN PRO software (e.g., subsample to a different resolution, exclude a certain scan position, or apply different filters on reflectance or deviation values) without redoing time-consuming co-registration steps.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Iterative hybrid manufacture of a titanium alloy component

Here, this paper describes an iterative hybrid (additive + subtractive) manufacturing approach for a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) part using a laser hotwire directed energy deposition system (LHWDED) and a traditional four-axis milling machine tool. The term iterative hybrid manufacturing is used to described hybrid manufacturing where the additive and subtractive operations occur in multiple stages rather than sequentially. It is currently common to produce an entire part by sequential hybrid manufacturing by additively manufacturing (AM) an entire preform geometry that then requires post processing by another machine tool to create final part features. By contrast, a part produced by iterative hybrid manufacturing (IHM) does not produce the entire preform geometry in a single AM process. Instead, a portion of the entire preform geometry is manufactured by an AM process, then that portion is transferred to another machine tool which creates features in that portion, and then that machined portion is transferred back to the AM machine to complete another AM process. There is no limit to the number of iterations that an IHM process can have. IHM offers several advantages over sequential hybrid manufacturing such as the use of shorter and stiffer subtractive tooling, better access to part geometries that require subtractive processes, and the separation of the AM heat source from the subtractive machine tool. A titanium alloy demonstration part was successfully manufactured by IHM with three iterations using a shared pallet system between the AM machine tool and the subtractive machine tool.

Hybrid manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ultrafast Control of Interfacial Exchange Coupling in Ferromagnetic Bilayer

Fast spin manipulation in magnetic heterostructures, where magnetic interactions between different materials often define the functionality of devices, is a key issue in the development of ultrafast spintronics. Although recently developed optical approaches such as ultrafast spin-transfer and spin–orbit torques open new pathways to fast spin manipulation, these processes do not fully utilize the unique possibilities offered by interfacial magnetic coupling effects in ferromagnetic multilayer systems. Here, ultrafast optically controlled interfacial exchange interactions in the ferromagnetic Co 2 FeAl/(Ga,Mn)As system at low laser fluence levels are experimentally demonstrated. The excitation efficiency of Co 2 FeAl with the (Ga,Mn)As layer is 30–40 times higher than the case with the GaAs layer at 5 K due to the modification of exchange coupling interaction via photoexcited charge transfer between the two ferromagnetic layers. In addition, the coherent spin precessions persist to room temperature, excluding the drive of pump-modulated magnetization in the (Ga,Mn)As layer and indicating a proximity-effect-related optical excitation mechanism. The results highlight the importance of interfacial exchange interactions in ferromagnetic heterostructures and how these magnetic coupling effects can be utilized for ultrafast, low-power spin manipulation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hybrid manufactured dynamometer for cutting force measurement

This paper describes a two-step (additive + subtractive) hybrid manufacturing approach for a laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel constrained-motion cutting force dynamometer (PBF CMD). The purpose of the research is to produce a near-net shape metallic dynamometer via additive manufacturing (AM) with post-processing by machining and wire-EDM to achieve the desired surface finish and performance. A cutting force comparison is presented with a commercially-available dynamometer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cascaded Optical Nonlinearities in Dielectric Metasurfaces

Since the discovery of the laser, optical nonlinearities have been at the core of efficient light conversion sources. Typically, thick transparent crystals or quasi-phase matched waveguides are utilized in conjunction with phase-matching techniques to select a single parametric process. In recent years, due to the rapid developments in artificially structured materials, optical frequency mixing has been achieved at the nanoscale in subwavelength resonators arrayed as metasurfaces. Phase matching becomes relaxed for these wavelength-scale structures, and all allowed nonlinear processes can, in principle, occur on an equal footing. This could promote harmonic generation via a cascaded (consisting of several frequency mixing steps) process. However, so far, all reported work on dielectric metasurfaces have assumed frequency mixing from a direct (single step) nonlinear process. In this work, we prove the existence of cascaded second-order optical nonlinearities by analyzing the second- and third-wave mixing from a highly nonlinear metasurface in conjunction with polarization selection rules and crystal symmetries. We find that the third-wave mixing signal from a cascaded process can be of comparable strength to that from conventional third-harmonic generation and that surface nonlinearities are the dominant mechanism that contributes to cascaded second-order nonlinearities in our metasurface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electron acceleration in laboratory-produced turbulent collisionless shocks

