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DOE OSTI2015

STELLAR MASSES AND STAR FORMATION RATES OF LENSED, DUSTY, STAR-FORMING GALAXIES FROM THE SPT SURVEY

To understand cosmic mass assembly in the universe at early epochs, we primarily rely on measurements of the stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) of distant galaxies. In this paper, we present stellar masses and SFRs of six high-redshift (2.8 ≤ z ≤ 5.7) dusty, star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) that are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. These sources were first discovered by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) at millimeter wavelengths and all have spectroscopic redshifts and robust lens models derived from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations. We have conducted follow-up observations to obtain multi-wavelength imaging data using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spitzer, Herschel, and the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment. We use the high-resolution HST/Wide Field Camera 3 images to disentangle the background source from the foreground lens in Spitzer/IRAC data. The detections and upper limits provide important constraints on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for these DSFGs, yielding stellar masses, IR luminosities, and SFRs. The SED fits of six SPT sources show that the intrinsic stellar masses span a range more than one order of magnitude with a median value ∼5 ×10{sup 10} M{sub ⊙}. The intrinsic IR luminosities range from 4 × 10{sup 12} L{sub ⊙} to 4 × 10{sup 13} L{sub ⊙}. They all have prodigious intrinsic SFRs of 510–4800 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}. Compared to the star-forming main sequence (MS), these six DSFGs have specific SFRs that all lie above the MS, including two galaxies that are a factor of 10 higher than the MS. Our results suggest that we are witnessing ongoing strong starburst events that may be driven by major mergers.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

No Keplerian disk >10 AU around the protostar B335: Magnetic braking or young age?

We have conducted Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) cycle 2 observations in the 1.3 mm continuum and in the C{sup 18}O (2–1) and SO (5{sub 6}–4{sub 5}) lines at a resolution of ∼0.″3 toward the Class 0 protostar B335. The 1.3 mm continuum, C{sup 18}O, and SO emission all show central compact components with sizes of ∼40–180 AU within more extended components. The C{sup 18}O component shows signs of infalling and rotational motion. By fitting simple kinematic models to the C{sup 18}O data, the protostellar mass is estimated to be 0.05 M{sub ⊙}. The specific angular momentum, on a 100 AU scale, is (4.3 ± 0.5) × 10{sup −5} km s{sup −1} pc. A similar specific angular momentum, (3–5) × 10{sup −5} km s{sup −1} pc, is measured on a 10 AU scale from the velocity gradient observed in the central SO component, and there is no clear sign of an infalling motion in the SO emission. By comparing the infalling and rotational motion, our ALMA results suggest that the observed rotational motion has not yet reached Keplerian velocity neither on a 100 AU nor even on a 10 AU scale. Consequently, the radius of the Keplerian disk in B335 (if present) is expected to be 1–3 AU. The expected disk radius in B335 is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those of observed Keplerian disks around other Class 0 protostars. Based on the observed infalling and rotational motion from 0.1 pc to inner 100 AU scales, there are two possible scenarios to explain the presence of such a small Keplerian disk in B335: magnetic braking and young age. If our finding is the consequence of magnetic braking, ∼50% of the angular momentum of the infalling material within a 1000 AU scale might have been removed, and the magnetic field strength on a 1000 AU scale is estimated to be ∼200 μG. If it is young age, the infalling radius in B335 is estimated to be ∼2700 AU, corresponding to a collapsing timescale of ∼5 × 10{sup 4} years.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

