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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,585 records · Page 88
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Design of a Structure for Assembly and Cooling the Magnet of the Next-Generation 45 GHz ECR Ion Source MARS-D

Here, the current Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs), constructed with Nb-Ti wires and the conventional racetrack-and-solenoid structure, have achieved operating frequencies up to 28 GHz and utilized about 90% of the critical current of the Nb-Ti wire. A Mixed Axial and Radial field System Demonstrator (MARS-D) is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This system, which consists of an innovative hexagonal Closed-Loop Coil (CLC) and a set of solenoids, can generate higher magnetic fields (up to 150% ) while requiring only about 50% of the superconducting wire, enabling Nb-Ti wires to be used in the next-generation 45 GHz ECRIS. However, the assembly and cooling of such an efficient and compact magnet are particularly challenging due to the small radial gap between the CLC and solenoids, as well as the tight operating temperature margin. To address these challenges, a structure was developed that combines a three-section radially split solenoid mandrel with a series of shrink-fit reinforcement rings and cooling channels. This paper presents the detailed structure, manufacturing method, assembly procedure, impregnation method, mechanical Finite Element Analysis (FEA) comparison, and thermal FEA comparison.

ECR ion sources↗
DOE OSTI2021

Predicted Heat Flux Performance of Actively Cooled Tungsten-Armored Graphitic Foam Monoblocks

Tungsten (W)–armored graphitic foam monoblocks were developed for applications requiring high-Z plasma-facing material in long-pulse fusion experiments and ultimately deuterium-tritium fusion reactors. The monoblocks are an integrated material system combining the advantages of a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) W coating with a high-conductivity graphitic foam. The W is a high-melting-point, high-Z material with low tritium retention. The graphitic foam coupled to a swirl tube serves as a high-thermal-conductivity heat sink that cannot melt, although it can sublime at much higher temperatures than copper melts. Together, they comprise a robust plasma-facing component (PFC) weighing roughly 5% of an all-W component or 17% of a traditional W-coated copper heat sink.A single-channel mock-up consisting of four graphitic foam monoblocks equipped with a water-cooled swirl tube was fabricated for eventual testing in the 60-kW, EB-60, rastered electron beam at the Applied Research Laboratory of The Pennsylvania State University. Two monoblocks have a thin 50-μm-thick coating of pure W chemically vapor deposited over NbC and pure Nb interlayers. Two others have a 2-mm-thick pure W coating CVD on graphitic monoblocks using the same interlayers. The mock-up will be cooled with available 10 m/s, 0.7 MPa water with a 22°C inlet temperature and subjected to varying uniform heat loads up to 20 MW/m 2 . It is equipped with type-K thermocouples at various depths, and calibrated infrared thermography and spot pyrometry will be used to characterize the heated surface. Real-time water calorimetry will be used to ascertain the absorbed steady-state power and infer the heat flux during testing. Since testing cannot be done under prototypic divertor flow conditions, it is necessary to predict the thermal response of this novel PFC system and investigate the power sharing between radiation and convection at divertor heat flux levels and its inherent ability to avoid critical heat flux. Results are reported for predictions obtained from computational fluid dynamics models up to 30 MW/m 2 of steady-state uniform heat flux. Leading-edge heat loads of 30 MW/m 2 on a 2-mm-wide side strip were also investigated to ascertain if coating delamination is likely.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

DIAGNOSING THE BURST INFLUENCE ON ACCRETION IN THE CLOCKED BURSTER GS 1826-238

Type I X-ray bursts on the surface of a neutron star are a unique probe into accretion in X-ray binary systems. However, we know little about the feedback of the burst emission on accretion. Hard X-ray shortages and enhancements of the persistent emission at soft X-rays have been observed. To put these findings in context with the aim of understanding the possible mechanism underneath, we investigated 68 bursts seen by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer from the clocked burster GS 1826-238. We diagnosed jointly the burst influence of both soft and hard X-rays, and we found that the observations can be described by the CompTT model with variable normalization, electron temperature, and optical depth. Putting these results in a scenario of coronal Compton cooling via the burst emission would lead to a shortage of cooling power, which may suggest that additional considerations, like the influence of the burst on corona formation, should be accounted for as well.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of Tool Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Tailored Hot Stamping Components