Astrophysical collisionless shocks are among the most powerful particle accelerators in the Universe. Generated by violent interactions of supersonic plasma flows with the interstellar medium, supernova remnant shocks are observed to amplify magnetic fields and accelerate electrons and protons to highly relativistic speeds. In the well-established model of diffusive shock acceleration, relativistic particles are accelerated by repeated shock crossings. However, this requires a separate mechanism that pre-accelerates particles to enable shock crossing. This is known as the ‘injection problem’, which is particularly relevant for electrons, and remains one of the most important puzzles in shock acceleration. In most astrophysical shocks, the details of the shock structure cannot be directly resolved, making it challenging to identify the injection mechanism. In this letter we report results from laser-driven plasma flow experiments, and related simulations, that probe the formation of turbulent collisionless shocks in conditions relevant to young supernova remnants. We show that electrons can be effectively accelerated in a first-order Fermi process by small-scale turbulence produced within the shock transition to relativistic non-thermal energies, helping overcome the injection problem. Our observations provide new insight into electron injection at shocks and open the way for controlled laboratory studies of the physics underlying cosmic accelerators.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

One-colour (~220 nm) resonance-enhanced (S 1 –S 0 ) multi-photon dissociation of acetylene: probe of the C 2 A 1 Π u – X 1 Σ + g band by frequency-modulation spectroscopy

In a recent paper, we demonstrated that one-colour (~220 nm), resonance-enhanced (S 1 –S 0 ), photodissociation of acetylene generates strong $C_2$ Swan band ($d^3Π_g–a^3Π_u$) and $C_2$ Deslandres-d'Azambuja band ($C^1Π_g–A^1Π_u$) fluorescence, and long-lived (>3 µs) fluorescence from an electronically-excited $C_2$H * species. It was not known whether the $C_2A^1Π_u$ and $X^1Σ^+_g$ states are also directly populated in this process. In this paper, multiple vibration-rotation transitions between the $C_2A$-state v = 2 and the X-state v = 0 level are examined by time-resolved frequency-modulation (FM) spectroscopy. The photolysis laser wavelength is tuned into resonance at the one-photon level with S 1 –S 0 transitions that populate individual rotational levels of the S 1 $_{trans}$-conformer $3^2,3^3,$ and $3^4$ vibrational states. By comparing the phase of the FM signals from the $C_2A–X$ transitions with that from the Rb D 1 -line absorption transition, we determine that, for all of the probed A–X transitions, the X-state level is more populated than the A-state level. We propose that the acetylene S 1 level is excited by the second photon to an acetylene dissociation precursor state, which undergoes sequential C-H bond-breaking to produce the $C_2X$ state. The dissociation precursor is assigned as the $1^1B_g(trans-bent)/1^1B_1(cis-bent)$ valence state, which correlates to a doubly-excited configuration, $(1π_u)^2(1π_g)^2$, at linear geometry. Based on the rotational distributions of the $C_2X$-state fragments, we believe that at least one of the transition states involved in the photolysis via S 1 $3^4$ has a larger CC-H bend-angle for the departing H-atom than that involved in the S 1 $3^2$ and $3^3$ photolysis.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Symmetric Rydberg controlled- Z gates with adiabatic pulses

We analyze neutral atom Rydberg C Z gates based on adiabatic pulses applied symmetrically to both atoms. Analysis with smooth pulse shapes and Cs atom parameters predicts the gates can create Bell states with fidelity F > 0.999 using adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) pulses. With globally optimized adiabatic pulse shapes, in a two-photon excitation process, we generate Bell states with fidelity F = 0.997. The analysis fully accounts for spontaneous emission from intermediate and Rydberg states, including the Rydberg lifetime in a room temperature environment, but does not include errors arising from laser noise. In conclusion, the gate protocols do not require individual addressing and are shown to be robust against Doppler shifts due to atomic motion.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Attosecond XUV probing of vibronic quantum superpositions in Br 2 +