On the [C ii]–SFR relation in high redshift galaxies

After two Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observing cycles, only a handful of [C ii] 158 μm emission line searches in z > 6 galaxies have reported a positive detection, questioning the applicability of the local [C ii]–star formation rate (SFR) relation to high-z systems. To investigate this issue we use the Vallini et al. (V13) model,based on high-resolution, radiative transfer cosmological simulations to predict the [C ii] emission from the interstellar medium of a z ≈ 7 (halo mass M{sub h} = 1.17 × 10{sup 11} M{sub ⊙}) galaxy. We improve the V13 model by including (a) a physically motivated metallicity (Z) distribution of the gas, (b) the contribution of photodissociation regions (PDRs), and (c) the effects of cosmic microwave background (CMB) on the [C ii] line luminosity. We study the relative contribution of diffuse neutral gas to the total [C ii] emission (F{sub diff}/F{sub tot}) for different SFR and Z values. We find that the [C ii] emission arises predominantly from PDRs: regardless of the galaxy properties, F{sub diff}/F{sub tot} ≤ 10%, since at these early epochs the CMB temperature approaches the spin temperature of the [C ii] transition in the cold neutral medium (T{sub CMB} ∼ T{sub s}{sup CNM} ∼ 20 K). Our model predicts a high-z [C ii]–SFR relation, consistent with observations of local dwarf galaxies (0.02 < Z/Z{sub ⊙} < 0.5). The [C ii] deficit suggested by actual data (L{sub Cii} < 2.0 × 10{sup 7} L{sub ⊙} in BDF3299 at z ≈ 7.1) if confirmed by deeper ALMA observations, can be ascribed to negative stellar feedback disrupting molecular clouds around star formation sites. The deviation from the local [C ii]–SFR would then imply a modified Kennicutt–Schmidt relation in z > 6 galaxies. Alternatively/in addition, the deficit might be explained by low gas metallicities (Z < 0.1 Z{sub ⊙}).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

WEAK TURBULENCE IN THE HD 163296 PROTOPLANETARY DISK REVEALED BY ALMA CO OBSERVATIONS

Turbulence can transport angular momentum in protoplanetary disks and influence the growth and evolution of planets. With spatially and spectrally resolved molecular emission line measurements provided by (sub)millimeter interferometric observations, it is possible to directly measure non-thermal motions in the disk gas that can be attributed to this turbulence. We report a new constraint on the turbulence in the disk around HD 163296, a nearby young A star, determined from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Science Verification observations of four CO emission lines (the CO(3-2), CO(2-1), {sup 13}CO(2-1), and C{sup 18}O(2-1) transitions). The different optical depths for these lines permit probes of non-thermal line-widths at a range of physical conditions (temperature and density) and depths into the disk interior. We derive stringent limits on the non-thermal motions in the upper layers of the outer disk such that any contribution to the line-widths from turbulence is <3% of the local sound speed. These limits are approximately an order of magnitude lower than theoretical predictions for full-blown magnetohydrodynamic turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability, potentially suggesting that this mechanism is less efficient in the outer (R ≳ 30 AU) disk than has been previously considered.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Sgr B2(N): A bipolar outflow and rotating hot core revealed by ALMA

We present the results of SiO (2 − 1) and SO{sub 2} (12{sub 4,8}--13{sub 3,11}) line observations of Sgr B2(N) made with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at an angular resolution of ∼2″. Our analysis of the SiO and SO{sub 2} line emission reveals a bipolar molecular outflow in an east–west direction whose driving source is located at K2. In addition, the SO{sub 2} line core shows a north–south velocity gradient most probably indicating a hot core of molecular gas rotating around K2. Fractional abundances of SO{sub 2} and SiO (X(SO{sub 2}) and X(SiO), respectively) in the outflowing molecular gas are derived from comparisons with the C{sup 18}O emission. Assuming an excitation temperature of 100 ± 50 K, we calculate X(SO{sub 2}) = 2.3{sub −0.4}{sup +2.6} × 10{sup −8} and X(SiO) = 1.2{sub −0.1}{sup +0.1} × 10{sup −9}. The outflow from Sgr B2(N) K2 is characterized as a young (5 × 10{sup 3} yr) and massive (∼2000 M{sub ⊙}) but moderately collimated (∼60°) outflow. We also report a possible detection of the SiO (v=2,J=2--1) maser emission from the position of K2. If confirmed, it would make Sgr B2(N) the fourth star-forming region associated with SiO masers.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Transfer reaction experiments with radioactive beams: from halos to the r-process

Transfer reactions are a powerful probe of the properties of atomic nuclei. When used in inverse kinematics with radioactive ion beams they can provide detailed information on the structure of exotic nuclei and can inform nucleosynthesis calculations. There are a number of groups around the world who use these reactions, usually with particle detection in large silicon arrays. Sometimes these arrays are coupled to gamma-ray detectors, and occasionally smaller arrays of silicon detectors are mounted within a solenoid magnet. Modern techniques using transfer reactions in inverse kinematics are covered, with specific examples, many from measurements made with beams from the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Jones, K. L.↗
DOE OSTI2012

PRECISE THz MEASUREMENTS OF HCO{sup +}, N{sub 2}H{sup +}, AND CF{sup +} FOR ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS

Ground-state rotational spectra of HCO{sup +}, N{sub 2}H{sup +}, and CF{sup +} (both {sup 12}C- and {sup 13}C-containing isotopologues) have been recorded in the 1.0-1.6 THz frequency range. Present measurements allowed us to improve the spectroscopic parameters, which in turn enabled the prediction of rotational transitions up to 2.0-2.5 THz with good accuracy. We therefore consider the present results to be of great value in view of the extended spectral coverage made available by the Herschel Space Observatory, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. Furthermore, we re-investigated the ground-state rotational spectrum of N{sub 2}H{sup +} in the 93-750 GHz frequency range, thus addressing the open issue of the frequency of the J = 1 <- 0 transition as well as resolving the hyperfine structure of the J + 1 <- J transitions with J = 1, 2, and 3 for the first time.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

NEW EXTENDED DEUTERIUM FRACTIONATION MODEL: ASSESSMENT AT DENSE ISM CONDITIONS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Observations of deuterated species are useful in probing the temperature, ionization level, evolutionary stage, chemistry, and thermal history of astrophysical environments. The analysis of data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array and other new telescopes requires an elaborate model of deuterium fractionation. This paper presents a publicly available chemical network with multi-deuterated species and an extended, up-to-date set of gas-phase and surface reactions. To test this network, we simulate deuterium fractionation in diverse interstellar sources. Two cases of initial abundances are considered: (1) atomic except for H{sub 2} and HD, and (2) molecular from a prestellar core. We reproduce the observed D/H ratios of many deuterated molecules, and sort the species according to their sensitivity to temperature gradients and initial abundances. We find that many multiply deuterated species produced at 10 K retain enhanced D/H ratios at temperatures {approx}< 100 K. We study how recent updates to reaction rates affect calculated D/H ratios, and perform a detailed sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties of the gas-phase reaction rates in the network. We find that uncertainties are generally lower in dark cloud environments than in warm infrared dark clouds and that uncertainties increase with the size of the molecule and number of D-atoms. A set of the most problematic reactions is presented. We list potentially observable deuterated species predicted to be abundant in low- and high-mass star-formation regions.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The role of disk self-gravity on gap formation of the HL Tau proto-planetary disk

Here, we use extensive global hydrodynamic disk gas+dust simulations with embedded planets to model the dust ring and gap structures in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). Since the HL Tau is a relatively massive disk, we find the disk self-gravity (DSG) plays an important role in the gap formation induced by the planets. Our simulation results demonstrate that DSG is necessary in explaining of the dust ring and gap in HL Tau disk. The comparison of simulation results shows that the dust rings and gap structures are more evident when the fully 2D DSG (non-axisymmetric components are included) is used than if 1D axisymmetric DSG (only the axisymetric component is included) is used, or the disk self-gravity is not considered. We also find that the couple dust+gas+planet simulations are required because the gap and ring structure is different between dust and gas surface density.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Octopus processor for the CMS L1 muon trigger for High Luminosity LHC

The upgraded L1 muon trigger system of the CMS experiment in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is based on custom processors featuring large Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) connected by large numbers of optical links. These provide the I/O bandwidth and power necessary to process the complex algorithms used during the collection of physics data. The design and performance requirements of these processors creates significant challenges in signal integrity, power delivery, and thermal management. In this paper we describe the Octopus processor, featuring a large Xilinx Virtex Ultrascale+ FPGA and up to 128 links interfaced to optics through high quality twin-ax copper cables. Results on signal integrity at 25 Gb/s and the first demonstration of 50+ Gb/s links with pluggable optics in CMS are also shown, demonstrating bit error rates below 10 –15 at a 95% confidence level. The thermal performance is measured inside an Advanced-TCA crate with acceptable thermal margins up to 200 W of chip power. Future improvements are mentioned, potentially allowing operation at up to 300 W.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a low-pressure Multi-Mesh THGEM detector for fission experiments at FRIB

Abstract A small-area imaging detector prototype for position measurement of fission fragments produced in low energy heavy-ion reactions is presented in this study. The detector readout is equipped with a 2-dimensional, position-sensitive gaseous avalanche readout based on the novel Multi-Mesh Thick-GEM (MM-THGEM), and is coupled to a delay-line board for particle localization. The prototype has an effective area of 10 × 10 cm 2 and is operated in isobutane at low pressure (7–10 Torr). We present and discuss a series of systematic evaluation tests performed by irradiating the detector with α-particles and fission fragments emitted by small-rate sources ( 241 Am, 249 Cf and 252 Cf). Position and time resolutions of about 0.42 mm and 1 ns were achieved, respectively. This work serves as a benchmark for the development of a large-scale array of detectors for experiments with fission and fission-like reaction products at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB).