Traditional boron steel hot stamping technology can achieve components with full martensite and tensile strength of 1500 MPa. However, fully martensitic hot stamped components exhibit very low level of ductility and are rarely used in energy absorbing structures. Hot stamping with segmented heating and cooling tool can obtain multiphase quenched structures and the tailored mechanical properties. Hot stamping experiment of U-shape component was performed with segmented heating and cooling tool. Mechanical properties of the formed component were measured, and scanning electron microscope and color tint etching were used to quantify the quenched phases achieved under different tool temperatures. The results showed that hardness value decreased from 470 to 230 HV and tensile strength reduced about 50% from 1406 to 730 MPa and elongation increased from 4.19 to 10.20% as tool temperatures increased from 25 to 500 °C. Meanwhile, martensite decreased from 85 to 30% and bainite increased from 12 to 55%, and there was also a small increase in ferrite. In order to get the influence of quenched phases on the strength and hardness of tailored hot stamped component, linear fitting optimization was used to establish mathematical models for area fraction of quenched phases and strength and hardness.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

The effect of composition, temperature and pressure on the oxidation state and coordination environment of copper in silicate melts

Copper is a redox variable element that may occur as Cu 0 , Cu + , and Cu 2+ in the Earth’s crust. The oxidation state will affect its partitioning between coexisting minerals, melts and fluids and hence its behaviour in magmatic processes. Copper bearing silicate glasses were quenched from melts with 23 synthetic compositions (19 CaO-Na 2 O-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (CNMAS), two “granites” containing K 2 O ± H 2 O, and Fe-bearing “MORB” and “andesite”) equilibrated at oxygen fugacities (fO 2 ), expressed in log units relative to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer, ranging from −0.7 to 14, temperatures from 900 to 1500 °C and pressures from 0 to 2.5 GPa. Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra were recorded from the glasses and a pre-edge feature in the XANES spectra was found to scale with the proportion of Cu + . Cu + /ΣCu (where ΣCu = Cu + + Cu 2+ ) was quantified by fitting the intensity of the pre-edge feature as a function of fO 2 to the thermodynamically expected relationship. Cu + /ΣCu was found to only weakly depend on melt composition, with more basic melts (e.g., basalts rather than granites) preferentially stabilising Cu 2+ . Increasing temperature stabilises Cu + , while increasing pressure had little effect on Cu + /ΣCu in CNMAS melts but preferentially stabilised Cu 2+ in granite melts. Cu + /ΣCu can be predicted in silicate melts by the empirical equation: log(Cu 2+ /Cu + ) = 0.25(ΔFMQ + 8.58 − 25050/T + 940P/T – 0.02P) − 4.73 + 5400/T + 1.99Λ + (280P – 90P2) where T is temperature in K, P is pressure in GPa and is the optical basicity of the composition. The effects of fO 2 , melt composition, temperature and pressure on Cu + /ΣCu indicate that Cu + will be the dominant oxidation state in terrestrial silicate melts (e.g., Cu + /ΣCu = 99% in an andesitic melt at 900 °C, 1 GPa and ΔFMQ = 1). The electron exchange reaction Cu 2+ + Fe 2+ → Cu + + Fe 3+ occurs on cooling and, given the abundance of Fe in natural melts, the oxidation state of Cu in natural glasses is unlikely to correspond to that in the original melt.