Ultrafast laser excitation can create coherent superpositions of electronic states in molecules and trigger ultrafast flow of electron density on a few femtosecond timescale. While recent attosecond experiments have addressed real-time observation of these primary photochemical processes, the underlying roles of simultaneous nuclear motions and how they modify and disturb the valence electronic motion remain uncertain. In this work, we investigate coherent electronic-vibrational dynamics induced among multiple vibronic levels of ionic bromine (Br 2 + ), including both spin-orbit (X 2 Π 3/2,g – X 2 Π 1/2,g ) and valence (A 2 Π 3/2,u – 4 Σ 3/2,u ) electronic superpositions, using attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Decay, revival, and apparent frequency shifts of electronic coherences are measured via characteristic quantum beats on the Br-3d core-level absorption signals. Quantum-mechanical simulations attribute the observed electronic decoherence to broadened phase distributions of nuclear wave packets on anharmonic potentials. Molecular vibronic structure is further revealed to be imprinted as discrete progressions in electronic beat frequencies. These results provide a future basis to interpret complex charge-migration dynamics in polyatomic systems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2026

Real-Time GPU-Accelerated OFDR With an Integrated Auxiliary Interferometer

A GPU-accelerated optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) system with an improved integrated auxiliary interferometer is proposed. Unlike conventional approaches that require separate auxiliary interferometers and multiple detection channels, the proposed OFDR system embeds this functionality directly into the signal via an intentional beat component. This enables self-calibration of laser nonlinearity while maintaining a cost-effective hardware configuration. Building on this simplified configuration, the system leverages GPU acceleration with an NVIDIA RTX 4070 Ti to achieve real-time performance, delivering high-throughput signal processing for continuous OFDR interrogation. The signal processing pipeline comprises signal capture, resampling for nonlinearity compensation, and frequency shift computation, all optimized for parallel execution. Hardware benchmarking demonstrates substantial acceleration over CPU implementations, achieving up to a 45× speedup for resampling and frequency shift computations and enabling processing latencies below 30 ms. Thermal response validation is conducted under two complementary scenarios: localized heating using a water bath and cryogenic-temperature conditions using liquid nitrogen. Under localized heating, the system achieves an accuracy of 0.249 °C with a thermal sensitivity of 5.971 GHz/°C, while cryogenic-temperature validation demonstrates a frequency shift response with a sensitivity of 2.383 GHz/°C and an accuracy of 2.04 °C. The high acceleration of the proposed GPU-accelerated OFDR system and its accuracy are achieved by exploiting CUDA-based stride indexing, enabling efficient parallel segmentation and processing of large datasets without additional memory copies. The benchmarking results confirm the robustness, accuracy, and deployability of the proposed OFDR system across a wide temperature range, establishing it as a practical platform for real-time distributed fiber sensing in structurally dynamic environments.

Harb, Salah [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mass spectrometry imaging of natural carbonyl products directly from agar-based microbial interactions using 4-APEBA derivatization

Aliphatic carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones play diverse roles in microbial adaptation to their microenvironment, from excretion as toxins to adaptive metabolites for membrane fluidity. However, the spatial distribution of these molecules throughout biofilms and how microbes in these environments exchange these molecules remain elusive for many of these bioactive species due to inefficient molecular imaging strategies. Herein, we apply on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) using 4-(2-((4-bromophenethyl)dimethylammonio)ethoxy)benzenaminium dibromide (4-APEBA) on a co-culture of a soil bacterium (Bacillus subtilis NCIB 3610) and fungus (Fusarium sp. DS 682) grown on agar as our model system. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), we spatially resolved more than 300 different metabolites containing carbonyl groups within this model system. Various spatial patterns are observable in these species, which indicate possible extracellular or intercellular processes of the metabolites and their up- or downregulation during microbial interaction. The unique chemistry of our approach allowed us to bring additional confidence in accurate carbonyl identification, especially when multiple isomeric candidates were possible, and this provided the ability to generate hypotheses about the potential role of some aliphatic carbonyls in this B. subtilis/Fusarium sp. interaction. The results shown here demonstrate the utility of 4-ABEBA-based OTCD MALDI-MSI in probing interkingdom interactions directly from microbial co-cultures, and these methods will enable future microbial interaction studies with expanded metabolic coverage.