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2014

3D IC for Future HEP Detectors

Three dimensional integrated circuit technologies offer the possibility of fabricating large area arrays of sensors integrated with complex electronics with minimal dead area, which makes them ideally suited for applications at the LHC upgraded detectors and other future detectors. Here we describe ongoing R&D efforts to demonstrate functionality of components of such detectors. This also includes the study of integrated 3D electronics with active edge sensors to produce "active tiles" which can be tested and assembled into arrays of arbitrary size with high yield.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2012

[C II] LINE EMISSION IN MASSIVE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z = 4.7

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the [C II] 157.7 {mu}m fine structure line and thermal dust continuum emission from a pair of gas-rich galaxies at z = 4.7, BR1202-0725. This system consists of a luminous quasar host galaxy and a bright submillimeter galaxy (SMG), while a fainter star-forming galaxy is also spatially coincident within a 4'' (25 kpc) region. All three galaxies are detected in the submillimeter continuum, indicating FIR luminosities in excess of 10{sup 13} L{sub Sun} for the two most luminous objects. The SMG and the quasar host galaxy are both detected in [C II] line emission with luminosities L{sub [CII]} = (10.0 {+-} 1.5) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 9} L{sub Sun} and L{sub [CII]} = (6.5 {+-} 1.0) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 9} L{sub Sun }, respectively. We estimate a luminosity ratio L{sub [CII]}/L{sub FIR} = (8.3 {+-} 1.2) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} for the starburst SMG to the north and L{sub [CII]}/L{sub FIR} = (2.5 {+-} 0.4) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} for the quasar host galaxy, in agreement with previous high-redshift studies that suggest lower [C II]-to-FIR luminosity ratios in quasars than in starburst galaxies. The third fainter object with a flux density S{sub 340GHz} = 1.9 {+-} 0.3 mJy is coincident with a Ly{alpha} emitter and is detected in HST ACS F775W and F814W images but has no clear counterpart in the H band. Even if this third companion does not lie at a redshift similar to BR1202-0725, the quasar and the SMG represent an overdensity of massive, infrared luminous star-forming galaxies within 1.3 Gyr of the big bang.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

DETECTION OF THE SIMPLEST SUGAR, GLYCOLALDEHYDE, IN A SOLAR-TYPE PROTOSTAR WITH ALMA

Glycolaldehyde (HCOCH{sub 2}OH) is the simplest sugar and an important intermediate in the path toward forming more complex biologically relevant molecules. In this Letter we present the first detection of 13 transitions of glycolaldehyde around a solar-type young star, through Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the Class 0 protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 at 220 GHz (6 transitions) and 690 GHz (7 transitions). The glycolaldehyde lines have their origin in warm (200-300 K) gas close to the individual components of the binary. Glycolaldehyde co-exists with its isomer, methyl formate (HCOOCH{sub 3}), which is a factor 10-15 more abundant toward the two sources. The data also show a tentative detection of ethylene glycol, the reduced alcohol of glycolaldehyde. In the 690 GHz data, the seven transitions predicted to have the highest optical depths based on modeling of the 220 GHz lines all show redshifted absorption profiles toward one of the components in the binary (IRAS 16293B) indicative of infall and emission at the systemic velocity offset from this by about 0.''2 (25 AU). We discuss the constraints on the chemical formation of glycolaldehyde and other organic species-in particular, in the context of laboratory experiments of photochemistry of methanol-containing ices. The relative abundances appear to be consistent with UV photochemistry of a CH{sub 3}OH-CO mixed ice that has undergone mild heating. The order of magnitude increase in line density in these early ALMA data illustrates its huge potential to reveal the full chemical complexity associated with the formation of solar system analogs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS AND STAR FORMATION IN THE TIDAL MOLECULAR ARM OF NGC 4039