Copper↗
DOE OSTI2014

Heat transfer characteristics of impinging steady and synthetic jets over vertical flat surface

In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of single-slot impinging steady and synthetic jets on a 25.4-mm × 25.4-mm vertical surface were experimentally investigated. The experiments were conducted with a fixed nozzle width of 1 mm. For the steady jet study, the parameters varied in the testing were nozzle length (4 mm, 8 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm), Reynolds (Re) number (100–2500), and dimensionless nozzle-to-plate spacing (H/D h = 5, 10, 15, 20). Correlations for average Nusselt (Nu) number were developed to accurately describe experimental data. The heat transfer coefficient over a vertical surface increases with increasing Re number. For a small nozzle-to-plate spacing (H/D h = 5), the average Nu number is not only a function of the Re number, but also a function of nozzle length. For large nozzle-to-plate spacing (H/D h ⩾ 10) and a nozzle length larger than 8 mm, the heat transfer coefficient is insensitive to H/D h and nozzle length. An 8-mm × 1-mm synthetic jet was studied by varying the applied voltage (20–100 V), frequency (200–600 Hz), and dimensionless nozzle-to-plate spacing (H/D h = 5, 10, 15, 20). Compared to the steady jet, the synthetic jet exhibited up to a 40% increase in the heat transfer coefficient. As a result, the dynamic Re number was introduced to correlate heat transfer characteristics between synthetic jets and steady jets. Using the dynamic Re number collapses the synthetic and steady jet data into a single Nu number curve.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-Resolution Photoelectron Imaging and Photodetachment Spectroscopy of Cryogenically Cooled IO –

We report a high-resolution photoelectron imaging and photodetachment spectroscopy study of cryogenically-cooled IO - . The high-resolution photoelectron spectra yield a more accurate electron affinity (EA) of 2.3805(5) eV for IO, as well as a more accurate spin-orbit splitting energy between the 2 Π 3/2 and 2 Π 1/2 states of IO as 2093(5) cm -1 . Photodetachment spectroscopy confirmed several excited states for the IO - anion predicted by theoretical calculations, including two valence-type excited states, the repulsive 3 Π state and a shallow bound 1 Π state. More interestingly, we have observed two vibrational resonances which are proposed to be due to a dipole-induced resonant state, about 230 cm -1 above the detachment threshold of IO - .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Design of the injection beamline for the Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade electron beam ion source charge breeder

The design of the ion injection line connecting the electron beam ion source (EBIS) charge breeder and the Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade radio frequency quadrupole cooler-buncher at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System was investigated with particle tracking simulations. The injection line was configured to accommodate several differential pumping sections, individual optical components were optimized to minimize emittance growth, and the ion beam parameters were matched with the EBIS electron beam acceptance to minimize losses upon injection.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Extracting the temperature of hot carriers in time- and angle-resolved photoemission

The interaction of light with a material's electronic system creates an out-of-equilibrium (non-thermal) distribution of optically excited electrons. Non-equilibrium dynamics relaxes this distribution on an ultrafast timescale to a hot Fermi-Dirac distribution with a well-defined temperature. The advent of time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES) experiments has made it possible to track the decay of the temperature of the excited hot electrons in selected states in the Brillouin zone, and to reveal their cooling in unprecedented detail in a variety of emerging materials. It is, however, not a straightforward task to determine the temperature with high accuracy. This is mainly attributable to an a priori unknown position of the Fermi level and the fact that the shape of the Fermi edge can be severely perturbed when the state in question is crossing the Fermi energy. Here, we introduce a method that circumvents these difficulties and accurately extracts both the temperature and the position of the Fermi level for a hot carrier distribution by tracking the occupation statistics of the carriers measured in a TR-ARPES experiment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Improved mid infrared detector for high spectral or spatial resolution and synchrotron radiation use

When using bright, small effective size sources, such as synchrotron radiation light beam, for broadband spectroscopy at spectral or spatial high resolution for mid-IR FTIR measurements, a marked detectivity improvement can be achieved by setting up a device matching the detector optical étendue to that of the source. Further improvement can be achieved by reducing the background unmodulated flux and other intrinsic noise sources using a lower temperature cryogen, such as liquid helium. By the combined use of cooled apertures, cold reimaging optics, filters and adapted detector polarization, and preamplification electronics, the sensitivity of a HgCdTe photoconductive IR detector can be improved by a significant factor with respect to standard commercial devices (more than one order of magnitude on average over 6–20 μm region) and the usable spectral range extended to longer wavelengths. The performances of such an optimized detector developed on the AILES Beamline at SOLEIL are presented here.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Impact of eV-mass sterile neutrinos on neutrino-driven supernova outflows