4-APEBA↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nonlinear X-ray Optics

Novel X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) are capable of producing radiation with unprecedented properties. Specifically, their ultrashort coherent X-ray pulses can generate extreme peak intensities where ordinary rules of light-matter interaction may no longer apply, and nonlinear processes start to become important. XFELs have made it possible to observe some of the most important coherent non-sequential nonlinearities, including X-ray-optical sum frequency generation (SFG), X-ray second harmonic generation (XSHG), two-photon absorption (TPA) and nonlinear two-photon Compton scattering (2PCS). In particular, the 2PCS experiment has led to unexpected results, namely the observation of a substantial anomalous red shift in the energy of photons generated by nonlinear two-photon X-ray Compton scattering in beryllium. The energy shift is in addition to the predicted nonlinear Compton shift and was neither expected from extrapolations from linear X-ray interactions nor from nonlinear effects at optical wavelengths. Our results suggest a novel nonlinear scattering mechanism that can only be observed at high fields at X-ray wavelengths, where the photon energy is a significant fraction of the electron rest mass (and thus a significant momentum transfer to the electron occurs during the scattering) and where the interaction is not dominated by the quiver motion of the electron in the field (ponderomotive potential) as is usually the case at longer (optical) wavelengths. The goal of this research project was the investigation of fundamental nonlinear X-ray-matter interactions. As these processes are typically weak, part of this research is the exploration of more efficient nonlinear X-ray processes by studying novel mechanisms including solid-state effects, the assistance of optical radiation and novel phase-matching techniques. These experiments require extremely large X-ray field strengths, such as produced by XFELs. Nonlinear X-ray effects can lead to important applications in many research fields. For example, it could lead to instantaneous plasma diagnostics for materials in extreme conditions, as a method for combining atomic-scale structural sensitivity with chemical specificity, or as a probe of electron dynamics in solids on the attosecond (1 as = 10 -18 s) time- and Ångstrom (10 -10 m) length scales. In addition, a detailed understanding of nonlinear X-ray matter interactions is crucial for understanding and extending the limits of structural determination at high intensity such as in serial femto-crystallography. The results could have a profound impact on advanced XFEL light sources such as the LCLS-II.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) Black Carbon Number and Mass Concentrations

The single-particle soot photometer (SP2) records particle-by-particle measurements of the intensity of both the scattering signature and incandescence signature of particles that enter its laser beam. These intensities are then used to calculate refractory black carbon (rBC) masses and particle diameters. In previous U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility field campaigns, the SP2 data was difficult to process because the manufacturer-supplied code was not scalable to distributed machines, making it unusable for the large amounts of data output by the SP2. This prohibited the SP2 from becoming an operational instrument for ARM. Therefore, PySP2 was developed to solve this issue and enable SP2 to be an operational instrument for ARM. This technical document summarizes the test data sets from the ARM North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site and the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) field campaign that were used to develop and test PySP2.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

In-process, layer-by-layer non-destructive testing of additive manufactured components using linear and nonlinear vibrational resonance

Provided is an additive manufacturing system capable of performing in-process, layer-by-layer non-destructive testing, the additive manufacturing system including: a plate for producing a part thereon; a transducer attached to the plate and configured to induce vibrations in the part; and a laser vibrometer configured to detect a vibrational response of the part to determine whether defect and/or anisotropy exists within the part.

Remillieux, Marcel↗
DOE OSTI2024

Wireless Frequency‐Multiplexed Acoustic Array‐Based Acoustofluidics

Abstract Acoustofluidics has shown great potential in enabling on‐chip technologies for driving liquid flows and manipulating particles and cells for engineering, chemical, and biomedical applications. To introduce on‐demand liquid sample processing and micro/nano‐object manipulation functions to wearable and embeddable electronics, wireless acoustofluidic chips are highly desired. This paper presents wireless acoustofluidic chips to generate acoustic waves carrying sufficient energy and achieve key acoustofluidic functions, including arranging particles and cells, generating fluid streaming, and enriching in‐droplet particles. To enable these functions, the wireless acoustofluidic chips leverage mechanisms, including inductive coupling‐based wireless power transfer (WPT), frequency multiplexing‐based control of multiple acoustic waves, and the resultant acoustic radiation and drag forces. For validation, the wirelessly generated acoustic waves are measured using laser vibrometry when different materials (e.g., bone, tissue, and hand) are inserted between the WPT transmitter and receiver. Moreover, the wireless acoustofluidic chips successfully arrange nanoparticles into different patterns, align cells into parallel pearl chains, generate streaming, and enrich in‐droplet microparticles. This research is anticipated to facilitate the development of embeddable wireless on‐chip flow generators, wearable sensors with liquid sample processing functions, and implantable devices with flow generation and acoustic stimulation abilities for engineering, veterinary, and biomedical applications.

Li, Jiali↗