The properties of tidally induced arms provide a means to study molecular cloud formation and the subsequent star formation under environmental conditions which, in principle, are different from quasi-stationary spiral arms. We report the properties of a newly discovered molecular gas arm of likely tidal origin at the south of NGC 4039 and the overlap region in the Antennae galaxies, with a resolution of 1.''68 Multiplication-Sign 0.''85, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array science verification CO(2-1) data. The arm extends 3.4 kpc (34'') and is characterized by widths of {approx}<200 pc (2'') and velocity widths of typically {Delta}V {approx_equal} 10-20 km s{sup -1}. About 10 clumps are strung out along this structure, most of them unresolved, with average surface densities of {Sigma}{sub gas} {approx_equal} 10-100 M{sub Sun} pc{sup -2}, and masses of (1-8) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 6} M{sub Sun }. These structures resemble the morphology of beads on a string, with an almost equidistant separation between the beads of about 350 pc, which may represent a characteristic separation scale for giant molecular associations. We find that the star formation efficiency at a resolution of 6''(600 pc) is in general a factor of 10 higher than in disk galaxies and other tidal arms and bridges. This arm is linked, based on the distribution and kinematics, to the base of the western spiral arm of NGC 4039, but its morphology is different to that predicted by high-resolution simulations of the Antennae galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

A HERSCHEL SURVEY OF THE [N II] 205 {mu}m LINE IN LOCAL LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES: THE [N II] 205 {mu}m EMISSION AS A STAR FORMATION RATE INDICATOR

We present, for the first time, a statistical study of [N II] 205 {mu}m line emission for a large sample of local luminous infrared galaxies using Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver Fourier Transform Spectrometer (SPIRE FTS) data. For our sample of galaxies, we investigate the correlation between the [N II] luminosity (L{sub [N{sub II]}}) and the total infrared luminosity (L{sub IR}), as well as the dependence of L{sub [N{sub II]}}/L{sub IR} ratio on L{sub IR}, far-infrared colors (IRAS f{sub 60}/f{sub 100}), and the [O III] 88 {mu}m to [N II] luminosity ratio. We find that L{sub [N{sub II]}} correlates almost linearly with L{sub IR} for non-active galactic nucleus galaxies (all having L{sub IR} < 10{sup 12} L{sub Sun }) in our sample, which implies that L{sub [N{sub II]}} can serve as a star formation rate tracer which is particularly useful for high-redshift galaxies that will be observed with forthcoming submillimeter spectroscopic facilities such as the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. Our analysis shows that the deviation from the mean L{sub [N{sub II]}}-L{sub IR} relation correlates with tracers of the ionization parameter, which suggests that the scatter in this relation is mainly due to the variations in the hardness, and/or ionization parameter, of the ambient galactic UV field among the sources in our sample.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

FIRST DETECTION OF c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} IN A CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK

We report the first detection of c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} in a circumstellar disk. The c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} J = 6-5 line (217.882 GHz) is detected and imaged through Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Science Verification observations toward the disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 at 0.''8 resolution. The emission is consistent with that arising from a Keplerian rotating disk. Two additional c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} transitions are also tentatively detected, bolstering the identification of this species, but with insufficient signal-to-noise ratio to constrain the spatial distribution. Using a previously developed model for the physical structure of this disk, we fit a radial power-law distribution model to the c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} 6-5 emission and find that c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} is present in a ring structure from an inner radius of about 30 AU to an outer radius of about 165 AU. The column density is estimated to be 10{sup 12}-10{sup 13} cm{sup -2}. The clear detection and intriguing ring structure suggest that c-C{sub 3}H{sub 2} has the potential to become a useful probe of radiation penetration in disks.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

SUBMILLIMETER H{sub 2}O MASER IN CIRCINUS GALAXY-A NEW PROBE FOR THE CIRCUMNUCLEAR REGION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We present the first detection of extragalactic submillimeter H{sub 2}O maser in the 321 GHz transition toward the center of Circinus galaxy, the nearby Type 2 Seyfert using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. We find that Doppler features of the detected 321 GHz H{sub 2}O maser straddle the systemic velocity of the galaxy as seen in the spectrum of the known 22 GHz H{sub 2}O maser in the galaxy. By comparing the velocities of the maser features in both transitions, it can be deduced that the 321 GHz maser occurs in a region similar to that of the 22 GHz maser, where the sub-parsec-scale distribution of the 22 GHz maser was revealed by earlier very long baseline interferometry observations. The detected maser features remain unresolved at the synthesized beam of {approx}0.''66 ({approx}15 pc) and coincide with the 321 GHz continuum peak within small uncertainties. We also present a tentative detection of the highest velocity feature (redshifts up to {approx}635 km s{sup -1}) in the galaxy. If this high-velocity feature arises from a Keplerian rotating disk well established in this galaxy, it is located at a radius of {approx}0.018 pc ({approx}1.2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 5} Schwarzschild radii), which might probe molecular material closest to the central engine.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