Motivated by recent hints for sterile neutrinos from the reactor anomaly, we study active-sterile conversions in a three-flavor scenario (2 active + 1 sterile families) for three different representative times during the neutrino-cooling evolution of the proto-neutron star born in an electron-capture supernova. In our ''early model'' (0.5 s post bounce), the ν{sub e}-ν{sub s} MSW effect driven by Δm{sup 2} = 2.35eV{sup 2} is dominated by ordinary matter and leads to a complete ν{sub e}-ν{sub s} swap with little or no trace of collective flavor oscillations. In our ''intermediate'' (2.9 s p.b.) and ''late models'' (6.5 s p.b.), neutrinos themselves significantly modify the ν{sub e}-ν{sub s} matter effect, and, in particular in the late model, νν refraction strongly reduces the matter effect, largely suppressing the overall ν{sub e}-ν{sub s} MSW conversion. This phenomenon has not been reported in previous studies of active-sterile supernova neutrino oscillations. We always include the feedback effect on the electron fraction Y{sub e} due to neutrino oscillations. In all examples, Y{sub e} is reduced and therefore the presence of sterile neutrinos can affect the conditions for heavy-element formation in the supernova ejecta, even if probably not enabling the r-process in the investigated outflows of an electron-capture supernova. The impact of neutrino-neutrino refraction is strong but complicated, leaving open the possibility that with a more complete treatment, or for other supernova models, active-sterile neutrino oscillations could generate conditions suitable for the r-process.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Crystallization of rhenium salts in a simulated low-activity waste borosilicate glass

This study presents a new method for looking at the solubility of volatile species in simulated low-activity waste glass. The present study looking at rhenium salts is also applicable to real applications involving radioactive technetium salts. In this synthesis method, oxide glass powder is mixed with the volatiles species, vacuum-sealed in a fused quartz ampoule, and then heat-treated under vacuum in a furnace. This technique restricts the volatile species to the headspace above the melt but still within the sealed ampoule, thus maximizing the volatile concentration in contact with the glass. Various techniques were used to measure the solubility of rhenium in glass and include energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The Re-solubility in this glass was determined to be ~3004 parts per million Re atoms. Above this concentration, the salts separated out of the melt as inclusions and as a low viscosity molten salt phase on top of the melt observed during and after cooling. This salt phase was analyzed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy as well as some of the other aforementioned techniques and identified to be composed of alkali perrhenate and alkali sulfate.

ampoule↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-C-BRD-03: Analysis of Accelerator Generated Text Logs for Preemptive Maintenance

Purpose: To develop a model to analyze medical accelerator generated parameter and performance data that will provide an early warning of performance degradation and impending component failure. Methods: A robust 6 MV VMAT quality assurance treatment delivery was used to test the constancy of accelerator performance. The generated text log files were decoded and analyzed using statistical process control (SPC) methodology. The text file data is a single snapshot of energy specific and overall systems parameters. A total of 36 system parameters were monitored which include RF generation, electron gun control, energy control, beam uniformity control, DC voltage generation, and cooling systems. The parameters were analyzed using Individual and Moving Range (I/MR) charts. The chart limits were calculated using a hybrid technique that included the use of the standard 3σ limits and the parameter/system specification. Synthetic errors/changes were introduced to determine the initial effectiveness of I/MR charts in detecting relevant changes in operating parameters. The magnitude of the synthetic errors/changes was based on: the value of 1 standard deviation from the mean operating parameter of 483 TB systems, a small fraction (≤ 5%) of the operating range, or a fraction of the minor fault deviation. Results: There were 34 parameters in which synthetic errors were introduced. There were 2 parameters (radial position steering coil, and positive 24V DC) in which the errors did not exceed the limit of the I/MR chart. The I chart limit was exceeded for all of the remaining parameters (94.2%). The MR chart limit was exceeded in 29 of the 32 parameters (85.3%) in which the I chart limit was exceeded. Conclusion: Statistical process control I/MR evaluation of text log file parameters may be effective in providing an early warning of performance degradation or component failure for digital medical accelerator systems. Research is Supported by Varian Medical Systems, Inc.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Specific features of the electrophysical parameters of NTD Si treated under different conditions of heat treatment

The effect of thermal annealing in the temperature range 800 ⩽ T{sub ann} ⩽ 1200°C and of two cooling rates (v{sub cl} = 1 and 15°C min{sup –1}) upon a change in the concentration of charge carriers in the conduction band, their mobility, and tensoresistance in n-Si crystals doped by nuclear transmutation and doped with phosphorus impurity via the melt (during growth by the Czochralski method) was investigated. It is found that, after annealing of all of the crystals at T{sub ann} = 1050–1100°C, the concentration of charge carriers is increased by a factor of 1.3–1.7 compared to the initial concentration (irrespective of the method of doping). The specific annealing-temperature-dependent effect of cooling with a rate of 15°C min{sup –1} on the properties of transmutation-doped n-Si:P crystals is detected.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

EIC Beam Dynamics Challenges

The Electron Ion Collider aims to produce luminosities of 10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹ . The machine will operate over a broad range of collision energies with highly polarized beams. The coexistence of highly radiative electrons and nonradiative ions produce a host of unique effects. Strong hadron cooling will be employed for the final factor of 3 luminosity boost.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Design and Testing of Subsystems for Mo-99 Production

Argonne National Laboratory, in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory, is developing technology with NorthStar Medical Technologies to produce 99 Mo from the γ,n reaction on a 100 Mo target in an electron accelerator. During production runs and thermal testing of the helium-cooled target, it became obvious that a production-scale beam-line configuration would need a collimator to protect the target from accidental beam misplacement or a beam-profile change. A prototype high-power collimator and beam stop were designed and fabricated. Testing indicated that they will be able to operate at full power in the production-scale accelerator.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Collaborative Research: Multi-scale Dynamics of Kinetic Turbulence in Weakly Collisional, High-Beta Plasmas

The transport of energy and momentum and the heating of plasma particles by waves and turbulence are key ingredients in many problems at the frontiers of heliospheric and astrophysics research. This includes the heating and acceleration of the solar wind; the observational appearance of black-hole accretion flows on event-horizon scales; and the properties of the hot, diffuse plasmas that fill dark-matter halos. This work addressed the physics of plasma waves and turbulence in weakly collisional, weakly magnetized (high-beta) plasmas. In this regime, deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., pressure anisotropies) and the instabilities they excite can dramatically change the properties of waves and turbulence from those predicted by fluid (i.e., magnetohydrodynamic) and linear kinetic theories. Through a combination of analytic theory and first-principles kinetic simulations, we have shown that: (1) ion-acoustic waves of sufficient amplitude drive pressure anisotropies large enough to trigger kinetic Larmor-scale instabilities, which in turn interrupt the otherwise strong collisionless damping such waves suffer; (2) pressure anisotropies generated by fluctuating magnetic fields in strong Alfvénic turbulence produce a viscous scale comparable to the driving scale and a cascade with significant non-local interactions; (3) strong Alfvénic turbulence in an expanding high-beta plasma self-organizes to maintain critical balance, even as kinetic Larmor-scale instabilities regulate the plasma viscosity and reduce the elasticity of magnetic-field lines; (4) imbalanced Alfvénic turbulence leads to a "helicity barrier" that ultimately triggers the cyclotron heating of ions, in a manner consistent with spacecraft measurements taken in the solar wind; and (5) relativistic synchrotron-radiating plasmas develop kinetically unstable pressure anisotropy, which changes the nature of their cooling in a way that can couple the thermodynamics of ions and electrons.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